组织扩张对预构轴型皮瓣血供影响的实验研究

目的研究组织扩张对预构轴型皮瓣血供范围的影响,为临床上获取更大面积的预构轴型皮瓣提供理论指导.方法在同一只兔子腹部的左右侧分别设计、完成以股动、静脉为轴型血管的预构皮瓣,右侧腹部仅预构皮瓣未埋置扩张器(未扩张组),左侧预构皮瓣下埋置扩张器进行扩张(扩张组),分别于预构术后1、3、5、7、10、14、21、28、56天对扩张组与未扩张组预构皮瓣血供范围进行相关检测.结果预构皮瓣经扩张后其轴型血管供血范围明显大于未经扩张的预构皮瓣(P＜0.05).结论扩张术可加速皮瓣预构进程,增加预构轴型皮瓣的存活面积.     

组织扩张对预构轴型皮瓣血供影响的实验研究

目的　研究组织扩张对预构轴型皮瓣血供范围的影响 ,为临床上获取更大面积的预构轴型皮瓣提供理论指导。方法　在同一只兔子腹部的左右侧分别设计、完成以股动、静脉为轴型血管的预构皮瓣 ,右侧腹部仅预构皮瓣未埋置扩张器 (未扩张组 ) ,左侧预构皮瓣下埋置扩张器进行扩张 (扩张组 ) ,分别于预构术后 1、3、5、7、10、14、2 1、2 8、5 6天对扩张组与未扩张组预构皮瓣血供范围进行相关检测。结果　预构皮瓣经扩张后其轴型血管供血范围明显大于未经扩张的预构皮瓣 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　扩张术可加速皮瓣预构进程 ,增加预构轴型皮瓣的存活面积     

预构扩张游离皮瓣移植术

为了探索预构皮瓣、重构肌皮瓣联合使用皮肤软组织扩张器的可能性，将胸背动、静脉血管束连同一束背阔肌组织，移位植入侧胸部皮肤下，同时在该皮肤下放置皮肤扩张器，逐步注水数周后皮肤扩张，形成以胸背动静脉为血管蒂的轴型皮瓣，作显微外科吻合血管游离移植，临床应用两例获得成功。皮瓣分别为２０ｃｍ×１４ｃｍ及２２ｃｍ×１５ｃｍ，术后均完全成活。此项技术结合了血管植入预构轴型皮瓣及皮肤扩张两种技术，是皮瓣外科的新发展。其优点是血管蒂可选择，皮瓣薄，而且血循环好，供区可直接缝合。     

岛状筋膜瓣预构扩张皮瓣的实验研究

目的在动物模型上探索岛状筋膜瓣诱导预制扩张皮瓣的存活和血供建立时限,为临床应用提供理论依据.方法在大白鼠的侧胸腹形成以侧胸血管为蒂的岛状筋膜瓣(1.5cm×2.0cm),经皮下转移至背部,其下埋置扩张器,扩张完毕后,形成以筋膜瓣血管蒂为载体的预构扩张皮瓣,观察皮瓣的成活,并行微血管照影,了解且扩展可促进微血管的再生微血管构建情况.结果岛状筋膜瓣的血管与皮肤血管网在3周后即建立了良好的吻合,预构皮瓣建立了丰富的血供,且扩展可促进微血管的再生,预构皮瓣的长宽可比筋膜瓣大2.5～4.0倍.结论皮肤扩张的同时应用岛状筋膜瓣预构的轴型皮瓣能建立起丰富的血管网,以筋膜瓣血管为蒂移植安全,较传统扩张或随意皮瓣应用更灵活,可将岛状或游离皮瓣作远位移植,且皮瓣更薄.     

