Predicting perceived vulnerability for breast cancer among women with an average breast cancer risk

Objectives. The purpose of the present study was to investigate predictors of perceived vulnerability for breast cancer in women with an average risk for breast cancer. On the basis of empirical findings that suggested which variables might be associated with perceived vulnerability for breast cancer, we investigated whether knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, cancer worry, intrusions about breast cancer, optimism about not getting cancer and perceived health status have a predictive value for perceived breast cancer vulnerability. Design. In a 3‐step approach, we recruited 292 women from the general public in Germany who had neither a family history of breast cancer nor breast cancer themselves. After receiving an initial informational letter about study objectives, the women were interviewed by telephone and then asked to fill in a self‐administered questionnaire. Methods. We used structural equation modelling and hypothesized that each of the included variables has a direct influence on perceived vulnerability for breast cancer. Results. We found a valid model with acceptable fit indices. Optimism about not getting cancer, intrusions about breast cancer and women's perceived health status explained 32% of the variance of perceived vulnerability for breast cancer. Cancer worry and knowledge about breast cancer did not influence perceived vulnerability for breast cancer. Conclusion. Perceived vulnerability for breast cancer is associated with health‐related variables more than with knowledge about breast cancer risk factors.     

The risk of contralateral breast cancer in daughters of women with and without breast cancer

We aimed to estimate the 15‐year and lifetime risks of contralateral breast cancer in breast cancer patients according to the age of diagnosis of the first cancer and the history of breast cancer in the mother. The risks of contralateral breast cancer were estimated for all 78,775 breast cancer patients in the Swedish Family‐Cancer Database (age at diagnosis of first breast cancer <70 years). The risk of experiencing a contralateral breast cancer within 15 years of diagnosis was 8.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 8.1–8.7%] for women with an unaffected mother, was 12% (95%CI: 11–13%) for a woman with a mother with unilateral breast cancer and was 13% (95%CI: 9.5–17%) for women with a mother with bilateral breast cancer. In early‐onset diagnosed women (<50 years) with an unaffected mother, the risk of contralateral breast cancer until age 80 was 23% (95%CI: 20–26%) and for late‐onset (50–69 years) diagnosed women it was 17% (95%CI: 14–21%). In a woman with a mother with an early‐onset unilateral breast cancer, risk of contralateral breast cancer by age 80 was 35% (95%CI: 25–46%). Women with a mother with early‐onset bilateral breast cancer had 31% (95%CI: 12–67%) lifetime risk of contralateral breast cancer. The risk of contralateral breast cancer is higher for daughters of breast cancer patients than for daughters of women without breast cancer. Maternal cancer history and age at onset of first breast cancer in women should be taken into account when counseling breast cancer patients about their risk of contralateral breast cancer.     

HER2-positive male breast cancer with thyroid cancer: an institutional report and review of literature

We report a rare finding of two male breast cancer patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who also developed thyroid cancer. We reviewed 45 male breast cancer patients treated in our institution from 2003 to 2008. Only five male breast cancer patients were HER2-positive. In reviewing the published data, we found no cases of thyroid cancer and concurrent breast cancer in men. However, breast cancer and thyroid cancer have shown close association in women. This finding therefore provokes speculation as to whether we should investigate whether women with HER2-positive breast cancer are at a higher risk for thyroid cancer. Although this observation seems to be clinically prevalent, publications are sparse in clinical research areas linking thyroid cancer to breast cancer.     

乳腺癌耐药细胞株外泌体中small RNA表达分析

目的:分析乳腺癌细胞株和乳腺癌耐药细胞株外泌体中small RNA的表达并比较其差异.方法:采用NextSeq CN500测序仪检测乳腺癌细胞株和乳腺癌耐药细胞株外泌体中small RNA的表达,DEGseq R软件包分析各small RNA表达差异.结果:与乳腺癌细胞株外泌体相比,乳腺癌耐药细胞株外泌体中960种mi...     

