Enuresis: Prevalence, risk factors and urinary pathology among school children in Istanbul, Turkey

BACKGROUND: Enuresis is a common problem among children and adolescents, and can lead to important social and psychological disturbances. The aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence of enuresis among school children and determine the risk factors associated with this disorder. METHODS: A cross sectional population-based study was conducted in 1576 children. The pupils enrolled in the study were chosen randomly from 14 primary schools located in seven different regions of Istanbul. Data were collected via a questionnaire completed by parents. Enuretic children were invited to the pediatric nephrology outpatient clinic of Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey. A detailed history was taken, physical and ultrasonographic examinations, urinalysis and urine culture were performed. The relationship between the prevalence of enuresis and the patients' age, gender, region, the parental educational level and employment status, number of family members, and the family's monthly income were tested by means of chi(2 ) and logistic regression analysis. The comparison between the two enuretic groups (monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis group vs diurnal enuresis only and diurnal-nocturnal enuresis group) regarding the sociodemographic factors were tested with the chi(2) test and P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: The study group was composed of 1576 school children aged between 6 and 16 years. The overall prevalence of enuresis was 12.4%. When the chi(2) test was used, a significant relationship was found between the prevalence of enuresis and age, educational level of the father, the family's monthly income, and number of family members. However, when logistic regression analysis was applied, there was a statistically significant relationship only between enuresis, and age and number of family members. In the whole group, monosymptomatic enuresis nocturna was found to be more common in boys. When the two enuretic children groups (monosymptomatic nocturnal, diurnal only and nocturnal-diurnal enuretics) were compared with each other regarding gender, parental educational and employment status, and number of family members, statistically significant differences were found. Both maternal and the paternal low educational status were found to be associated with monosymptomatic enuresis nocturna. Likewise, monosymptomatic enuresis nocturna was found to be more common in the children of the unemployed mothers, while diurnal enuresis was more common in the children of unemployed fathers. Nocturnal enuresis was found to be associated with large families. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated between the two groups of enuretics regarding age and family income levels. The rate of urinary abnormalities in the whole group was 7.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Enuresis is a common problem among school children and associated urinary abnormalities are not uncommon. Identification of children at risk is an essential first step before choosing the individualized management for each enuretic child.     

The epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis and its severity in primary school children in Taiwan

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among children in elementary school in Taiwan and to evaluate its associated factors and severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomly selected cross-sectional study was conducted from elementary schools in Changhua county, Taiwan in 2003. In all, 9228 questionnaires were sent to 46 schools in 26 districts. RESULTS: A total of 92.1% (8496/9228) of questionnaires were completed. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 6.8%. The ratio of male to female was about 1.5 (8.0% vs. 5.5%). The prevalence of enuresis according to age group declined from 12.5% at 6 years to 2.0% at 12 years. The prevalence of enuresis in the urban area did not show significant difference from that of rural area (6.2% vs. 6.9%). Of the factors associated with enuresis, gender, age, urinary frequency or urgency, heredity, drinking habit before sleep and difficulty in waking showed significant difference after multiple logistic regression analysis. After multivariate analysis, difficulty in waking and time of wetting were the only factors significantly associated with the severity of enuresis. CONCLUSION: Our investigation showed the prevalence of enuresis is similar to those reports from the north of Taiwan and most of other western countries, but higher than that of China and Hong-Kong. Difficulty in waking and time of wetting were the only factors significantly associated with the severity of enuresis.     