岛状筋膜瓣预构扩张皮瓣的实验研究

目的　在动物模型上探索岛状筋膜瓣诱导预制扩张皮瓣的存活和血供建立时限 ,为临床应用提供理论依据。方法　在大白鼠的侧胸腹形成以侧胸血管为蒂的岛状筋膜瓣 (1.5cm× 2 .0cm) ,经皮下转移至背部 ,其下埋置扩张器 ,扩张完毕后 ,形成以筋膜瓣血管蒂为载体的预构扩张皮瓣 ,观察皮瓣的成活 ,并行微血管照影 ,了解且扩展可促进微血管的再生微血管构建情况。结果　岛状筋膜瓣的血管与皮肤血管网在 3周后即建立了良好的吻合 ,预构皮瓣建立了丰富的血供 ,且扩展可促进微血管的再生 ,预构皮瓣的长宽可比筋膜瓣大 2 .5～ 4.0倍。结论　皮肤扩张的同时应用岛状筋膜瓣预构的轴型皮瓣能建立起丰富的血管网 ,以筋膜瓣血管为蒂移植安全 ,较传统扩张或随意皮瓣应用更灵活 ,可将岛状或游离皮瓣作远位移植 ,且皮瓣更薄     

静脉皮瓣供区预扩张的实验研究

目的研究皮肤软组织扩张术对静脉皮瓣成活的影响,探讨静脉皮瓣经预扩张后皮瓣成活安全性的变化.方法以新西兰成年兔为实验对象,进行自身双耳对照.采用激光多普勒微循环成像、酶组织化学染色+计算机图像分析、组织形态计量学测量以及皮瓣成活面积的测量等方法,观测预扩张静脉皮瓣的微循环变化及皮瓣的成活情况.结果静脉皮瓣经预扩张后,皮瓣的微血管管径由扩张前的(7.2±0.7) μm增至扩张后的(15.6±1.9) μm,微血管密度由(0.010 8±0.000 2) μm2/μm2增至(0.052 5±0.002 1) μm2/μm2(P＜0.01),成活率由(21.89±1.12)%增至(85.10±2.32)%(P＜0.001).结论静脉皮瓣经预扩张后,皮瓣的微血管密度、管径均有明显增加,皮瓣的成活率显著提高.     

以颞浅筋膜岛状瓣为携带的扩张预构皮瓣的临床应用研究

目的：探讨以颞浅血管为蒂的颞浅筋膜瓣为携带的扩张预构皮瓣的手术设计、操作技巧和一些应该注意的问题,并应用于面部组织缺损的修复。方法：手术分两期进行,术前应用超声多普勒血流测定仪探测出颞浅动脉及其额、顶分支的位置和走行方向;Ⅰ期手术时,以颞浅动、静脉为蒂,形成颞浅筋膜岛状瓣,筋膜瓣的大小为5×4cm～8cm×7cm（平均为6．8cm×5．2cm）;分别在颈部、耳后乳突区和额部进行剥离,形成容纳扩张器的皮肤软组织腔隙;将颞浅筋膜瓣转移至该腔隙内,舒展地固定于已剥离好的腔隙的皮瓣深面,在筋膜瓣下埋置适当大小的扩张器。注水完毕后,进行Ⅱ期手术,取出扩张器,形成以颞浅筋膜瓣为携带的预构皮瓣,修复面部组织缺损。预构皮瓣的大小为8cm×4cm～17cm×7cm（平均11．89cm×6．39cm）,供瓣区直接拉拢缝合或另行植皮修复。为确保皮瓣转移安全,对7例预构皮瓣进行了术前延迟处理。结果：临床应用10例,其中预构颈部皮瓣4例、预构耳后乳突区皮瓣5例、预构额部皮瓣1例。除1例耳后乳突区预构皮瓣发生远端小面积坏死外,其余皮瓣全部成活。除l例耳后供瓣区区需另行植皮修复外,其余供瓣区直接拉拢缝合。扩张时间3～5个月,平均4．05个月。结论：皮瓣预构技术可摆脱人体固有的皮肤血管构筑的限制,在原不存在轴型血管的部位形成轴型皮瓣,或将任意型皮瓣转化为轴型皮瓣,是对传统皮瓣形成技术的一种改良,是皮瓣外科学领域的一项新进展。组织扩张技术在皮瓣预构中的作用,除可促进皮瓣的新生血管化,提供更大面积的薄型皮瓣外,还有助于皮瓣供区的关闭,降低供瓣区继发畸形的发生率。     

