Lipid peroxidation and plasma antioxidant micronutrients in Crohn disease

BACKGROUND: In Crohn disease (CD), the increased production of reactive oxygen species from activated neutrophils may reduce plasma concentrations of antioxidant vitamins and result in increased oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE: We compared lipid peroxidation, a measure of reactive-oxygen-species production, and plasma antioxidant vitamin concentrations between CD patients and healthy control subjects. DESIGN: Thirty-seven nonsmoking CD patients (22 women and 15 men) were compared with an equal number of healthy control subjects who were matched by age, sex, and body mass index. In patients the mean CD activity index (CDAI) was 141.2 +/- 18.7 (range: 9.0-514), and 11 of 37 patients (30%) had a CDAI > or =150. Seventy-eight percent of patients were taking > or = 1 medication. Medication use by subjects included the following: 5-aminosalicylic acid (40% of subjects), antibiotics (22%), oral corticosteroids (30%), and immunosuppressants (19%). RESULTS: Lipid peroxidation as measured by breath pentane output (CD patients, 7.47 +/- 0.98 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1); control subjects, 4.97 +/- 0.48 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < or = 0.025), breath ethane output (CD patients, 11.24 +/- 1.17 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1); control subjects, 5.46 +/- 0.71 pmol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < or = 0.0005) and F2-isoprostane (CD patients, 78.6 +/- 8.0 ng/L; control subjects, 60.6 +/- 3.7 ng/L; P < or = 0.047) were significantly higher in CD patients than in control subjects. Plasma antioxidant vitamins (ascorbic acid, alpha- and beta-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin) were all significantly lower in CD patients than in control subjects. There were no significant differences in macro- and micronutrient intakes between groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with CD are oxidatively stressed, which was observed even though 70% of patients had a CDAI < or =150 and 78% of them were taking medications to treat CD.     

Altered high density lipoprotein composition in manganese-deficient Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats

The objective of this experiment was to determine whether changes in liver cholesterol content, plasma lipids and lipoprotein composition result from dietary manganese (Mn) deficiency in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) and the Wistar (W) rat. Weanling rats of both strains were fed Mn-deficient (1 ppm Mn) or Mn-adequate (45 ppm Mn) diets for 10 wk. After the 10-wk period rats were killed and plasma, liver, kidney and heart were collected. Liver, kidney and heart Mn concentrations were significantly lower in the rats fed the Mn-deficient diet than in controls. Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) (density 1.050-1.1963) was isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation. Plasma cholesterol levels were similar for all groups. HDL protein, cholesterol and apo E levels were significantly reduced with Mn deficiency. A shift to a smaller HDL particle was associated with Mn deficiency, based on gradient gel electrophoresis. The shift in size was more pronounced in the SD strain. Liver concentrations of total and free cholesterol were lower with Mn deficiency but more noticeably in the SD group. The results of our study suggest a role for Mn in HDL metabolism in vivo in both SD and W rats with a trend toward a greater effect in the SD strain.     

Vitamin D status in children,adolescents, and young adults with Crohn disease

BACKGROUND: Crohn disease (CD) and vitamin D deficiency are associated with decreased bone mineralization. OBJECTIVE: We examined the prevalence of and risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in children, adolescents, and young adults with CD. DESIGN: Growth, clinical characteristics, vitamin D intake ( micro g/d), and bone mineral density (g/cm(2)) were measured in a cross-sectional study of 112 subjects (44 females) who had CD and were 5-22 y of age. Hypovitaminosis D was defined as a serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] < 38 nmol/L. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) serum concentration of 25(OH)D was 59.7 +/- 26.9 nmol/L, and 16% (95% CI: 9.3%, 23%) of the subjects had hypovitaminosis D. Hypovitaminosis D was most prevalent during the winter (31%; P = 0.02), among the African Americans (56%; P = 0.01), in the subjects with CD confined to the upper gastrointestinal tract (44%; P = 0.05), and in the subjects with a greater lifetime exposure to glucocorticoid therapy (23.7 +/- 13.5 compared with 17.5 +/- 12.2 mg/d; P = 0.05). There was no association between hypovitaminosis D and either bone mineral density (P = 0.10) or average dietary intake of vitamin D (4.6 +/- 3.6 micro g/d; P = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of pediatric patients with CD, hypovitaminosis D was common and was associated with the winter season, African American ethnicity, CD confined to the upper gastrointestinal tract, and magnitude of lifetime exposure to glucocorticoid therapy. The occurrence of these factors should prompt assessment of 25(OH)D status and clinical care optimized by supplementing subjects who have low serum concentrations. The physiologic relevance of ethnicity on 25(OH)D status in children with CD remains to be determined.     