人乳腺癌中HLA-DR的异常表达及其与浸润淋巴细胞的关系

目的通过观察乳腺癌细胞HLA-DR的异常表达及其与浸润淋巴细胞的关系,探讨乳腺癌细胞HLA-DR抗原异常表达的免疫生物学意义。方法收集手术切除的人乳腺癌组织和癌旁相对正常乳腺组织,用免疫组织化学方法和图像分析技术对23例乳腺癌标本进行HLA-DR和浸润淋巴细胞的检测。结果 HLA-DR在相对正常乳腺组织中几乎不表达,在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率为47.7%,显著高于相对正常乳腺组织(P<0.05)。肿瘤浸润CD4+T和CD8+T的数量均较相对正常乳腺组织明显增多(P<0.05),乳腺癌细胞HLA-DR抗原的表达量与浸润T细胞存在正相关关系(r=0.892)。结论 HLA-DR在乳腺癌细胞过表达与浸润淋巴细胞之间存在正相关关系,HLA-DR在乳腺癌的自身免疫调节过程中可能起重要作用,这为临床开展乳腺癌的生物治疗提供了实验依据。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子在肥胖乳腺癌患者乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

 摘要：　目的 探讨肥胖乳腺癌患者乳腺癌组织中血管内皮细胞生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）的表达及临床意义。方法 采集45例肥胖乳腺癌患者,37例正常体重乳腺癌患者,用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学检测肥胖组和正常体重组乳腺癌组织VEGF的mRNA和蛋白表达。结果 肥胖组乳腺癌组织VEGF的mRNA和蛋白表达均高于正常体重组 (P<0.05),并且VEGF mRNA和蛋白表达之间呈正相关(r=0.785,P<0.05);VEGF在肥胖乳腺癌组织中的表达与组织学分级、5年复发转移有关,与患者年龄无关。结论 VEGF在肥胖乳腺癌患者中具有高表达趋势,提示VEGF可能在肥胖相关性乳腺癌的发生、演变及预后中起重要作用。     

Left and right sided breast cancer

Many studies have shown that unilateral breast cancer is more frequent in the left breast than in the right. This has been investigated in the Icelandic Cancer Registry. Information on all but 18 female breast cancer cases diagnosed in the forty-year-period from 1948 to 1987, a total of 2139 cases, was used. Of these 2011 were unilateral, 1069 were in the left breast, an excess of 13%. Primary breast cancer in both breasts was diagnosed in 81 women, 35 in the left breast first, and 46 in the right breast first. The excess risk of developing cancer remains for the left breast also for women who have already lost one breast because of cancer. Information on whether their relatives had developed breast cancer existed for 1197 of these women. Patients with an affected first degree relative were of 2.54 fold risk of developing contralateral primary breast cancer, but women with no affected relative were at a reduced risk (not significant). Patients with right sided breast cancer are more likely to have a relative with breast cancer. The breast cancer status of the relatives did not influence the risk of death, so a better survival of familial cases could not be shown.     

miR-218 调控SNX4 蛋白对乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭的影响

目的：探讨miR-218调控SNX4蛋白对乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭能力的影响。 方法：qPCR检测乳腺癌组织和乳腺癌细胞株中miR-218的表达情况;分析miR-218的表达和乳腺癌临床病理参数之间的关系;双荧光素酶实验检测miR-218和SNX4之间的关系;过表达miR-218后MTT实验和侵袭实验检测乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭能力变化;过表达SNX4后MTT实验和侵袭实验检测SNX4对乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭能力的恢复水平;裸鼠体外成瘤实验检测miR-218对乳腺癌细胞株成瘤能力的影响。结果：miR-218在乳腺癌组织和MCF-7细胞株中表达水平较高,miR-218的表达与乳腺癌的病理分期相关以及淋巴结转移情况有关, SNX4可能是miR-218下游的作用靶点;过表达miR-21可以抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖侵袭能力,过表达SNX4后可以逆转miR-218对乳腺癌细胞的抑制作用,过表达miR-218后可以抑制乳腺癌细胞株在裸鼠体内的成瘤能力。结论：miR-218在乳腺癌中表达上调,同时miR-218可以调控SNX4的表达而影响乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭能力。     

