胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的体会

作者报告了３例糖尿病并发尿毒症患者行胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的经验。患者术后胰腺和肾功能均恢复良好，停用胰岛素，血肌酐（Ｃｒ）、尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）降至正常。２例术后１周并发胰周脓肿，经引流痊愈。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。本组２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和１年１１个月。     

胰十二脂肠及肾一期联合移植的体会

作者报告了３例糖尿病并发尿毒症患者行胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植的经验。患者术后胰腺和肾功能均恢复良好，停用胰岛素，血肌酐、尿素氮降至正常。２例术后１周并发胰周脓肿，经引注痊愈。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿和尿毒症。本组２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和１年１１个月。     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植三例体会

报告３例Ⅰ型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者接受全胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植，术后术移植胰及肾功能恢复良好，停用胰岛素后，停用胰岛素后，血肌酐、尿素氮降至正常。本组其中２例胰肾有功能存活分别为３年和２年。例３因移植肾急性排斥，多器官衰竭于术后第２２天死亡。作者认为胰肾一期联合移植可同时纠正糖尿病和尿毒症。     

胰液肠内引流式胰及肾一期联合移植：附1例报告

为1例2型糖尿病并尿毒症患者实施胰液肠内引流式胰及肾一期联合移植，患者术后1周内脱离胰岛素及透析治疗，随访4个月，胰腺及肾功能恢复正常。提示胰液肠腔引流式胰肾联合移植更符合正常生理状态，是治疗2型糖尿病并发尿毒症的有效方法。预防并发症的发生能有效提高生存率。     

胰液肠腔引流式胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植一例报告

目的 总结胰液肠腔引流式胰肾联合移植的经验，探讨联合移植用药量，减少并发症。方法 对1例I型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者施行胰液肠腔引流式一期联合移植，术后早期应用他克莫司（FK506）、霉酚酸酯（MMF）、皮质激素和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）进行免疫抑制治疗。监测胰腺、肾的功能恢复情况。结果 术后第3d，受者血肌酐、尿素氮恢复正常，术后第4d出现FK506中毒，致尿量减少，经调整FK506用量及进行血液透析过度无尿期，术后第10d，肾功能恢复正常；术后第5d停用胰岛素，移植胰内外分泌功能正常，术后第20d并发消化道出血，使用善得定及施他宁治疗痊愈。无其它外科并发症。结论 （1）胰液肠腔引流术式优于胰液膀胱引流术式；（2）胰液肠腔引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的有效方法；93）优质的供者及良好的配型可减少并发症的发生。     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植5例报告

目的开展和进一步总结胰肾一期联合移植术的经验。方法回顾性总结４年来共实行胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植术５例的方法、疗效及并发症的预防和治疗。结果本组５例于术后移植胰腺和移植肾均发挥了正常功能,术后第１～１０天均停用胰岛素,空腹血糖在正常范围。术后并发症常见,计本组出现的并发症为胰周感染或脓肿３例,十二指肠残端瘘１例,化学性或细菌性膀胱炎４例,移植胰巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染１例,代谢性酸中毒２例,肺部感染２例和急性排斥反应１例。并发症经处理后大多都能得到控制。本组中有２例已分别存活４年６个月和３年５个月,１例术后３周死于移植肾急性排斥反应多器官功能衰竭。结论胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植对治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病并发晚期尿毒症具有肯定的临床疗效,较其它移植有许多优点。术后并发症的预防和正确治疗是影响病人长期存活的重要因素     

改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、肾一期联合移植(附2例报道)

目的 报告2例改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植的外科技术和治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒平的效果。方法 2000年6-9月,2例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的患者接受胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植,移植胰的外分泌采用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y型吻合,结果 移植后,立即停用胰岛素,肾功能1-5d恢复正常,无外科并发症,未发生排斥反应,患者目前已分别存活5个月和2个月,移植胰和移植肾功能均正常,一般情况良好。结论 改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植技术简单、安全,是治疗I型糖尿病并发尿毒症的较好术式。     

胰肾一期联合移植

目的 总结胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病并发晚期肾功能不全病人的疗效,并探讨分析术后并发症防治经验。方法 对５例糖尿病并发现期肾小功能不全者采用胰十二指肠肾一期联合移植。免疫抑掉方案采用激素,ＣｓＡ及硫唑嘌呤或激素,ＣｓＡ及骁悉三联用药。结果 联合移植后５例胰肾均发挥正常功能,病人均立即停用胰岛素,１例术后发生移植肾急性排斥以应,死于多器官功能衰竭,余４例分别发生胰周脓肿,急性胰腺炎,十二指肠瘘,血尿等并     