Horse meat consumption affects iron status,lipid profile and fatty acid composition of red blood cells in healthy volunteers

This study investigated the effect of moderate consumption of horse meat on iron status, lipid profile and fatty acid composition of red blood cells in healthy male volunteers. Fifty-two subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of 26 subjects each: a test group consuming two portions of 175 g/week of horse meat, and a control group that abstained from eating horse meat during the 90 days trial. Before and after 90 days, blood samples were collected for analysis. Horse meat consumption significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced serum levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( ? 6.2% and ? 9.1%, respectively) and transferrin ( ? 4.6%). Total n ? 3, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids n ? 3 and docosahexeanoic acid content in erythrocytes increased (p ≤ 0.05) by about 7.8%, 8% and 11%, respectively. In conclusion, the regular consumption of horse meat may contribute to the dietary intake of n ? 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and may improve lipid profile and iron status in healthy subjects.     

Effect of consumption of tomato juice enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipid profile, antioxidant biomarker status, and cardiovascular disease risk in healthy women

Purpose

We compared the effects of consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-enriched tomato juice versus plain tomato juice on the serum lipid profile and levels of biomarkers related to antioxidant status and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women.

Methods

Eighteen healthy women participated in a 2-week intervention trial involving the daily intake of 500?mL of n-3 PUFA-enriched juice (n?=?11) or plain tomato juice (n?=?7). Each serving of enriched juice provided 250?mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Both juices provided natural antioxidant compounds such as phenolics (181?mg) and lycopene (26.5?mg).

Results

Intervention with the enriched juice had no effect on the lipid profile, and serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol (total, LDL, and HDL) remained unchanged. The serum antioxidant status improved following juice intake, as revealed by an increase in total antioxidant capacity and a slight decrease in lipid peroxidation. The serum levels of homocysteine, a cardiovascular risk factor, decreased following n-3 PUFA-enriched juice consumption. A decrease in vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) levels was also noted after intake of either plain or enriched tomato juice, whereas intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels only decreased following intake of the enriched juice.

Conclusions

Overall, stronger positive amelioration of CVD risk factors was observed following the intake of n-3 PUFA-enriched juice than after plain tomato juice consumption, which suggested a possible synergistic action between n-3 PUFAs and tomato antioxidants.     

Learning behaviour and cerebral protein kinase C, antioxidant status, lipid composition in senescence-accelerated mouse: influence of a phosphatidylcholine-vitamin B12 diet

Our objective was to determine whether dietary supplementation with phosphatidylcholine (PC) plus vitamin B12 could afford beneficial effects on biochemical and biophysical events in the brain of senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) substrain SAMP8. We measured learning behaviour, hippocampal protein kinase C (PKC) activity, cerebral antioxidant status, phospholipid composition and fatty acid composition in 6-month-old SAMP8 and in age-matched controls (SAM substrain SAMR1). In comparison with SAMR1, SAMP8 showed a significant elevation in total grading score of senescence and a significant decline in acquisition SAMP8 had a lower hippocampal PKC activity and cerebral PKC-beta mRNA abundance than SAMR1. SAMP8 had increased cerebral lipid peroxide levels and proportion of sphingomyelin, and a lower proportion of 20 : 4n-6 and 22 : 6n-3 in cerebral phosphtidylethanolamine than SAMR1. SAMP8 fed the PC combined with vitamin B12 diet had an increased PKC activity and a higher proportion of 22 : 6n-3 than SAMP8 fed the control diet. These results indicate the potential benefit of PC combined with vitamin B12 as a dietary supplement.     

Effect of combined vitamins C and E supplementation on oxidant/antioxidant status in hemodialysis patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant supplementation effect on antioxidant system in hemodialysis patients. The study group consisted of 38 patients undergoing hemodialysis and 72 healthy subjects. The patients orally received combination of vitamins C (250 mg/time) and E (200 IU/time) three times per week for 2 months. Both, enzymatic antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] activities and non-enzymatic (vitamins E and C) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as lipid peroxidation product in patients were measured before and after supplementation compared with control group. The levels of antioxidants (vitamin E, C and SOD) (P < 0.0001) and GPx (P < 0.05) were significantly enhanced and MDA concentrations declined (P < 0.0001) during the supplementation period. The study demonstrates that combined supplementation of vitamins C and E can noticeably affect antioxidant status and protect against oxidative stress caused during hemodialysis.     