静脉皮瓣供区预扩张的实验研究

目的研究皮肤软组织扩张术对静脉皮瓣成活的影响,探讨静脉皮瓣经预扩张后皮瓣成活安全性的变化。方法以新西兰成年兔为实验对象,进行自身双耳对照。采用激光多普勒微循环成像、酶组织化学染色+计算机图像分析、组织形态计量学测量以及皮瓣成活面积的测量等方法,观测预扩张静脉皮瓣的微循环变化及皮瓣的成活情况。结果静脉皮瓣经预扩张后,皮瓣的微血管管径由扩张前的(7.2±0.7)μm增至扩张后的(15.6±1.9)μm,微血管密度由(0.010 8±0.000 2)μm2/μm2增至(0.052 5±0.002 1)μm2/μm2(P<0.01),成活率由(21.89±1.12)%增至(85.10±2.32)%(P<0.001)。结论静脉皮瓣经预扩张后,皮瓣的微血管密度、管径均有明显增加,皮瓣的成活率显著提高。     

血管束移植预构轴型皮瓣的血供范围

为了研究不同因素对血管束移植预构轴型皮瓣范围的影响,将血管束移植入38只雄性兔的腹部皮下,对术后不同时间、植入不同管径血管束、植入皮下不同层次以及同时埋入皮肤扩张器的预构轴型皮瓣,进行了皮瓣活体血管染色和移植存活范围的比较研究。结果提示:行预构轴型皮瓣移转的合适时机在术后的3～4周;大管径较小管径血管束及血管束植入受区较丰富的血管网层次其预构皮瓣的面积大;所预构的皮瓣范围,包括以血管束为轴的受区邻近区域和发自该区域走向皮瓣中远部的小动脉所支配的区域,呈不规整形态;植入血管束同时皮下埋入扩张器,于术后2周开始扩张,术后4周移转是可行的。     

猪背部乒乓球拍样任意型皮瓣成活的动物实验研究

目的 探讨乒乓球拍样任意型皮瓣成活面积与窄蒂长宽比例关系.方法 25只猪随机分成5组,在5组猪的背部分别形成不同长宽比例的狭长窄蒂和5个不同面积的任意型皮瓣.对每组皮瓣进行大体观察、荧光色素钠染色、单光子发射计算机断层仪（ECT）血流量测定、成活面积分析等.结果 当狭长窄蒂的长宽比例不变时,随着皮瓣面积的增加,皮瓣成活面积也随之增大,但达一定限度时皮瓣远端即发生坏死,而成活面积并未缩小;当皮瓣面积不变,随着狭长窄蒂的长宽比例增加,皮瓣成活面积不受影响,但达一定限度时皮瓣远端即发生坏死,皮瓣成活面积缩小.结论 狭长窄蒂任意型皮瓣是一种简便实用的任意型皮瓣,蒂部可以设计成狭长状,蒂瓣的长宽比远小于传统的比例,在一定范围内增大皮瓣面积或蒂部的长宽比例不会导致皮瓣坏死.     

血管内皮细胞生长因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子加速预构扩张皮瓣成熟的研究

目的　观察以生物蛋白胶局部缓释血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b FGF)应用于兔预构扩张皮瓣对细胞增殖及凋亡、血管化进程 ,以及皮瓣成熟的作用。　方法　将新西兰大耳白兔 5 3只随机分为正常、空白、生物蛋白胶、VEGF直接应用、VEGF胶及 b FGF胶共 6组 ,兔耳中央动静脉束植入预构扩张皮瓣 ,14天后形成 3cm× 5 cm岛状瓣。分别进行皮瓣成活面积、激光多普勒血流量、铅丹灌注、墨汁灌注、PCNA免疫组化和 TUNEL 凋亡检测。　结果　两种生长因子应用组皮瓣成活面积较其它组增加 ,血流灌注量增多 ,新生毛细血管密度加大 ,细胞增殖提高、凋亡减少。　结论　 VEGF和 b FGF均能通过刺激细胞增殖和减少凋亡发生来促进血管新生和预构扩张皮瓣成熟 ,用生物蛋白胶缓释生长因子有独特效果。     

