肺癌小鼠MDSC和T细胞变化

目的:探讨肺癌小鼠CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞和骨髓源性抑制细胞(MDSC)的比例和数量变化。方法:采用LLC细胞皮下接种制备小鼠肺癌肿瘤模型,流式细胞仪检测肿瘤小鼠骨髓、脾脏、淋巴结内CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞和MDSC的数量变化。结果:与正常对照小鼠相比,肿瘤小鼠脾脏、淋巴结内CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞的比例和数量显著降低,骨髓CD4+T细胞变化不明显,但CD8+T细胞显著减少。MDSC在肿瘤小鼠骨髓、脾脏和淋巴结内的比例和数量则显著增加。结论:肺癌小鼠T细胞数量降低而MDSC细胞数量增加,诱导对肿瘤细胞的免疫耐受。     

荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织髓系抑制性细胞的比例变化及意义

研究荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织中髓系抑制性细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cell,MDSC)的比例变化及分布特点,探讨其在机体抗肿瘤免疫中发挥的作用。采用肝癌细胞原位移植法建立小鼠原位肝癌模型,流式细胞仪检测荷瘤小鼠不同时间肿瘤组织中MDSC的比例;免疫组织化学法检测MDSC在肿瘤组织中的分布情况,以正常小鼠作对照。MDSC的比例在荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织中比正常小鼠肝组织中明显升高,差别具有统计学意义(P0.05),且随着荷瘤时间的延长,MDSC的比例逐渐增加。正常小鼠肝组织中仅有极少量MDSC,而荷瘤后大量增加的MDSC主要分布于肿瘤组织与正常组织交界处。可见荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织中MDSC的比例与肿瘤进展密切相关,提示荷瘤小鼠体内MDSC增多可能参与肿瘤的免疫逃逸,促进肿瘤细胞的生长。     

NKT细胞发育过程中microRNA表达谱变化

目的：探讨自然杀伤性T细胞（NKT）发育、成熟过程中microRNA表达谱变化。方法：采用流式细胞仪分选小鼠胸腺不同发育阶段NKT细胞,提取细胞总RNA,经反转录和预扩增后利用TaqMan低密度microRNA表达谱分析阵列检测NKT发育、成熟过程中发生表达变化的microRNAs,并采用real-time PCR进一步验证。结果：NKT细胞发育、成熟过程中,共有92个microRNAs表达发生显著变化。表达显著增加的microRNAs有71个,其中有36个表达持续增加;而表达显著降低的microRNAs有21个,其中有12个表达持续降低。选取Let-7f、miR 150、miR-155、miR-223、miR-24和miR-29进行real-time PCR,发现Let-7f、miR-150、miR-24、miR-29在NKT细胞发育、成熟过程中表达增加,而miR-223和miR-155表达降低,其表达变化趋势与表达谱分析一致。结论：NKT细胞发育、成熟过程中伴随大量特异microRNAs的不同表达变化,提示特异microRNA调控NKT细胞的发育和功能。     

黄芪多糖佐剂对脾脏NK细胞及NKT细胞的作用

目的观察脾脏NK细胞及NKT细胞在黄芪多糖（APS）发挥免疫佐剂功能的作用。方法使用鸡卵白蛋白（OVA）与APS经皮下免疫C57BL/6小鼠3次。末次免疫7～14d,取血清,使用ELISA观察OVA特异性抗体的含量;分离脾脏淋巴细胞,使用流式细胞仪检测NK和NKT细胞的百分比含量;使用PMA和Ionimycin刺激淋巴细胞,使用细胞内细胞因子染色的方法检测IFN-γ和IL-4的分泌情况。结果 APS组小鼠OVA特异性抗体含量明显高于OVA组小鼠（P〈0.05）,但小鼠脾脏内NK和NKT细胞的百分比含量与OVA组和正常小鼠差别不大（P〉0.05）。经PI刺激以后,APS组小鼠脾脏内NK细胞中IL-4＋细胞明显高于OVA组和正常组（P〈0.05）,且IFN-γ＋细胞的比例明显下降（P〈0.05）;虽然经过PI刺激以后,APS组小鼠脾脏内NKT细胞中IL-4＋细胞升高不明显,但是IFN-γ＋细胞的比例明显下降（P〈0.05）。结论 APS可以通过调节NK和NKT细胞的功能来促进体液免疫应答。     