临床胰肾联合移植进展

胰肾联合移植（SPK）是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症及尿毒症合并有糖尿病的有效方法，胰腺移植之后可获得正常的糖代谢，不需要外源性胰岛素并可逆转糖尿病的并发症和提高生活质量，采用外源性胰岛素的替代疗法并不能防止糖尿病并发症的发生，肾脏移植之后使尿毒症得到纠正，自1966年首例临床胰腺十二指肠移植成功以来，到1994年底，全球单一胰腺移植1600例。有131个移植中心施行胰肾联合移植5628例，移植患者1年与5年存活率分别为91％和78％目前，胰肾联合移植仅次于肾，肝、心移植，居第4位，现将胰肾联合移植进展分述如下：一、…     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植（附二例报告）

报告２例Ⅰ型糖尿病并发尿毒症患者施行全胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植。２例胰腺肾取自同一供体。术后移植胰及肾功能恢复良好，停用胰岛素后血肌酐，尿素氮降至正常。侄Ⅰ术后移植物有功能，存活已二年，生活自理，能做家务劳动，生活质量较术前明显提高，如同正常人生活。     

Allogeneic Kidney Transplantation After COVID-19: A Case Report

BackgroundPatients undergoing organ transplantation are immunosuppressed and already at risk of various diseases. We report about a patient who underwent ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) without a recurrence of infection.Case ReportA 68-year-old woman presented with end-stage renal failure owing to primary autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; accordingly, hemodialysis was initiated in September 2020. Her medical history included bilateral osteoarthritis, lumbar spinal stenosis, hypertension, and hyperuricemia. In mid-January 2021, she contracted severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection from her husband. Both of them were hospitalized and received conservative treatment. Because their symptoms were mild, they were discharged after 10 days. The patient subsequently underwent ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation from her husband who recovered from COVID-19 in March 2021. Before kidney transplantation, her COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction test was negative, confirming the absence of pre-existing COVID-19 immediately before the procedure. Computed tomography revealed no pneumonia. Initial immunosuppression was induced by administering tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, methylprednisolone, basiliximab, rituximab, and 30 g of intravenous immunoglobulin. Double-filtration plasmapheresis and plasma exchange were performed once before ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. The renal allograft functioned immediately, and the postoperative course was normal without rejection. COVID-19 did not recur. In addition, her serum creatinine levels and renal function had otherwise remained stable.ConclusionLiving kidney transplantation was safely performed in a patient with COVID-19 without postoperative complications or rejection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the possibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection during transplantation surgery must be considered.     

Allograft Mucormycosis Due to Rhizopus microsporus in a Kidney Transplant Recipient

Mucormycosis is an uncommon infectious complication with fatal outcome after kidney transplantation. We describe a rare form of mucormycosis in allograft kidney. The patient was a 54-year-old man who underwent deceased-donor transplantation. The patient experienced delayed graft function and new-onset diabetes within 1 week after transplantation. Four weeks after transplantation, he was readmitted because of allograft dysfunction without fever or pain. Ultrasonography showed enlarged allograft with normal blood flow. He was received broad antibiotics for 6 days, but allograft function was not recovered. Seven days after admission, allograft biopsy was performed, and in microscopic examination, extensive necrotic areas with disseminated fungal invasion were seen, and it was identified as Rhizopus microsporus by culture and DNA analysis. With allograft nephrectomy, he was treated with amphotericin B. Despite intensive antifungal drugs after graft nephrectomy, the patient died of disseminated fungal infection.     