Prevalence of overweight,obesity, and associated risk factors among school children and adolescents in Tianjin,China

To estimate the prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among school children and adolescents (7–18 years), a cross-sectional study was conducted in Tianjin City of Northeast China. Five primary and middle schools were selected using a multistage random cluster sampling. Anthropometric measurements were taken by the research team. Then, standardized questionnaires on socioeconomic status, diet and lifestyle, parental weight and height were sent to the parents to be completed together with their child. Overall, 3,140 students were screened for overweight and associated risk factors. Body mass index classification reference proposed by the Working Group on Obesity in China was used as a screening reference to calculate the prevalence of overweight in these groups. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be 12.5% and 15.7%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis (overweight compared with normal weight) showed that, overweight in children was significantly associated with male gender, parental obesity, parental educational level, mother’s history of gestational diabetes, high birth weight, less hours of physical activity per day, urban residence, motorized transportation, and eating food not prepared at home. After adjusting for parental obesity, the odds ratio of overweight children was increased by urban residence (rural as a reference, 2.68, 2.16–3.32), positive gestational diabetes (2.76, 1.37–4.50), and fast-food/restaurant food service (2.03, 1.34–3.07). Children who walked to school and participated in outdoor activities were 54% and 63% less likely to be overweight respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among school children and adolescents in Tianjin. Changes in lifestyle, high socioeconomic status, parental obesity, mother’s history of gestational diabetes, and high birth weight are among the highly associated risk factors of overweight. An educational approach about maintaining a healthy weight should be introduced much earlier to high-risk children, parents, and women of childbearing age.     

家族聚集性原发性夜间遗尿症患儿尿动力学研究

目的 探讨家族聚集性因素对原发性夜间遗尿症(PNE)患儿影响.方法 选取PNE患儿115例,依据PNE先症者三代家族其他成员是否累及,分为家族聚集性(FPNE组,45例)和散发性(SPNE组,70例).填写调查表评估觉醒功能、记录排尿日记和完成白天尿动力学检查.结果 FPNE组重度PNE、非单症状性PNE和小容量膀胱发生率分别为27%、58%和44%,均显著高于SPNE组的7%、21%和21%(P＜0.05),而夜间多尿和觉醒障碍发生率在二组之间的差异无统计学意义.FPNE组逼尿肌过度活跃和尿动力学功能性膀胱出口阻力增加发生率为53%和60%,分别显著高于SPNE组的19%和37%(P＜0.05).最大排尿量和最大膀胱压测定容量在对照组、SPNE组和FPNE组之间逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 家族聚集性因素可使PNE发生膀胱功能障碍风险增加,尿动力学检查为其治疗提供客观依据.     

Prevalence of nutrition risk and associated risk factors among New Zealand pre-school children

Aim

To determine the prevalence of nutrition risk using the validated, Nutrition Screening Tool for Every Pre-schooler (NutriSTEP) among pre-school children in New Zealand (NZ) and to identify socio-demographic factors associated with nutrition risk.

Methods

Parents/caregivers of NZ pre-school children (aged 2–5 years) completed an online survey including NutriSTEP, both parent and child height and weight, as well as socio-demographic characteristics. The 17-item NutriSTEP responses were scored between 0 and 4; where item scores ≥2 indicate risk, and the maximum score is 68. Participants were stratified into low-risk (score ≤ 20) and moderate to high-risk (score > 20) groups. Strength of associations between nutrition risk and socio-demographic characteristics were explored using binary regression analysis.

Results

Of 505 pre-school children, 96 (19%) were at moderate to high risk (median interquartile range NutriSTEP score 24 [22–26]) and 409 (81%) were at low risk (score 13 [10–16]). Pre-school children at highest risk were non-NZ European (P = 0.002), with solo parents (P = 0.002), from households with incomes ≤$50 000 (P ≤ 0.021) and with non-university educated parents (P ≤ 0.0001). More than 30% of pre-schoolers were at high risk for inadequate consumption of fruit, vegetables, grains, milk products, meat and meat alternatives, as well as exposure to screens during meals and overuse of supplements.

Conclusions

A fifth of NZ pre-school children were at moderate to high nutrition risk and may not have met the nutrition guidelines. Economic and ethnic disparities were apparent. Using NutriSTEP may assist to identify NZ pre-school children at highest nutrition risk who may benefit from appropriate nutrition support.     

Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and accompanying factors in children aged 7-11 years in Turkey

There has been limited epidemiological research about nocturnal enuresis in Turkey. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and the epidemiological factors associated with this in Turkish children aged 7-11 y, living in Manisa. Included in the study were 2000 children from various primary schools in Manisa. Parents were asked to fill out our specially designed questionnaire. In all, questionnaires for 1703 children were completed and returned to the department (871F, 51.1%; 832M, 48.9%). The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis for females was 10.6%, for males it was 16.9% and the overall prevalence was 13.7%. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis decreased with age. Enuresis nocturna was found to be more common in children with a family history of bedwetting (76.5%). Deep sleeping, poor toilet habits and low educational level of the family were associated with enuresis. Consanguineous marriage did not influence the incidence of enuresis nocturna. There was no difference between enuretics and non-enuretics with reference to breastfeeding, being firstborn or being right- or left-handed. In our opinion, enuresis is an important problem for both families and children in Turkey for which specific guidelines should be developed. Various methods have been tried in the treatment of enuresis because of its multi-factorial aetiology. Child, family and physician co-operating together achieve the best help to both child and family.     

Prepulse inhibition of startle, intelligence and familial primary nocturnal enuresis

Previous studies have shown a significant reduction of prepulse inhibition of startle in boys with primary nocturnal enuresis. Those enuretic boys who had higher IQs showed less prepulse inhibition. This study evaluates the association of prepulse inhibition and IQ in primary nocturnal enuresis in respect to family history of primary nocturnal enuresis. Prepulse inhibition of startle was studied in 83 boys with primary nocturnal enuresis and 57 non-enuretic boys using an interval of 120 ms between the onset of a 75 dB 1000 Hz tone and a 104 dB noise burst. Of the boys with primary nocturnal enuresis, 56 had a family history of primary nocturnal enuresis and 27 had no family history (no first-degree relative). Of the 57 non-enuretic boys, 42 also had no family history (no first-degree relative) of primary nocturnal enuresis, while 15 did have a positive family history. Associations between prepulse inhibition and IQ scores were compared among these four groups. Strong and significant associations between prepulse inhibition deficit and higher IQ scores in the enuretic group with familial primary nocturnal enuresis were unique in comparison to the other groups. Conclusions: The strong heritabilities of primary nocturnal enuresis, intelligence and prepulse inhibition suggest genetic mediation of the association of prepulse inhibition with intelligence in familial primary nocturnal enuresis.     

Prevalence and risk factors of obesity among school-aged children in Xi'an, China

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with obesity among school-aged children in Xi'an city. The body mass index of 6,740 children aged 7–18 years was compared with the Working Group on Obesity in China cut-off value to estimate the prevalence of obesity. A case–control study of obese and non-obese children was carried out to study risk factors for obesity. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information on possible risk factors causing obesity. Univariate analysis was performed first to compare the distribution of risk factors between cases and controls. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess independent risk factors of obesity. The results showed that the overall prevalence of obesity among school-aged children was 4.11% (4.63% for males and 3.57% for females). A total of 516 subjects (258 pairs of cases and controls) were included in the final analysis. High maternal education and a longer sleeping time were shown to be protective factors against obesity (odds ratio [OR] 0.148, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.074–0.296 and OR 0.472, 95% CI 0.342–0.652, respectively). Whereas family history of diabetes (OR 5.498, 95% CI 2.606–11.600), parental overweight (OR 3.720, 95% CI 2.068–6.689), and watching television, playing video games, and using computers (OR 1.564, 95% CI 1.133–2.159) were associated with a higher obesity risk. Conclusion: the prevalence of childhood obesity in Xi'an has become a concern, and sleeping time, sedentary behavior, and family factors have pronounced effects on the prevalence of obesity.     