Preserving osseous viability in osteocutaneous flap prefabrication: experimental study in rabbits

This study presents a technique that preserves osseous viability in prefabricated osteocutaneous flaps with a soft-tissue vascular carrier, with a pedicled skin flap acting as the vascular carrier to neovascularize a partially devascularized bone segment before its transfer. Using a total of 50 New Zealand White rabbits, two groups were randomized as experimental and control animals. In the experimental group (n = 30), a bipedicled dorsal scapular skin flap was anchored with sutures to the scapular bone, by bringing it into contact with the exposed dorsal surface of the bone after stripping the dorsal muscular attachments. Following 4 weeks of neovascularization, the prefabricated composite flaps were harvested, based on the caudally-based dorsal skin flap, after stripping the ventral muscular attachments of the bone. In the control group (n = 20), non-vascularized scapular bone grafts were implanted under bipedicled dorsal scapular skin flaps with sutures. After 4 weeks, prefabricated composite flaps were harvested, based on the caudally-based dorsal skin flap. In both groups, on day 7 after the second stage, the viability of the bony component of the flaps was evaluated by direct observation, scintigraphy, measurement of bone metabolic activity, microangiography, dye injection study, and histology. Results indicated that the bone segments in the experimental group demonstrated a greater survival than in the control group. The authors conclude that this technique of osteocutaneous flap prefabrication preserves the viability of the bony component with a soft-tissue vascular carrier, in contrast to the conventional method of pre-transfer grafting. The technique may be useful clinically in selected cases.     

VEGF促进预构皮瓣血管新生的实验研究

目的探讨VEGF重组蛋白促进大鼠预构皮瓣血管新生、提高皮瓣存活面积的可行性。方法建立大鼠腹部预构皮瓣模型;30只Wistar大鼠随机分为两组;局部应用VEGF165（组Ⅰ）、PBS（组Ⅱ）;4周后形成以植入血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣,原位缝合;术后7d对皮瓣存活、血管新生情况进行检测。结果组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ的皮瓣存活率分别为66．13％±9．9％,55．59％±13．06％（P〈0．05）;组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ比较,微血管显影血管网更丰富,范围更广,分支更粗,内含墨汁的血管在皮瓣的表皮真皮、皮下层均有分布;微血管计数组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ分别为25．83±6．33条／mm^2,26．5±5．61条／mm^2（p〉0．05）。结论VEGF可以促进预构皮瓣的血管新生,提高存活率。     

Neovascularization in prefabricated flaps using a tissue expander and an implanted arteriovenous pedicle

Creating prefabricated flaps using tissue expanders in combination with the implantation of maximal blood flow vascular pedicles into suitable tissue areas represents a new tendency in the reconstruction of large skin defects. In 42 Chinchilla Bastard female rabbits weighing 3,700-4,600 g, skeletonized arteriovenous pedicles with maximal blood flow, dissected from the femoral and saphena magna bundles, were implanted underneath abdominal fasciocutaneous flaps. Oval tissue expanders of 250 ml were placed and fixed on the abdominal wall to expand these prefabricated flaps. The evaluation parameters were macroscopic observation, blood analysis, selective microangiography, histology, and scintigraphy. The study results showed that neovascularization in expanded prefabricated flaps was established from newly formed vessels generated from the implanted pedicles and their vascular connections with the originally available vasculature in the flap. After 20 days of prefabrication, the entirety of the expanded prefabricated flaps was perfused by blood flow supplied from newly implanted arteriovenous pedicles. The study indicated that an expanded prefabricated flap can be successfully created by the simultaneous implantation of a maximal blood flow pedicle in combination with flap expansion.     