日本血吸虫热激蛋白60来源多肽SJMHE1降低哮喘小鼠脾脏和肺组织髓源性抑制细胞的数量

目的观察日本血吸虫热激蛋白60来源多肽SJMHE1对哮喘小鼠气道炎症的作用及其对髓源性抑制细胞(MDSC)的影响。方法选择6～8周健康雄性BALB/c小鼠,随机分为PBS组、卵清蛋白(OVA)组、 OVA-PBS组, OVA-SJMHE1组。OVA致敏建立支气管哮喘模型, HE染色观察小鼠肺组织病理形态学变化, ELISA测定小鼠血清中OVA特异性IgE水平,流式细胞术测定脾脏MDSC中多形核细胞型MDSC(PMN-MDSC)、单核细胞型MDSC(M-MDSC)所占比例,免疫组织化学染色法检测肺组织MDSC的表达。结果与PBS组比较, OVA、 OVA-PBS组肺组织炎性细胞的浸润增加,血清IgE水平升高、脾脏PMN-MDSC比例及肺组织MDSC数量增加,脾脏M-MDSC比例无明显变化;与OVA、 OVA-PBS组比较, OVA-SJMHE1组肺组织炎症细胞浸润减少、脾脏PMN-MDSC比例及肺组织MDSC数量减少,血清IgE水平及脾脏M-MDSC比例无明显变化。结论SJMHE1可能通过减少MDSC数量,抑制哮喘小鼠气道炎症。     

硫修饰脂质体包裹VEGF反义寡核苷酸对肺癌血管生成及转移的抑制作用

目的：探讨硫修饰脂质体包裹的VEGF反义寡核苷酸对肺癌血管生成和转移的抑制作用。方法：将硫修饰脂质体包裹的VEGF反义寡核苷酸（ASODN）、正义寡核苷酸（SODN）、错义寡核苷酸（MODN）加入培养的Lewis肺癌细胞中，采用免疫组织化学方法检测肺癌细胞中VEGF蛋白表达，观察经ODN处理的条件培养基对牛主动脉内皮细胞增殖的影响。另外，复制小鼠Lems肺癌模型40只，随机分为对照组、VEGFASODN组、VEGFSODN组及VEGFMSODN组，每组10只，接种肿瘤细胞24小时内，给予脂质体、VEGFASODN、VEGFSODN、VEGFMSODN皮下注射，每周2次，连续4周。检测皮下肿瘤的变化和肺转移率，并用免疫组织化学方法检测肿瘤组织微血管密度（MVD），超声检测肿瘤组织Ps、砌变化。结果：ASODN能够下调肺癌细胞中VEGF蛋白的表达，经ASODN处理的条件培养基能显著抑制牛主动脉内皮细胞的增殖。ASODN组小鼠肿瘤生长及肺转移受到显著抑制，MVD、PS、RI与其它各组相比有明显差异（P〈0．01）。结论：硫修饰脂质体包裹的VEGF反义寡核苷酸能够显著抑制肺癌血管生成，进而抑制肿瘤生长及转移。     

髓系来源的抑制性细胞一连接炎症与肿瘤的中介

大量实验和数据表明炎症能导致肿瘤的发生。慢性炎症所形成的肿瘤微环境为肿瘤的发生和生长提供了条件,是肿瘤形成过程中必不可少的重要环节。髓系来源的抑制性细胞（MDSC）是一个重要的连接炎症与肿瘤的中介,MDSC通过多种机制抑制机体抗肿瘤免疫应答,从而促进肿瘤的生长。     