Nocturnal enuresis in children. II--Diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis

The classification of the various types of urination disorders among children as well as the latest theories explaining the causes of nocturnal enuresis were presented in the first part of the article entitled "Nocturnal Enuresis in Children" (in "Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego" 1998, II, 1 pp. 55-69). The second part of this article concentrates on the differential diagnostics of urination disorders amongst patients seeking help for nocturnal enuresis. The diagnostic model developed by the Urodynamic Unit at the Department of Paediatric Surgery, National Research Institute of Mother and Child can be applied in an outpatient clinic. Hospitalization of the patient is not necessary to carry out the study, meaning that the child is spared any additional stress. Currently applied methods for treating nocturnal enuresis by non-pharmacological methods are also discussed in this text.     

中国5~18岁人群遗尿症患病率的横断面调查

目的 了解中国儿童和青少年遗尿症的患病情况。方法 横断面调查,以中国医师协会肾脏专委会中国儿童遗尿疾病管理协作组（简称：协作组）成员与所在省、自治区和直辖市有工作联系的区县为抽样单位。遗尿症诊断标准为年龄≥5岁,3个月内出现尿床事件≥1次;尿床指夜间睡眠中排尿于床上或尿湿衣裤。调查时间为2017年4月20日至2017年5月12日;调查人群为中国5~18岁儿童及青少年,分为幼儿园（5~6岁）、小学（~12岁）,初中（~15岁）和高中（~18岁）。每个区县样本量需＞3 073人。自行设计遗尿症调查问卷,本文主要分析基本人口学信息和尿床事件。由儿童或青少年的家长或照护者在手机或其他安装有微信应用终端设备上填写问卷。结果 24个协作组成员所在省、自治区和直辖市中的34个区县中的225所幼儿园和学校参与了调查,其中幼儿园82所,小学61所,初中49所,高中33所。调查目标样本人群129 952人,进入本文分析的调查问卷100 071份（77.0%）。男52 074份,平均年龄（11.0±3.4）岁,汉族占92.5%,幼儿园、小学、初中、高中人数比例约为1∶5∶2∶1。中国儿童和青少年遗尿症患病率为4.8%（4 821/100 071）;幼儿园、小学、初中、高中遗尿患病率分别为12.1%、5.1%、1.1%和1.4%;各年龄男孩遗尿症患病率均高于同年龄的女孩;中国境内6大行政区（华北、东北、华东、中南、西南、西北）以样本人群年龄构成比进行标准化后,其患病率分别为4.2%,3.7%、4.6%、5.8%、5.1%和4.9%;4 821名遗尿症患儿中,轻、中、重度遗尿症患儿分别占81.4%、13.5%和5.1%;重度遗尿症幼儿园、小学、初中和高中组比例为6.9%、3.7%、5.3%和10.0%。结论 中国幼儿园、小学、初中、高中人群遗尿患病率分别为12.1%、5.1%、1.1%和1.4%,儿童遗尿症患病率总体为4.8%。幼儿园及高中组重度遗尿症的比例较高。     

中国儿童青少年代谢性心血管危险因素流行现状

目前,心血管疾病等膳食相关性非传染性慢性病的发病率在发展中国家或处于营养转型期的国家快速上升。中国心血管病现患人数至少2．3亿,与之相关的代谢性心血管病危险因素包括高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病及肥胖等患病率在近20年均呈持续增长趋势。根据2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查（CNNHS）．20数据,中国18岁以上人群中,高血压患病率为18．8％,血脂异常患病率为18．6％,糖尿病患病率为2．6％,据此估计全国高血压人口达2亿,与1991年相比增长了1倍;     

小儿遗尿症的病因及治疗

小儿遗尿症是儿科最常见的疾病之一,其病因和发病机制至今尚不明确,可能是由多种病因引起的疾病.长期遗尿可严重损害患儿的自尊心与自信心,导致心理和行为异常.若经久不愈,延至成年,将严重影响患儿的精神和生活,最终导致人格障碍.临床治疗遗尿症主要采取培养良好的排尿习惯、心理治疗及中西医结合治疗等方法.     