凋亡调节蛋白FasL，Fas和P53在乳腺癌的表达及其意义

目的 观察人乳腺癌组织、癌旁相对正常乳腺组织中凋亡调节蛋白FasL，Fas、P53的表达，探讨FasL，Fas及P53与乳腺癌发生发展的关系。方法 收集手术切除的人乳腺癌组织和癌周相对正常乳腺组织，用免疫组织化学方法对21例乳腺癌标本进行检测。结果 乳腺癌组织中Fas蛋白表达的阳性率明显低于癌周正常乳腺组织（P〈0．01），有淋巴结转移者明显低于无淋巴结转移者（P〈0．05）。乳腺癌组织中FasL、P53蛋白表达的阳性率均明显高于癌周正常乳腺组织（P〈0．01），有淋巴结转移者明显高于无淋巴结转移者（P〈0．05）。结论 乳腺癌组织中Fas／FasL表达异常使肿瘤逃脱机体自身免疫攻击，促使肿瘤的发生发展，对预测乳腺癌的预后有重要参考价值。突变型P53在乳腺癌中过表达，可能抑制肿瘤凋亡的发生，促进肿瘤生长。     

乳腺癌中p27和c-erbB-2的表达及意义

目的　探讨乳腺癌中 p2 7和c erbB 2表达情况和意义。 方法　用免疫组化S P法检测 4 0例乳腺癌中 p2 7和c erbB 2的表达。结果　正常乳腺组织c erbB 2表达阴性 ,癌组织中阳性率为 37 5 % (15 / 4 0 ) ,两者差异有显著性 (P <0 0 0 1)。 4 0例乳腺癌组织中 p2 7高表达率为 32 5 % (13/ 4 0 ) ,正常乳腺组织高表达为 80 % ,两者差异有显著性 (P <0 0 0 1)。p2 7高表达与癌组织分化、淋巴结转移和复发有关 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　基因p2 7和c erbB 2表达异常是乳腺癌产生的机制之一 ,与乳腺癌的发生及发展有关。p2 7可能是乳腺癌的一个重要预后指标     

Primary prevention of breast cancer: new approaches

Lifestyle changes, such as exercise, might reduce the risk of breast cancer. Tamoxifen and raloxifene reduce the risk of breast cancer but have potential adverse effects and, therefore, should be considered by women at high risk of breast cancer. Breast density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer; assessment of breast density can be combined with risk factors to estimate a woman's risk of breast cancer. I propose that a woman's risk of breast cancer be assessed along with her screening mammogram with consideration of chemoprevention for those at high risk.     

乳腺癌微环境成纤维细胞对乳腺癌细胞表达TIGAR 和Bcl-2 的影响

目的:探索乳腺癌微环境成纤维细胞对乳腺癌细胞表达TIGAR 和Bcl-2 的影响及对乳腺癌生长的作用。方法:体外实验,建立了人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231 和人成纤维细胞株CCC-ESF-1 共培养模型,RT-qPCR 和Western blot 检测成纤维细胞对乳腺癌细胞表达TIGAR 和Bcl-2 的影响,Annexin V 流式细胞术和Caspase-3 活性荧光检测乳腺癌细胞的凋亡;体内实验,建立人乳腺癌荷瘤裸鼠模型,测量荷瘤裸鼠肿瘤体积,免疫组化检测移植瘤组织TIGAR 和Bcl-2 的表达。结果:体外实验研究结果显示,共培养的成纤维细胞可上调MDA-MB-231 细胞TIGAR 和Bcl-2 的表达并抑制MDA-MB-231 细胞的凋亡;体内实验研究结果显示,与乳腺癌细胞共植入的成纤维细胞能上调荷瘤裸鼠乳腺癌组织TIGAR 和Bcl-2 的表达,高表达的TIGAR 和Bcl-2 可加速荷瘤裸鼠乳腺癌组织生长。结论:乳腺癌微环境成纤维细胞可上调乳腺癌细胞TIGAR 和Bcl-2 的表达,高表达的TIGAR 和Bcl-2 抑制乳腺癌细胞的凋亡,促进了乳腺癌的生长。     