髓系来源的抑制性细胞在肿瘤进展过程中的研究

进展性肿瘤显著的特性是逃避机体免疫系统的监视、躲避免疫系统的杀伤、抑制自体免疫系统。肿瘤在进展过程中一群髓系来源的抑制性细胞（MDSC）在肿瘤微环境、引流区淋巴结大量聚集,其能够促进肿瘤的发展同时抑制机体的免疫作用。其机制概括为：髓系细胞向正常树突状细胞或巨噬细胞的分化受阻,分泌促进肿瘤生长的细胞因子,参与肿瘤血管的形成,诱导调节性T淋巴细胞（Treg）的产生,从而抑制了T淋巴细胞的抗肿瘤作用。     

胶原诱导的关节炎小鼠脾脏髓样抑制细胞检测

研究髓样抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cell,MDSC)在II型胶原诱导的关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis,CIA)小鼠发病过程中的动态变化。使用牛II型胶原建立DBA/1J小鼠CIA模型并进行关节炎指数评分。在CIA诱导的第21d、28d、35d、40d和45d,采用流式细胞术检测CIA小鼠及正常对照小鼠脾脏中CD11b+Gr-1+的MDSC比例动态变化。采用流式细胞术检测第35dCIA小鼠和正常小鼠脾脏MDSC表面CD80、CD86和MHCⅡ分子的表达水平。结果发现,CIA造模小鼠脾脏中MDSC比例在第二次免疫时(第21d)即明显增高,至第28d达最高峰(P均0.05)。CIA诱导第35天脾脏中MDSC比例和绝对细胞数较正常对照组明显升高(P0.05)。CIA小鼠脾脏MDSC CD80和CD86的表达水平高于正常对照组(P0.05),但MHCⅡ的表达水平在模型组与正常对照组间无显著差别(P0.05)。MDSC在CIA小鼠造模和发病过程中呈现规律性的变化,提示MDSC可能参与了类风湿关节炎发展的免疫病理过程。     

胎盘NKT细胞在小鼠原因不明多发性流产中的作用研究

目的:通过检测原因不明多发性流产模型(CBA/J雌鼠×DBA/J雄鼠)小鼠胎盘中的NKT的细胞数量、成熟度和细胞因子的分泌格局,以探索NKT细胞失调在原因不明多发性流产中的可能作用.方法:分别建立正常妊娠模型(CBA/J雌鼠×BALB/C雄鼠)和原因不明多发性流产模型,用流式细胞仪检测滋养层细胞中NKT细胞和CD3~+T数量的变化,用ELISA方法检测Th1/Th2相关细胞因子,而胎盘淋巴细胞T-bet表达水平用荧光定量PCR法检测.结果:正常妊娠组与原因不明多发性流产组CD3~+T细胞数量无显著性变化(P＞0.05);正常妊娠过程中,胎盘淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的量逐渐下降,伴随有NKT细胞数量、成熟型比例逐渐下降,而原因不明多发性流产妊娠过程中则相反;多发性流产组与正常妊娠组相比,T-bet mRNA存在表达异常,并与NKT细胞成熟型比例、胎盘淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的量成正相关.结论:原因不明多发性流产的发生,可能与NKT细胞失调相关,妊娠早期与胎盘NKT细胞成熟型比例偏低,分泌IFN-γ不足有关,而妊娠中后期则与NKT细胞成熟型比例偏高,分泌IFN-γ过量有关,T-bet mRNA的表达异常是造成NKT细胞失调的因素之一.     

髓样抑制细胞免疫抑制机理的研究

目的:研究荷瘤小鼠来源的髓样抑制细胞(Myeloid derived suppressor cell,MDSC)在肿瘤免疫抑制中的作用机理。方法:用Percoll分离法从荷瘤小鼠的脾脏和骨髓中分离Gr-1+CD11b+MDSC;用流式细胞术检测MDSC对T细胞增殖的抑制作用;分别用生化法和ELISA技术检测MDSC体外培养上清中抑制性因子NO、ROS和IL-10、TGF-β的含量。结果:MDSC在荷瘤小鼠的脾脏和骨髓中聚集增多,且其在骨髓中所占的比例显著高于脾脏;MDSC可以明显抑制脾脏细胞的增殖,体外培养6小时的MDSC可以分泌大量NO、ROS和IL-10、TGF-β。结论:本实验进一步证实MDSC可以通过分泌大量NO、ROS和IL-10、TGF-β抑制T细胞增殖。     