Gene therapy with adenovirus-mediated VEGF enhances skin flap prefabrication

We investigated the feasibility in rats of enhancing skin-flap prefabrication with subdermal injections of adenovirus-encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (Ad-VEGF). The left saphenous vascular pedicle was used as a source for vascular induction. A peninsular abdominal flap (8 x 8 cm) was elevated as distally based, keeping the epigastric vessels intact on both sides. After the vascular pedicle was tacked underneath the abdominal flap, 34 rats were randomly divided into three groups according to treatment protocol. The implantation site around the pedicle was injected with Ad-VEGF in group I (n = 10), with adenovirus-encoding green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP) in control group I (n = 14), and with saline in control group II (n = 10). All injections were given subdermally at four points around the implanted vessel by an individual blinded to the treatment protocol. The peninsular flap was sutured in its place, and 4 weeks later, an abdominal island flap based solely on the implanted vessels was elevated. The prefabricated island flap was sutured back, and flap viability was evaluated on day 7. Skin specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological evaluation. In two rats from each group, microangiography was performed to visualize the vascularity of the prefabricated flaps. There was a significant increase in survival of prefabricated flaps in the Ad-VEGF group compared to the control groups: Ad-VEGF, 88.9 +/- 6.1% vs. Ad-GFP, 65.6 +/- 9.4% (P < 0.05) and saline, 56.0 +/- 3.4% (P < 0.05). Sections from four prefabricated flaps treated with Ad-GFP revealed multiple sites of shiny deposits of green fluorescent protein around the area of local administration 1 day and 3 weeks after gene therapy. Histological examination done under high-power magnification (x400) with a light microscope revealed increased vascularity and mild inflammation surrounding the implanted vessel in all groups. However, we were unable to demonstrate any significant quantitative difference with respect to vascularity and inflammatory infiltrates in prefabricated flaps treated with Ad-VEGF compared with controls. Microangiographic studies showed increased vascularity around the implanted pedicle, which was similar in all groups. However, vascularization was distributed in a larger area in the prefabricated flaps treated with Ad-VEGF. In this study, the authors demonstrated that adenovirus-mediated VEGF gene therapy increased the survival of prefabricated flaps, suggesting that it may allow prefabrication of larger flaps and have the potential to reduce the time required for flap maturation.     

Delayed prefabricated arterial composite venous flaps: an experimental study in rabbits

Prefabrication of composite arteriovenous flaps with implantation of an autologous graft (cartilage) or an alloplastic material (porous polyethylene) was studied in 40 rabbits. Abdominal flaps based on bilateral epigastric pedicles were elevated. An ear cartilage graft or a porous polyethylene implant was inserted under the flap. Two weeks after the operation, 10 flaps with cartilage graft and 10 flaps with porous polyethylene were raised, converted to arteriovenous flaps, and resutured in place in the experimental groups. In the other 20 rabbits of the control groups, the flaps (10 with cartilage graft and 10 with porous polyethylene) were raised and resutured in place as conventional axial flaps. At the end of the second and fourth week postoperatively, samples were obtained from the flap tissues (including a part of the graft or implantation material) and were prepared for histologic examination in all rabbits. The viable areas of all flaps were assessed at the end of fourth week after the second operation. The mean survival rates were 99.4%, 99.7%, 99.5%, and 99.8% in the arteriovenous and control flaps prefabricated with cartilage graft and the arteriovenous and control flaps prefabricated with porous polyethylene respectively. The features of wound healing in the experimental and control groups were similar. The study showed that arteriovenous perfusion can nourish a prefabricated flap containing an implanted material (autologous or alloplastic) and these 2-week delayed composite flaps have a similar survival rate to delayed prefabricated conventional axial flaps.     