Endocrine profile and seminal plasma composition in Hansen's disease

Endocrine profile and seminal plasma composition in 45 patients with tuberculoid-type Hansen's disease are reported. There was marked reduction in sperm count and motility (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01, respectively) with an increase in abnormal forms of spermatozoa (p less than 0.05). The levels of serum prolactin and oestradiol-17B were increased significantly (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.05, respectively) with a marked reduction in serum FSH, LH and testosterone (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.05, p less than 0.05, respectively). The possible significance of these findings may help further to understand male reproductive function in Hansen's disease.     

Entire potato consumption improves lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in cholesterol-fed rat

Background Vegetables and fruits are rich sources of a variety of nutrients, including vitamins (E and C), trace minerals, and dietary fibers, and many other classes of biologically active compounds such as carotenoids and polyphenols, which are often assumed to protect against degenerative pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases. Although potato is considered as a starchy food, it is also included in the category of vegetables by its micronutrient content. Aim of the study In the present study, we investigated in the rat the effect of a potato-enriched diet on lipid metabolism and antioxidant protection. Results Feeding rats a potato-enriched diet for 3 weeks led to a significant decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in plasma (respectively, −30%, P<0.0001 and −36%, P<0.05) and cholesterol level in liver (−42%, P<0.0001). Antioxidant status was also improved by potato consumption. TBARS levels in heart were decreased and vitamin E/triglycerides ratio in plasma was improved. Conclusions Our present results suggest that consumption of cooked potatoes (consumed with skin) may enhance antioxidant defense and improve the lipid metabolism. These effects could be interesting for prevention of cardiovascular disease.     

Fructose-enriched diet modifies antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats

OBJECTIVE: High-fructose consumption in industrial countries has been shown to induce metabolic abnormalities or syndrome X. Changes in antioxidant defense are unknown in hypertension associated with metabolic disorders induced by high-fructose feeding. METHODS: Twenty spontaneously hypertensive rats were assigned to one of two groups; one received a fructose-enriched diet (60% fructose) and the other a starch diet. After a 13-wk diet period, total antioxidant status was assessed in the blood and liver by monitoring the rate of free radical-induced red blood cell hemolysis. Antioxidants (enzymes and vitamins) were determined in blood and liver. Gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were also investigated in hepatic tissue. RESULTS: Fructose-fed rats showed blood pressure values similar to that of control rats but had increased glycemia and insulinemia. The antioxidant capacity in the blood of the fructose-fed group represented by copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and ascorbic acid was lower. However, the fructose diet enhanced the total antioxidant capacity of liver correlated with increased antioxidant enzyme activities and retinol concentrations. Gutathione peroxidase mRNA expression was decreased in livers of spontaneously hypertensive rats fed the fructose diet. CONCLUSION: Fructose feeding negatively affects antioxidant capacity in the blood of hypertensive rats but improves this capacity in the liver.     

Differential effect of cheese fatty acid composition on blood lipid profile and redox status in normolipidemic volunteers: a pilot study

The present study investigated the effect of the consumption of two cheese varieties differing for fat quality on blood lipid profile and redox status biomarkers in 30 selected healthy volunteers, consuming either the experimental cheese (from milk produced by cows fed a grass and maize silage based diet with 5% of linseed oil added) or the control cheese (from normal cows' milk) for 4 weeks according to a crossover design. The experimental cheese had a lower content of medium-chain saturated fatty acids and a higher content of stearic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids; its consumption led to higher levels of vitamins C and E and stearic acid in blood, while myristic acid and oxidized low-density lipoprotein concentrations were significantly lower. As myristic acid and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are highly correlated with increased atherogenic risk and vitamins C and E with antioxidant activity, the enrichment of cows' diet with linseed oil could provide a dietary option to prevent cardiovascular diseases risk.     

Long-term soft drink and aspartame intake induces hepatic damage via dysregulation of adipocytokines and alteration of the lipid profile and antioxidant status

Dietary intake of fructose corn syrup in sweetened beverages is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome and obesity. We hypothesized that inflammatory cytokines play a role in lipid storage and induction of liver injury. Therefore, this study intended to explore the expression of adipocytokines and its link to hepatic damage. Rats were assigned to drink water, cola soft drink (free access) and aspartame (240 mg/kg body weight/day orally) for 2 months. The lipid profiles, liver antioxidants and pathology, and mRNA expression of adipogenic cytokines were evaluated. Subchronic intake of soft drink or aspartame substantially induced hyperglycemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia, as represented by increased serum glucose, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, with obvious visceral fatty deposition. These metabolic syndromes were associated with the up-regulation of leptin and down-regulation of adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) expression. Moreover, alterations in serum transaminases accompanied by hepatic oxidative stress involving induction of malondialdehyde and reduction of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione levels are indicative of oxidative hepatic damage. Several cytoarchitecture alterations were detected in the liver, including degeneration, infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis, predominantly with aspartame. These data suggest that long-term intake of soft drink or aspartame-induced hepatic damage may be mediated by the induction of hyperglycemia, lipid accumulation, and oxidative stress with the involvement of adipocytokines.     