BCG 感染小鼠模型中产IL鄄35 单核细胞的检测及其意义

目的:检测BCG 感染小鼠模型外周血和肺组织中产IL-35 单核细胞,分析其在结核病免疫机制及病理、病程中发挥的作用,探讨其临床意义。方法:用BCG 感染C57BL/6 小鼠,于不同时间处死小鼠取肺组织进行载菌量和组织病理学分析,取外周血与肺组织,并采用流式细胞术检测IL-35 两个亚基P35 与EBI3 在单核细胞中的表达,分析IL-35 与小鼠载菌量的相关性。结果:BCG 感染小鼠外周血和肺组织中不同时间点单核细胞P35、EBI3 表达量明显高于对照组,且实验组外周血在感染4 周时显著增加,肺组织表达EBI3 在4、8 周有显著升高趋势,且P35 与EBI3 的表达呈正相关,肺组织IL-35 的表达与荷菌量呈负相关。外周血和肺部IL-35 表达水平在2、4 周均有显著增加,而第8 周时仅肺部升高明显。结论:BCG 感染小鼠单核细胞中IL-35 高表达,可能参与抗结核免疫调节作用。     

Immunotherapy of human ovarian carcinoma with OvaRex MAb-B43.13 in a human-PBL-SCID/BG mouse model

The monoclonal antibody (MAb) B43.13, binding to the ovarian cancer-associated antigen CA125, has been injected into more than 200 patients with ovarian cancer to detect recurrence of the disease. The follow-up of the patients revealed surprisingly long survival spans for several patients despite high CA125 levels. To investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of OvaRex MAb-B43.13 (AltaRex, Edmonton, Canada) under well-controlled conditions, the antibody was tested in a human-PBL-SCID/BG mouse model with CA125 positive human ovarian cancer cells. Mice were reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL, normal donors) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 2 to 3 x 10(7) PBL/mouse. OvaRex MAb-B43.13 was administered at 100 microg/mouse in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), in three different experimental set-ups. An isotype-matched control antibody (MOPC21 or MAb-170) and PBS injection served as controls. The ovarian cancer cell line NIH:OVCAR-NU-3 was injected IP at 1 x 10(6) cells/mouse or subcutaneously (SC) at 4 x 10(6) cells/mouse. Human-PBL-SCID/BG mice were either immunized before injection of tumor cells, along with tumor cells or after small tumors were established (2 weeks after transplantation). Antibody injections were repeated twice in 2-week intervals. Functional and cellular characterization of serum and PBL from these mice demonstrated the successful engraftment of a human immune system in those mice. All three experiments showed that OvaRex MAb-B43.13 treatment could (a) delay or prevent development of tumors; (b) reduce the size of small established tumors (SC tumor injection) or suppress ascites formation; (c) delay tumor growth when injected prior to tumor implantation; and (d) prolong the survival of the mice (i.p. tumor injection).     

人源化小鼠异位肺癌动物模型的构建

目的：探讨一种可用于研究肺癌免疫的人源化小鼠动物模型。方法：采用人外周血单个核细胞输注非肥胖糖尿病/严重联合免疫缺陷小鼠体内建立人源化小鼠,在此小鼠模型基础上再构建异位肺癌荷瘤模型。结果：10只人源化小鼠异位荷瘤模型全部构建成功,免疫重构的小鼠外周血及脾脏中均可检测到大量人CD3＋T、CD4＋T、CD8＋T细胞。人源化荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织内可发现人CD3＋T、CD4＋T、CD8＋T淋巴细胞浸润。结论：该模型为我们了解肺癌发生发展与免疫系统的关系,也为研究免疫治疗干预措施等提供了有价值的工具。     