RHAMM inhibits cell migration via the AKT/GSK3β/Snail axis in luminal A subtype breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women. Although the mortality rate of breast cancer has fallen over the past 10 years, effective treatments that reduce the occurrence of breast cancer metastasis remain lacking. In this study, we explored the role of receptor for hyaluronan mediated motility (RHAMM) and the associated signaling pathway in cell migration in luminal A breast cancer. We first examined RHAMM expression levels using human breast tissue microarray and patient breast tissues. We then studied the role of RHAMM in migration in luminal A breast cancer using loss-of-function and gain-of-function strategies in in vitro models and confirmed these findings in an in vivo model. Finally, we investigated signaling molecules that play a role in cell migration using western blot. Our results demonstrated the following: (a) RHAMM shows high expression levels in malignant breast tissue, (b) RHAMM shows low expression levels in luminal A breast cancer compared to other subtypes of breast cancer, (c) RHAMM inhibits cell migration in luminal A breast cancer, and (d) RHAMM inhibits cell migration via the AKT/GSK3β/Snail axis in luminal A breast cancer. This study demonstrates a novel role of RHAMM in cell migration in luminal A breast cancer and suggests that therapeutic strategies involving RHAMM should be considered for various subtypes of breast cancer.     

Generation and Biological Characteristics of a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer that Copresents with Diabetes Mellitus

Both diabetes and breast cancer are common diseases worldwide, and diabetes is also linked to higher rates of breast cancer. Epidemiological data also indicate that diabetes may be one of the risk factors for breast cancer. However, the effect of diabetes on breast cancer progression in vivo is rarely reported. We established an ideal animal model of breast cancer using transgenic MMTV-PyMT mice, which spontaneously developed breast cancer. In this model, the animals copresented with diabetes mellitus, which allowed us to study the effect of high glucose on breast cancer. Compared with MMTV-PyMT mice without diabetes, MMTV-PyMT mice with diabetes developed heavier tumors and exhibited greater tumor volumes. Furthermore, high glucose promoted the invasiveness and metastasis of breast cancer in MMTV-PyMT mice. This breast cancer model in which mice copresented with diabetes provides a useful tool to study the effect of diabetes on breast cancer. Anat Rec, 302:269–277, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A novel oncogene TRIM63 promotes cell proliferation and migration via activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer

The development of breast cancer is still a relatively unclear biological process, and there is currently no consensus on the occurrence of breast cancer and the process of tumor metastases. This study was to reveal a correlation between TRIM63 and the development of breast cancer. In this study, we found that the expression of TRIM63 was significantly increased in breast cancer tissues and closely related to pathological differentiation and TNM stage of breast cancer. Overexpression of TRIM63 could significantly promote proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, while TRIM63 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. In addition, TRIM63 could activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Further study found that TRIM63 could regulate β-catenin degradation by promoting GSK3β phosphorylation. Our study revealed that TRIM63, as an oncogene, involved in breast cancer progression by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that the potential applicability of TRIM63 as a target for breast cancer treatment.     

生长抑素在乳腺癌中的表达及其与DNA倍体的关系

目的:探讨生长抑素 (SS)与乳腺癌的病理类型、雌激素受体 (ER)及肿瘤细胞核DNA倍体的关系。方法:采用免疫组化链霉菌抗生物素蛋白过氧化物酶法,检测了 67例原发性乳腺癌及 2 5例乳腺良性肿瘤,并随机抽取 2 6例乳腺癌标本进行流式细胞术分析。结果:生长抑素在恶性程度低的乳腺癌中的表达显著高于恶性程度高的乳癌 (P <0.05)。生长抑素表达阳性的乳癌多为二倍体癌,表达阴性者多为异倍体癌,两组间有显著性差异 (P <0.05)。结论:生长抑素可延缓乳腺癌的发展,检测生长抑素有可能成为乳腺癌的预后指标.     

The partnership between breast cancer advocates and scientists

The National Breast Cancer Coalition (NBCC) is a grassroots organization that represents breast cancer advocates and is committed to eradicating breast cancer. NBCC defines a breast cancer advocate as someone who has been personally affected by the disease (e.g., a breast cancer survivor, family member, or friend), represents a constituency, and is motivated to join the fight against the disease. One of the organization's goals is to ensure that breast cancer advocates have a seat at the table when decisions are made about breast cancer research and policy. To accomplish this goal, NBCC educates advocates so that they can participate in and make meaningful contributions to legislative, scientific, and regulatory decision-making bodies. In addition to creating educational opportunities for advocates, NBCC has spearheaded several initiatives designed to directly increase the quality and quantity of breast cancer research. NBCC has also played a major role in making funding available to breast cancer researchers. Two of NBCC's most notable programs include Project LEAD, an intensive science-training course for breast cancer advocates, and the Environmental Initiative, a collection of activities designed to improve research into the relationship between breast cancer and the environment. Breast cancer advocates trained by NBCC have partnered with the scientific community and individual scientists to improve the peer review, design, and implementation of breast cancer research.     

