极低及超低出生体重儿的预后因素分析

目的 分析极低及超低出生体重儿（出生体重≤ 1 200 g）的临床资料,为其预后及临床干预提供预警指标。方法 回顾性分析108 例极低及超低出生体重儿的母孕期病史、新生儿出生时情况、诊治经过及预后,采用非条件logistic 回归分析筛选预后的影响因素。结果 108 例极低及超低出生体重儿,出生体重范围在结论 极低及超低出生体重儿的病死率较高,且随着日龄的增加,影响早产儿生存的预后因素不同,临床上应针对这些因素制定合理的管理方案,提高早产儿生存率。     

极低体重儿呼吸暂停的有关问题

早产儿呼吸暂停 (ａｐｎｅａｏｆｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｉｔｙ ,ＡＯＰ)常发生于矛盾睡眠期 ,与呼吸中枢调节功能不成熟有关 ;呼吸暂停发生的频率及严重程度常与胎龄成反比。当呼吸暂停 >15～ 2 0ｓ ,或呼吸显著不规则时 ,可影响组织的氧合状态 ,尤其是在极低体重儿 ,呼吸暂停与发生     

极低出生体重儿并发呼吸暂停

早产儿呼吸暂停及周期性呼吸极为多见 ,据统计出生体重 <180 0 ｇ(妊娠周龄 <34周者 )至少有 2 5 %发生呼吸暂停〔1〕,而 <10 0 0 ｇ的早产儿几乎 10 0 %有呼吸暂停发作〔2〕,发生率随胎龄增加而逐渐减少〔2〕,严重反复发作的呼吸暂停如处理不当可因脑缺氧性损害造成脑性瘫痪 ,脑室周围白质软化 ,当耳蜗背侧神经受损时可导致高频性耳聋 ,故呼吸暂停必须及时发现 ,迅速纠正。1　呼吸暂停定义呼吸暂停为呼吸停止大于或等于 2 0ｓ,伴有短期发绀或心动过缓 ,当发作时间长达 30～ 45ｓ后即出现苍白、肌张力减低并对外界刺激反应消失。早产儿呼吸…     

Postural development in very low birth weight and normal birth weight infants

In this study the seven postural responses selected by Vojta to evaluate neuromotor development were applied to 68 very low birth weight (VLBW) (greater than 1500 g) infants and to 28 healthy infants of normal birth weight (less than 2500 g). Of the 68 VLBW infants, 41 were small for gestational age and 27 appropriate for gestational age. All infants were examined between 37 and 40 weeks postmenstrual age. They were all later assessed on the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale at 12 and 18 months. There were significant differences in postural reactions between the two groups which confirmed the lower tone and greater extension previously described in very low birth weight infants. An important finding in the study was that poor head and trunk righting noted at four months corrected age in very low birth weight infants, was associated with less developed locomotion at 12 and 18 months as assessed by the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale. Thus, a delay in maturation in very low birth weight infants which was apparent from the assessment of postural responses in early infancy was still identifiable on the locomotor subscales at 12 and 18 months. Five of Vojta's responses were shown to be useful as part of the neurological assessment of high risk infants.     

极低/超低出生体重儿甲状腺功能减退的临床分析

目的 分析极低/超低出生体重（VLBW/ELBW）患儿甲状腺功能减退的危险因素和治疗情况。方法 选择2018年9月至2019年12月诊断为甲状腺功能减退的VLBW/ELBW患儿为病例组（n=29）,按照1：3比例匹配甲状腺功能正常的VLBW/ELBW患儿作为对照组（n=87）,比较两组患儿的临床特征,分析甲状腺功能与出生胎龄、出生体重的相关性及甲状腺功能减退的危险因素。结果 符合纳入标准的VLBW/ELBW患儿共162例,其中病例组29例,甲状腺功能减退发生率为17.9%。出生体重越低,甲状腺功能减退发生率越高（P < 0.05）;三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）与出生胎龄呈正相关（P < 0.05）,T3、游离甲状腺素（FT4）与出生体重呈正相关（P < 0.05）。小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母≥35岁、使用多巴胺是发生甲状腺功能减退的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）。病例组中16例患儿给予左旋甲状腺素（每日5~10 μg/kg）治疗,甲状腺功能在治疗2周后恢复正常。结论 VLBW/ELBW患儿甲状腺功能减退的发生率较高,小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母高龄、应用多巴胺是其发生甲状腺功能减退的危险因素,应用左旋甲状腺素治疗的患儿需定期随访,以保证用药剂量适宜。     