Oxidative stress-mediated iNKT-cell activation is involved in COPD pathogenesis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major clinical challenge mostly due to cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are potent immunoregulatory cells that have a crucial role in inflammation. In the current study, we investigate the role of iNKT cells in COPD pathogenesis. The frequency of activated NKT cells was found to be increased in peripheral blood of COPD patients relative to controls. In mice chronically exposed to CS, activated iNKT cells accumulated in the lungs and strongly contributed to the pathogenesis. The detrimental role of iNKT cells was confirmed in an acute model of oxidative stress, an effect that depended on interleukin (IL)-17. CS extracts directly activated mouse and human dendritic cells (DC) and airway epithelial cells (AECs) to trigger interferonγ and/or IL-17 production by iNKT cells, an effect ablated by the anti-oxidant N-acetylcystein. In mice, this treatment abrogates iNKT-cell accumulation in the lung and abolished the development of COPD. Together, activation of iNKT cells by oxidative stress in DC and AECs participates in the development of experimental COPD, a finding that might be exploited at a therapeutic level.     

口服吲哚胺特异抑制剂1-MT治疗Lewis移植性肿瘤的实验研究

目的探讨吲哚胺(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)在Lewis肺癌(Lewis lung cancer,LLC)移植性肿瘤小鼠的肿瘤组织和肿瘤引流淋巴结(tumor draining lymph nodes,TDLNs)内的表达情况,观察IDO特异性抑制剂1-甲基色氨酸(1-methyl tryptophan,1-MT)对LLC移植性肿瘤小鼠的防治作用。方法采用Western blot和免疫组化技术,分析IDO在移植性肿瘤小鼠肿瘤组织和TDLNs中的表达情况;实验分PBS对照组和1-MT治疗组,采用直接观察法与LDH释放试验检测1-MT对移植性肿瘤的发生、发展以及荷瘤宿主特异性细胞毒淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)反应的影响作用。结果在LLC移植性肿瘤小鼠体内,主要是由肿瘤组织和TDLNs内的单核细胞表达IDO;实验组与PBS对照组比较,肿瘤的发生与发展延迟(P<0.05);荷瘤宿主特异性CTL反应增强(P<0.05)。结论口服1-MT可以通过特异性抑制IDO活性延迟移植性LLC的发生和发展。     

Umbelliprenin induced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and reduced IL-10, IL-4, Foxp3 and TGF-β in a mouse model of lung cancer

Umbelliprenin is a member of the 7-prenyloxycoumarins with potential therapeutic properties such as cytotoxic effects on various cancer cells. The present study investigates the effect of umbelliprenin on predominance of Th1 and Th2 responses in Lewis lung cancer (LLC) mouse model. The cytotoxic effect of umbelliprenin was explored on LLC cells and mouse splenocytes by MTT assay. Mice into which LLC had been transplanted were treated with umbelliprenin on alternate days, at 2.5?mg/200?µl intraperitoneally. Foxp3, TNF-α and TGF-β mRNA expressions were assessed in tumor and lung tissues of LLC mice. In addition, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were determined in sera and also in splenocyte culture supernatants at the presence of tumor cell lysate (10?µg/ml) and Con A (3?µg/ml) after 72?h. Results showed the cytotoxic effects of umbelliprenin on LLC cells (IC₅₀?=?51.6?±?5.4?µM) while no adverse effect was seen at this concentration on normal splenocytes. TNF-α mRNA expression in both lung and tumor tissues was increased. However, Foxp3 and TGF-β expressions were decreased in tumor tissues. Serum level of IFN-γ was elevated in the umbelliprenin treated cancerous mice compared to the control group while IL-10 and IL-4 secretions were reduced. Tumor size was also decreased in umbelliprenin treated group. In summary, umbelliprenin has shown a partially Th1 bias with a reduction of regulatory immune response. Although the mechanism behind this action is not known, it is speculated that upon changing the Th1/Th2 balance in favour of Th1, umbelliprenin induces its antitumor activity.     