The occurrence of primary nocturnal enuresis and associated factors in 5-year-old outpatients in Slovenia

Aim:  To determine the occurrence of primary nocturnal enuresis in 5-year-old outpatients in Slovenia and the possible correlations with different factors.
Methods:  The epidemiological study was conducted in Slovenia between 2005 and 2007. A special questionnaire was distributed randomly among the parents of 1846 5-year olds in children's outpatient clinics in all regions of Slovenia.
Results:  The response rate was on average 71.0%, which means that 7% of all Slovenian 5-year olds were included in the study. The occurrence of primary nocturnal enuresis was 8.7% and was higher in families with many siblings (χ² test, p < 0.01). The boy:girl ratio was 1.4 (Student t -test, p = 0.024). Parents were found to be more disturbed by the problem than their children (χ² test, p < 0.01). The maternal and paternal education levels of children with primary nocturnal enuresis did not differ from the Slovenian adult population (χ² test, p > 0,05).
Conclusion:  The occurrence of primary nocturnal enuresis in 5-year-old outpatients in Slovenia is comparable with data from other countries. Primary nocturnal enuresis is more frequent in boys than in girls, with higher occurrence in families with more siblings, and parents are more disturbed by the problem than their children.     

Behavioural problems in children and parenting stress associated with primary nocturnal enuresis in Hong Kong

The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioural problems and parenting stress of enuretic children in the local Chinese community. The study recruited 89 children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) from the paediatric clinics of 9 regional hospitals in Hong Kong, and 131 age- and gender-matched control children without PNE from the Student Health Centres. After adequate instruction, the parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Parenting Stress Index (PSI). A trained interviewer interviewed the parents and children and rated the children on the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). The PNE group had worse overall scores in both the Problem and Competence scales of CBCL; in particular, they had more attention problems and aggressive behaviours, and lower social competence and school performance than the control group. Their parents demonstrated more parenting stress as shown by higher PSI scores. Conclusion: In the local Chinese population, PNE was associated with more childhood behavioural problems and greater parenting stress. Attention to the psychosocial functioning of the child and parents may be important in the management of enuresis.     

原发性遗尿症患儿治疗前后自我意识变化的初探

目的 分析评估儿童原发性遗尿症（PNE）自我意识评价状况以及遗尿治疗对自我意识的影响。方法 选择2005年7月至2006年1月在复旦大学附属儿科医院确诊的8~16岁PNE患儿为研究对象。排除患有可引起尿床的器质性疾病、治疗前存在高血压、单亲家庭、父母离异、有其他家庭问题及慢性疾病的患儿。指导PNE患儿自己填写Piers Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)。随后患儿分3组接受不同方法治疗遗尿:生物反馈治疗组、口服醋酸去氨加压素治疗组和口服中药治疗组，疗程均为1个月。治疗结束3个月后再次指导患儿自己填写PHCSS。通过心理分析软件分析两次自我意识评价结果。结果 研究期间共纳入PNE患儿54例，男29例，女25例，平均年龄（10.0±0.6）岁。其中轻度遗尿15例，中度遗尿20例，重度遗尿19例。治疗遗尿前54例患儿自我意识评价结果中焦虑得分显著低于常模（P<0.01）；并且轻、中和重度PNE患儿焦虑得分均显著低于常模（P<0.01），不同遗尿严重程度患儿得分差异无统计学意义。其中12例接受生物反馈治疗，14例接受醋酸去氨加压素治疗，28例接受中药治疗。治疗后有44例接受了自我意识评价随访，治疗遗尿后患儿焦虑得分较治疗前明显增加（P<0.05），其中口服醋酸去氨加压素组治疗后焦虑得分明显提高（P<0.05）。遗尿治疗有效的患儿得分明显高于治疗前（P<0.05），而治疗无效的患儿治疗前、后自我意识各项得分差异无统计学意义。结论 治疗前PNE患儿自我意识评价结果中焦虑得分低下，通过治疗遗尿其自我意识评价也可得到改善，并且临床疗效好的患儿自我意识改善明显。