极低/超低出生体重儿甲状腺功能减退的临床分析

目的 分析极低/超低出生体重（VLBW/ELBW）患儿甲状腺功能减退的危险因素和治疗情况。方法 选择2018年9月至2019年12月诊断为甲状腺功能减退的VLBW/ELBW患儿为病例组（n=29）,按照1：3比例匹配甲状腺功能正常的VLBW/ELBW患儿作为对照组（n=87）,比较两组患儿的临床特征,分析甲状腺功能与出生胎龄、出生体重的相关性及甲状腺功能减退的危险因素。结果 符合纳入标准的VLBW/ELBW患儿共162例,其中病例组29例,甲状腺功能减退发生率为17.9%。出生体重越低,甲状腺功能减退发生率越高（P < 0.05）;三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）与出生胎龄呈正相关（P < 0.05）,T3、游离甲状腺素（FT4）与出生体重呈正相关（P < 0.05）。小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母≥35岁、使用多巴胺是发生甲状腺功能减退的独立危险因素（P < 0.05）。病例组中16例患儿给予左旋甲状腺素（每日5~10 μg/kg）治疗,甲状腺功能在治疗2周后恢复正常。结论 VLBW/ELBW患儿甲状腺功能减退的发生率较高,小于胎龄儿、多胎、孕母高龄、应用多巴胺是其发生甲状腺功能减退的危险因素,应用左旋甲状腺素治疗的患儿需定期随访,以保证用药剂量适宜。     

极低/超低出生体重儿晚发败血症的临床分析

目的 分析极低/超低出生体重（VLBW/ELBW）早产儿晚发败血症（LOS）的临床特征及病原菌情况。方法 在2012年1月至2016年12月收治的VLBW/ELBW早产儿（胎龄<32周）中,选取发生LOS的患儿作为LOS组,每例LOS患儿匹配2例非败血症患儿作为对照组。根据是否发生院内死亡,将LOS组分为死亡亚组和存活亚组,分析LOS发生的危险因素、临床特征、病原菌分布、耐药情况及死亡危险因素。结果 共收治VLBW/ELBW早产儿513例,LOS组65例,对照组130例,LOS发生率为12.7%。LOS组死亡6例,存活59例。LOS组出生体重低于对照组（P < 0.05）,LOS组经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管（PICC）时间、机械通气时间、住院时间长于对照组（P < 0.05）。LOS组小于胎龄儿（SGA）、机械通气、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、死亡比例高于对照组（P < 0.05）。低出生体重、SGA、PICC时间长为VLBW/ELBW早产儿发生LOS的危险因素（分别OR=1.396、2.550、1.068,P < 0.05）。合并化脓性脑膜炎是VLBW/ELBW早产儿LOS死亡的危险因素（OR=13.443,P < 0.05）。LOS组共培养出65株病原菌,39株（60%）为革兰阴性菌,其中15株为产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌,67%（10/15）感染ESBLs菌的LOS患儿发病2周前应用过抗生素,高于非耐药菌（29%,7/24）（P < 0.05）。结论 出生体重低、SGA、PICC时间长为VLBW/ELBW早产儿发生LOS的危险因素,合并化脓性脑膜炎的LOS患儿更容易发生死亡。LOS病原菌以革兰阴性菌多见,发病2周前应用过抗生素可能会增加ESBLs菌感染。     

Frusemide-induced nephrocalcinosis in very low birth weight infants

Three very low birth weight infants, treated with frusemide for broncho-pulmonary dysplasia are described. They all developed medullary nephrocalcinosis identifiable by real time ultrasound. The sonographic findings of diffuse medullary hyper-echogenicity appears to be specific for nephrocalcinosis.     

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants

Objective  The developments in newborn care have enabled many more very low birth weight premature infants to live. The aim of our study was to determine the risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development by evaluating mild and moderate/severe BPD in extramural neonates with a birth weight <1501 g. Methods  A case-control study was conducted between January 1, 2004- December 31, 2006 at the Dr. Sami Ulus Children’s Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Patients with BPD and without BPD were compared. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was diagnosed and classified according to the Bancalari criteria. One-hundred and six (106) extramural premature infants with a birth weight <1501 g and admitted to the Neonatal Unit in the first three days of life and survived for more than 28 postnatal days were included. Patients with multiple congenital anomalies and complex cardiac pathologies were excluded. The maternal and neonatal risk factors, clinical features, mechanical ventilation treatment were compared. The principal risk factors for BPD development were analyzed and followed by logistic regression test. Results  The diagnosis was mild BPD in 27 of the 106 patients and moderate/severe BPD in 29. The incidence of BPD was 52.8%. Fifty of 106 patients had no BPD. Analysis of risk factors revealed that gestational age ≤28 weeks (p=0.019), birth weight ≤1000 g (p=0.007), hypothermia (p=0.003), acidosis (p=0.003) and hypotension (p=0.005) at admission, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) ( p<0.001), mechanical ventilation therapy (p<0.001), surfactant therapy (p=0.005), higher amount of mean fluid therapy on 7^th days (p=0.008), nosocomial infection (p<0.001), higher amount of mean packed red cell transfusions (p<0.001) and more than two packed red cell transfusions (p=0.033) were risk factors associated with the development of BPD. Multivariant logistic regression analysis showed acidosis at admission (OR 5.12, 95%CI 1.17–22.27, p=0.029), surfactant treatment (OR 7.53, 95%CI 2.14–26.45, p=0.002), nosocomial infections (OR 4.66, 95%CI 1.27–17.12, p=0.02) and PDA (OR 9.60, 95%CI 2.23–41.22, p=0.002) were risk factors increasing the severity of BPD. Conclusion  The most important risk factors for BPD development in our study were RDS and nosocomial infections while the presence of acidosis at admission, surfactant administration, nosocomial infections and the presence of PDA were the most important risk factors regarding BPD severity. Presence of acidosis at admission as a risk factor emphasized the importance of suitable transport conditions for premature infants.     