Aspects of breast cancer control: Is prophylactic mastectomy a feasible modality?

Even though mammographic techniques have improved and small tumors of 0.5 cm in diameter can be detected, decreased breast cancer mortality has not yet resulted. Because small tumors may cause systemic spread, in many patients breast cancer at the time of diagnosis is a systemic disease which is incurable. A reduction in breast cancer mortality seems possible by prophylactic bilateral mastectomy in women at extraordinary high risk of breast cancer. These are patients with (a) breast cancer in mother and sister, (b) breast cancer in mother or sister and a combination of various risk factors (early menarchelate menopause, nulliparity, late first pregnancy), (c) noninvasive malignant breast disease (carcinoma $\text{in situ}$), (d) therapy-resistant fibrocystic disease with intolerable pain and/or extreme anxiety (carcinophobia), and (e) benign breast neoplasia with malignant potentials (cellular atypia = precancerosis). Also, in breast cancer patients without regional and systemic spread and who are at high risk for developing cancer in the other breast, prophylactic contralateral mastectomy may be indicated. These are patients with (a) unilateral invasive breast cancer in the premenopause and a family history (mother or sister) of breast cancer, (b) unilateral invasive lobular carcinoma or tubular (ductal) carcinoma, and (c) unilateral invasive breast cancer and precancerous lesions in the other breast.     

Is breast cancer caused by late exposure to a common virus?

Although there are recognized risk factors for breast cancer, its cause is still unknown. It is hypothesized here that breast cancer results from late exposure to a common virus. This hypothesis is investigated by relating the epidemiology of breast cancer to the seroepidemiology of cytomegalovirus, as a surrogate for a breast cancer virus. The hypothesis is consistent with the geographical distribution of breast cancer; a correlation between breast cancer incidence and the precentage of adults who are cytomegalovirus seropositive in various countries was found (Pearson correlation coefficient -0.79). The hypothesis is also consistent with other risk factors for breast cancer, such as age at onset, family history, hormonal factors and migration.     

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶参与乳腺癌患者免疫耐受的研究

目的:研究吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(Indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)在乳腺癌组织和引流淋巴结中的表达及调节性T细胞在相应组织内的分布,探讨IDO在乳腺癌免疫耐受中的作用机制.方法:收集26例乳腺癌患者的癌组织、癌旁正常乳腺、引流淋巴结和10例乳腺良性病变组织,用RT-PCR法检测IDO mRNA表达,用免疫组织化学法检测IDO和Foxp3蛋白表达.结果:乳腺癌引流淋巴结中IDO mRNA表达水平及IDO表达阳性指数[(19.59±7.65)%]高于原发乳腺癌组织[IDO表达阳性指数(13.16±7.82)%](P<0.05),乳腺癌组织中IDO mRNA表达水平及IDO表达阳性指数高于乳腺良性病变组织[IDO表达阳性指数(3.24±1.30)%]和癌旁正常乳腺组织[IDO阳性细胞指数(2.70±1.53)%](P均<0.05).乳腺癌组织中IDO表达水平与肿瘤临床分期和淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05).乳腺癌引流淋巴结中Foxp3阳性细胞指数[(6.13±2.31)%]高于乳腺原发癌[(3.50±1.04)%],乳腺癌组织中Foxp3阳性细胞指数高于乳腺良性病变[(0.71±0.42)%]和癌旁正常乳腺组织[(0.55±0.34)%](P均<0.05).乳腺癌和引流淋巴结中IDO的表达水平与Treg细胞的分布间均正性相关(r~2=0.449,r~2=0.454,P均<0.05).结论:IDO在乳腺癌细胞中表达增高,并伴随乳腺癌和引流淋巴结中Treg细胞比例升高,提示IDO表达增高有可能通过募集Treg细胞参与肿瘤和引流淋巴结内的免疫耐受.