Nuclear factor-kappaB affects tumor progression in a mouse model of malignant pleural effusion

We developed a novel mouse model of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) by injecting Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells directly into the pleural space of syngeneic C57B/6 mice. The pleural effusions in this model share common cellular and biochemical features with human MPEs. Implantation and growth of pleural tumors triggers a host inflammatory response characterized by a mixed inflammatory cell influx into the pleural fluid. LLC cells exhibited high basal nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity in vitro and in vivo, which we used to drive expression of a NF-kappaB-dependent green fluorescent protein-firefly luciferase fusion reporter construct. NF-kappaB-dependent reporter expression allowed intravital tracing of pleural tumors. Inhibition of NF-kappaB in LLC cells did not affect cell viability in culture; however, injection of LLC cells expressing a dominant NF-kappaB inhibitor resulted in decreased tumor burden, decreased pleural effusion volume, and decreased pleural effusion TNF-alpha levels. These studies indicate that tumor NF-kappaB activity regulates pleural tumor progression. This reproducible model of MPE can be used to further study the influence of specific host and tumor factors on the pathogenesis of MPE and evaluate new therapeutic strategies.     

E- and P-selectins synergistically inhibit bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis

The development of bleomycin-induced lung injury, which is a model of pulmonary fibrosis, results from inflammatory cell infiltration, a process highly regulated by the expression of multiple adhesion molecules. Therefore, bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was examined in E-selectin-/- mice, P-selectin-/- mice, and E-selectin-/- mice treated with anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody (mAb) in comparison of wild-type mice. E-selectin-/- mice treated with anti-P-selectin mAb exhibited augmented lung fibrosis histologically, increased lung collagen deposition, and increased mortality compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, lung interferon-gamma mRNA expression decreased in E-selectin-/- mice treated with anti-P-selectin mAb relative to wild-type mice, while tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 mRNA expression increased in these mice. Similar changes were observed in E-selectin-/- mice, albeit to a lesser extent than those treated with anti-P-selectin mAb. Remarkably, flow cytometric analysis revealed that the frequency of interferon-gamma-producing natural killer T (NKT) cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage was decreased in E-selectin-/- mice and E-selectin-/- mice treated with anti-P-selectin mAb compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, the majority of NKT cells expressed high levels of CXCR3, suggesting that NKT cell infiltration is also dependent on CXCR3 expression. These results suggest that E- and P-selectins synergistically inhibit lung fibrosis by promoting the recruitment of NKT cells.     

Pristane诱导小鼠系统性红班狼疮动物模型的研究

目的:建立pristane诱导的系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)小鼠模型,并对该小鼠模型的发病机制进行初步的探讨。方法:6-8周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠单次腹腔注射pristane0.5mL,对照组单次腹腔注射PBS0.5mL,注射前及注射后每2周行流式细胞术(FCM)检测外周血中IFN-α分泌细胞(CD11b+Ly6Chigh)的比例及细胞活化状态B220+Aβ1dhigh),ELISA检测血清中自身抗体(anti-dsDNA,anti-smRNP,anti-ribosomalP0)的含量。至6个月处死动物,FCM检测腹腔细胞中IFN-α分泌细胞(CD11b+Ly6Chigh)的比例和脾脏中细胞的活化(B220,Aβ1d),采用直接免疫荧光法标记小鼠肾脏免疫球蛋白复合物及H&E染色评估小鼠肾脏免疫复合物的沉积及损伤情况。结果:小鼠腹腔注射pristane第2个月开始血清总IgG升高,第3个月起出现自身抗体阳性,到个6月时达到最高,并维持高水平至被处死;Pristane处理6个月后,Pristane处理组小鼠出现关节炎症状,肾脏免疫复合物的大量沉积和明显肾脏损伤。Pristane注射2周起,小鼠外周血中IFN-α分泌细胞(CD11b+Ly6Chigh)的比例明显高于PBS注射组,小鼠腹腔细胞中IFN-α分泌细胞的比例也明显升高;同时外周血和脾细胞中B细胞表面MHCII分子Aβ1d的平均荧光强度(MFI)均高于对照组,表明pristane处理组小鼠中B细胞发生了显著活化。结论:BALB/c小鼠腹腔注射pristane可诱导构建小鼠SLE模型,其SLE的发病可能与IFN-α的持续分泌导致B细胞的异常活化有关。该模型的建立为进一步研究SLE的发病机制提供了良好的动物模型。