心脏死亡供者供肾移植14例报告

目的 总结心脏死亡供者供肾的获取以及应用于临床肾移植的经验.方法 共7例心脏死亡供者捐献了供肾,进行了14例肾移植.7例供者年龄30～53岁,原发病为脑出血3例,颅脑外伤2例,脑基底动脉闭塞1例,颅脑肿瘤卒中1例;威斯康辛大学评分为19～23分,均为高危组.7例供者的所有近亲家属签署器官捐献知情同意的相关文件.临床评估供肾良好,供者心脏停跳2～5min后确定为心脏死亡,并采用腹腔多器官联合快速切取技术获取双侧肾脏.14例受者与供者HLA抗原错配数为2～4个,受者淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验≤0.05,群体反应性抗体＜10％.7例供者中有6例的热缺血时间为5～10 min,1例为45 min;冷缺血时间为4.5～12.5 h.结果 利用心脏死亡供者供肾的14例肾移植手术均顺利完成.14例受者中,术后发生原发性移植肾无功能(PNF)1例,移植肾功能恢复延迟(DGF)3例,急性排斥反应2例;其中1例因PNF在术后第1天切除了移植肾,并恢复规律血液透析,1例因DGF仍在恢复中(尚处于术后3个月),血清肌酐149μmol/L,该2例受者均接受了热缺血时间为45 min的供肾;其余12例受者痊愈出院,移植肾功能均良好.结论 遵照《中国心脏死亡器官捐献指南》开展心脏死亡器官捐献工作,维护好潜在供者的各项重要生命指标,可以保证供肾质量;心脏死亡供者供肾可作为肾移植的重要器官来源,并且移植效果良好.     

Kidney transplantation.

Since 1954, more than 26,000 kidney transplants have been performed and transplantation is now an accepted method for the treatment of end-stage renal disease. Recent advances in transplantation include operation not only on ideal recipients, but also on a much broader group of patients; an improved understanding of rejection mechanisms; better employment of standard immunosuppressive drugs; identification of an additional major histocompatibility antigen system; appreciation that blood transfusions prior to transplantation may facilitate acceptance of cadaver kidneys; and development of intracellular washout solutions for kidney preservation. Although the overall functional survival rates of kidney transplants have not improved recently, there has been a significant improvement in patient survival, especially after transplantation of cadaver kidneys.     

多囊肾与肾移植相关关系的研究

目的 研究多囊肾尿毒症患者肾移植术前是否需要切除多囊肾。方法 对30例多囊肾尿毒症患者肾移植后进行随访，比较生存率及生活质量。结果 切除多囊肾后肾移植的3、5年生存率分别为100％、70％，肾移植后患者可恢复正常工作。未切除多囊肾的肾移植3、5年生存率为70％、50％，肾移植后生活质量没有提高。结论 多囊肾尿毒症患者，肾移植前应常规切除多囊肾，以提高移植后3、5年生存率和生活质量。     

Laparoscopic Kidney Transplantation: An Initial Experience

Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has the advantages of less pain, early ambulation and shorter hospitalization compared to open donor nephrectomy. Kidney recipient surgery is, however, traditionally performed by open surgery. Our aim was to study feasibility and safety of laparoscopic kidney transplantation (LKT). After permission from Internal Review Board, LKT was performed in four patients. All kidneys were procured from deceased donors. Left kidney was used for LKT and transplanted in left iliac fossa while right kidney was used for standard open kidney transplantation (OKT). All transplantation procedures were performed successfully. Cold ischemia time varied between 4 h and 14 h. For LKT, mean time for anas tomosis was 65 (range 62–72) min, mean operative time was 3.97 (range 3.5–5) h, mean blood loss was 131.25 mL (range 45–350) mL. Mean wound length was 7 cm in LKT group and 18.4 cm in OKT group. Delayed graft function was observed in one patient in each group. One patient was lost in OKT group due to posttransplant bacterial meningitis. At 6 months, both groups have comparable value of serum creatinine. In conclusion, LKT is technically feasible and safe. Long term outcome needs to be evaluated in a larger study.     

Robotic Transabdominal Kidney Transplantation in a Morbidly Obese Patient

Kidney transplantation in morbidly obese patients can be technically demanding. Furthermore, morbidly obese patients experience a high rate of wound infections and related complications, which mostly result from the longer length and extent of the incision. These complications can be avoided through minimally invasive surgery; however, conventional laparoscopic instruments are unsuitable for the safe performance of a kidney transplant in morbidly obese patients. Herein, we report the first minimally invasive, total robotic kidney transplant in a morbidly obese patient. A left, deceased donor kidney was transplanted into a 29‐year‐old woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 41 kg/m² who had been on hemodialysis for 5 years. The operation was performed intraabdominally using the DaVinci Robotic Surgical System with 4 trocars and a 7 cm midline incision. The operative time was 223 min, and the blood loss was less than 50 cc. The kidney had immediate graft function. No perioperative complications were observed, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 5 with normal kidney function. Minimally invasive access and robotic technology facilitated the safe performance of a successful kidney transplant in a morbidly obese patient.     