极低出生体重儿并发脑室内出血的诊断和治疗

极低出生体重儿 (ＶＬＢＷＩ)并发脑室周围 脑室内出血(ｐｅｒｉｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌａｒｈｅｍｏｒｒｈａｇｅ Ｉｎｔｒａｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌａｒｈｅｍｏｒｒｈａｇｅ ,ＰＶＨ ＩＶＨ)较为常见。根据头颅系列超声检查 ,ＰＶＨ ＩＶＨ发病率约为 40 %～ 5 0 % ,随胎龄及体重降低发病率增加。胎龄 <32周的早产儿约 30 %～ 35 %发病 ,<2 8周者 ,发病率超过 5 0 % ;体重 <5 0 0 ｇ～ 75 0 ｇ者 ,发病率为 6 0 %～70 % ,10 0 0 ｇ～ 15 0 0 ｇ者为 10 %～ 2 0 %。ＰＶＨ ＩＶＨ的发生 ,主要由于ＶＬＢＷＩ室管膜下生发层基质 (尾状核头部脑室周…     

Furosemide pharmacokinetics in very low birth weight infants

The pharmacokinetics of furosemide were studied longitudinally during long-term administration in 10 very low birth weight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Mean birth weight of the infants was 829 +/- 217 g, mean gestational age at birth was 26.6 +/- 2.9 weeks, and mean postnatal age at the start of therapy was 2.4 +/- 1.0 weeks. Serial determinations of furosemide pharmacokinetic parameters were performed during 2 weeks to 3 months of long-term therapy. Plasma half-life was prolonged in infants less than 31 weeks postconceptional age (gestational + postnatal age), frequently exceeding 24 hours. All infants less than 29 weeks postconceptional age whose dosing schedule was once every 12 hours accumulated furosemide to potentially ototoxic levels. Furosemide renal clearance increased and plasma half-life decreased in association with increasing postconceptional age. Furosemide secretory clearance was very low in patients less than 31 weeks postconceptional age, resulting in a reliance on glomerular filtration to deliver drug to its main site of action within the lumen of the loop of Henle. Thus elevated plasma levels may be required to ensure adequate luminal delivery and adequate diuresis in these infants with low secretory clearance. Nevertheless, the current dosing schedule (once every 12 hours) of furosemide should be modified to once every 24 hours in infants of low postconceptional age to avoid possible toxic effects.     

Hyperkalemia in very low birth weight infants.

PURPOSE: To assess the frequency and pathogenesis of hyperkalemia in the very low birth weight infant. METHODS: Infants who weighed less than 1000 gm at birth were prospectively entered into the study within 12 hours of birth. Potential risk factors for hyperkalemia were assessed. Body weight, fluid and electrolyte balance, serum levels of sodium and potassium, creatinine clearance, fractional sodium excretion, and urine sodium/potassium ratio were measured every 8 hours for 72 hours. Measurements of plasma renin, serum aldosterone, and plasma atrial natriuretic factor were made at study entry and repeated when hyperkalemia (serum potassium greater than 6.5 mmol/L) occurred or at 72 hours. Infants in whom hyperkalemia developed were compared with those in whom it did not. RESULTS: Thirty-one infants completed the study; hyperkalemia developed in 16 (51.6%). The only difference in the occurrence of perinatal complications was the more frequent occurrence of pH less than 7.20 in infants with subsequent development of hyperkalemia. Creatinine clearance, urine output, and potassium excretion were significantly lower in the hyperkalemia group during the first 24 hours. Serum potassium concentration at 24 hours was inversely related to urine output in the prior 24 hours. Fractional sodium excretion, urine sodium/potassium ratio, and levels of renin, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic factor did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperkalemia is a frequent complication in very low birth weight infants. Infants with low urinary flow rates during the first few hours after birth are at greatest risk for the development of hyperkalemia.     

极低出生体重儿坏死性小肠结肠炎

20世纪 70年代以来 ,极低出生体重 (ＶＬＢＷ )儿坏死性小肠结肠炎 (ｎｅｃｒｏｔｉｚｉｎｇｅｎｔｅｒｏｃｏｌｉｔｉｓ ,ＮＥＣ)已经成为发达国家ＮＩＣＵ患儿中 ,最常见的急腹症和肠穿孔的原因。ＮＥＣ的发病机制不明 ,危险因素包括早产、胃肠道缺血、感染和肠道喂养。ＮＥＣ早期缺乏特征性的临床表现。轻、中度患儿药物治疗有效 ,重度患儿需要手术治疗。ＶＬＢＷ儿ＮＥＣ没有特异性的预防措施 ,早期诊断和干预将减轻疾病对患儿的损伤。1　临床表现　　　ＶＬＢＷ儿ＮＥＣ的临床特点是 :①发病率高 ;②病死率高 ;③在胃肠道喂养前就可能…