Differential effect of cheese fatty acid composition on blood lipid profile and redox status in normolipidemic volunteers: a pilot study

The present study investigated the effect of the consumption of two cheese varieties differing for fat quality on blood lipid profile and redox status biomarkers in 30 selected healthy volunteers, consuming either the experimental cheese (from milk produced by cows fed a grass and maize silage based diet with 5% of linseed oil added) or the control cheese (from normal cows' milk) for 4 weeks according to a crossover design. The experimental cheese had a lower content of medium-chain saturated fatty acids and a higher content of stearic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids; its consumption led to higher levels of vitamins C and E and stearic acid in blood, while myristic acid and oxidized low-density lipoprotein concentrations were significantly lower. As myristic acid and oxidized low-density lipoprotein are highly correlated with increased atherogenic risk and vitamins C and E with antioxidant activity, the enrichment of cows' diet with linseed oil could provide a dietary option to prevent cardiovascular diseases risk.     

Effect of dietary fat source on lipoprotein composition and plasma lipid concentrations in pigs

Most studies of the effects of dietary fat sources on plasma lipid components have used diets with extreme fat compositions; the current study was designed to more nearly mimic human dietary fat intake. Young growing pigs were fed diets containing either 20 or 40% of energy as soy oil, beef tallow or a 50/50 blend of soy oil and tallow. Different dietary fats did not affect concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerol or protein in plasma or major lipoprotein fractions. The concentration of phospholipid was less in plasma and in very low density lipoproteins with soy oil feeding than with tallow feeding. The weight percentage of cholesteryl ester in the low density lipoprotein fraction tended to be greater with 40% than with 20% tallow and tended to be less with 40% than with 20% soy oil. Phospholipid as a weight percentage of low density lipoprotein was least in pigs fed soy oil. Tallow feeding increased the percentage of myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids in plasma, relative to both other groups. Soy oil feeding increased the percentage of linoleic and linolenic acids. These moderate diets were not hypercholesterolemic, but they did alter plasma fatty acid composition and phospholipid concentrations in plasma and very low density lipoprotein.     

Influence of sesame oil on blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant status in streptozotocin diabetic rats

The present study was carried out to assess the influence of sesame oil on blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, and status of antioxidants in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult female albino Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g by administration of STZ (40 mg/kg of body weight) intraperitonially. Both normal and diabetic rats were fed with a commercial diet containing 2% oil supplemented with 6% sesame oil for 42 days. Diabetic rats had elevated levels of blood glucose (322.61 +/- 9.49 mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin, vitamin E, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and lipid hydroperoxides and decreased levels of hemoglobin, vitamin C, and reduced glutathione (GSH). An increase in glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activities and a decrease in hexokinase activity were observed in liver and kidney tissues. When diabetic rats fed with sesame oil were compared with diabetic rats, a significant reduction in levels of blood glucose (222.02 +/- 8.27 mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin, TBARS, and lipid hydroperoxides and glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activities and an elevation in hemoglobin, vitamin E, and GSH levels and hexokinase activity were observed. Thus, sesame oil consumption influences beneficially the blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant levels in diabetic rats.     

Plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes status in workers exposed to cadmium

BACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) is a corrosion-resistant metal, used extensively for electroplating in the automobile, electronic and aerospace industry. Only a few studies are available regarding Cd-induced oxidative stress in animals, but no reports are available regarding the effects of Cd on oxidative stress during occupational exposure. OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to determine the plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes status in workers exposed to Cd during electroplating. METHODS: 50 subjects exposed to Cd during electroplating formed the study group. An equal number of age-sex matched subjects, working in the administrative section, formed the control group. Urinary Cd levels were determined using the flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were determined using spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS: A significant increase of plasma lipid peroxidation and a significant decrease of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels were noted in the study group compared with the control group. The level of plasma lipid peroxidation was positively and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were negatively and significantly associated with Cd levels in urine. Multiple regression analysis assessed the oxidative stress associated with Cd and other lifestyle confounding factors, such as age, body mass index, the consumption of vegetables, coffee, tea, smoking and alcohol. Analysis showed that the lifestyle confounding factors viz; smoking, body mass index and urinary Cd levels > 5 microg/g of creatinine, were significantly associated with oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that increased plasma lipid peroxidation and decreased superoxide dismutase levels could be used as biomarkers of oxidative stress in cadmium-exposed workers.