Viability and versatility of arterialized venous perfusion flaps and prefabricated flaps: an experimental study in rabbits.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the viability of two types of unconventional flaps: 1) the arterialized venous perfusion (AVP) flap; and 2) the prefabricated flap. Four experimental groups were studied: an AVP flap group with assessment of the viability of single and paired flaps nourished by the same vascular pedicle; a prefabricated flap group with the abdominal flap pedicled on the epigastric artery and vein; a prefabricated flap group in which the flap was supplied by an arterialized vein graft (A-V shunt), and paired flaps of different designs, but based on the same vascular pedicle, were investigated; and a free composite graft group. Survival of the skin flaps exceeded 92 percent in each group, except in the free composite group which showed complete necrosis. Results of the study validated that flap viability was independent of flap size (large or small), type (AVP flap or prefabricated flap), and the number of flaps on each vascular pedicle (single or paired).     

Manipulating prefabricated flaps: An experimental study examining flap viability

As flap prefabrication becomes a more commonly used clinical tool, it is necessary to investigate the limitations of this technique. Reconstructive procedures of the face often require “custom fitted” flaps to satisfy esthetic demands. This study examines and compares the safety of manipulating thin prefabricated skin flaps versus established axial pattern skin flaps. Twenty-seven New Zealand white rabbits were used to determine if prefabricated flaps can be folded 180° around the edge of the rabbits' ears. The survival of these folded prefabricated flaps was compared with the survival of axial pattern flaps sutured into an identically recipient site. In addition, flaps prefabricated in the same manner were sutured onto a straight recipient bed to evaluate the viability of the newly vascularized tissue. The folded prefabricated flaps had reduced survival (56%) compared to equivalent folded axial pattern flaps (85%), P<0.005. The nonmanipulated prefabricated flaps and axial pattern flaps survived completely. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

腺病毒-VEGF基因重组体促进预构皮瓣成活的实验研究

目的：应用大鼠预构皮瓣模型,探讨基因治疗技术产生的血管内皮生长因子促进预构皮瓣血管新生和皮瓣存活的可能性,为临床上寻找加速预构皮瓣成熟的新方法提供实验依据。方法：20只SD大鼠每只腹部两侧各构建一个预构皮瓣,共构建40个皮瓣,每只大鼠两侧皮瓣按随机原则进行不同的处理,分别归于实验组或对照组,每组各20个皮瓣。于大鼠腹部两侧各标记3cm×2cm矩形预构区,短边平行于腹股沟韧带,自尾侧短边中点向后纵向切开后肢皮肤,剥离出长约2cm的股动静血管束,远端结扎切断。在两侧预构区域的中轴线上,于真皮与肉膜层间各制作一皮下隧道,实验组的隧道壁皮下组织内注射携带有VEGF基因的腺病毒,同法向所有对照组的隧道壁软组织内注射等量生理盐水。将已剥离好的血管束向颅侧翻转置入相应皮下隧道内。所有已植入股血管的预购区域2周后均被制成以植入血管束为蒂的岛状皮瓣,从两组中各取一个皮瓣进行免疫组化染色,观察有无VEGF生成,其余岛状皮瓣均缝回原处。形成岛状皮瓣后第七天观察皮瓣存活及血管新生情况。结果：实验组与对照组的皮瓣平均存活率分别为（90．48±1．89）％、（69．75±2．36）％,其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;血管放射显影图上,实验组植入血管周围见广泛白色显影,尤以血管两端明显,而对照组新生血管显影仅局限于植入血管周围;组织学切片显示实验组植入血管周围新生血管丰富,以毛细血管为主,并见肉芽成份,对照组新生血管相对较少,两组间新生小血管管腔大小则无明显差异;免疫组化检测显示仅实验组皮瓣中有VEGF表达。结论：腺病毒-VEGF基因重组体能通过促进预构皮瓣的血管新生,增加预构皮瓣的存活率。