高危肾病患者的肾移植(附5例报告)

目的 :探讨高危险性终末期肾病患者的肾移植。方法 :回顾性分析 5例高危险性肾病患者肾移植的临床资料 ,并结合文献复习讨论。结果 :1例肾移植术后 9年患右肾癌患者行右肾癌根治术 ,术后随访肿瘤未复发及转移 ,肾癌根治术后 2年 ,移植肾失功能 ,再次行肾移植 ;2例因尿路梗阻致尿毒症 ,经去除感染病灶等术前准备后再行肾移植 ;另 2例高龄 (>70岁 )尿毒症患者肾移植 ,1例失败 ,1例成功。结论 :高危险性肾病患者经充分术前准备可行肾移植并取得满意效果 ,但对高龄大于 70岁患者应慎重行肾移植术。     

Treatment of Urinary Fistula After Kidney Transplantation

Urinary fistula is a common complication after kidney transplantation and may lead to graft loss and patient death. Its current incidence ranges from 1.2% to 8.9%. From December 1993 to April 2007, 1223 kidney transplant procedures were performed by our kidney transplantation team. In 948 recipients (group 1), we performed an extravesical ureteroneocystostomy, and in 275 recipients (group 2), a terminoterminal ureteroureterostomy (UU). We observed urinary fistulas in 43 patients (3.5%), with mean onset at 6 days (range, 3-20 days) posttransplantation. Urinary fistula was significantly more common in group 1 compared with group 2 (4.1% and 1.5%, respectively; P < .05). The distal ureteral necrosis was the major frequent cause of urinary fistula (n = 34; 76.7%), which required either a second ureteroneocystostomy or UU using the native ureter. Of these 21 fistulas, including 10 recurrent fistulaes, were successfully treated with pedicled omentum covering the anastomotic stoma. Conservative treatment with a stent and Foley catheter drainage for 1 to 2 weeks was successful in 8 patients. All patients with a urinary fistula regained normal graft function except 1 in whom transplant nephrectomy was necessary because of pelvic and ureteral necrosis. There was no recipient loss secondary to urinary fistula. In conclusion, UU can decrease the incidence of urinary fistula after kidney transplantation. Most urinary fistulas require surgical management; and pedicled omentum is useful to repair the fistula.     

Successful Treatment of Renal Failure Caused by Multiple Myeloma With HLA-Identical Living Kidney and Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Case Report

Here we have described a successful HLA-identical living allogeneic kidney transplantation after bone marrow transplantation in a patient with end-stag liver disease caused by multiple myeloma (MM). Our case is unique, because this combined transplantation is rarely possible and because of our unique immunosuppressive and management strategies. A 45-year-old man with ESRD MM and κ light-chain nephropathy was diagnosed. Cytostatic treatment resulted in partial remission, so autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation (SCT) was performed leading to a complete remission; however the patient remained anuric. The patient's HLA-identical brother offered to be a donor of peripheral stem cells for collection and cryopreservation. Kidney transplantation was performed with a combination of tacrolimus sirolimuns, and methylprednisolone. With a well-functioning kidney graft, allogeneic SCT was performed in the incipient relapse phase of MM, after total body irradiation. Severe oropharyngeal infections, diarrhea, sepsis, and renal failure. Fearing acute renal rejection, we administered steroid bolus. He experienced therapy with gradual restoration of kidney function. Then, steroid-responsive acute graft-versus-host disease (grade II, predominantly bowel) was diagnosed on the background of diarrhea, which returned once. Later he experienced a left subclavian vein thrombosis at the site of a central venous catheter and sepsis. Having recovered from these events, the patient enjoys good health, with stable kidney function and normal protein excretion. After the steroid was stopped, a bone marrow biopsy revealed full-donor type normocellular hemopoiesis. Because of the chimerism, we gradually discontinued the immunosuppression including, sirolimus and finally tacrolimus, since with minimal trough levels there were no complications. Bone marrow biopsy showed a complete remission. In MM with ESRD HLA-identical combined kidney and bone marrow transplantation from a living donor may offer not only complete remission and good renal function, but also good health without immunosuppression.