磁共振扩散加权成像评价胎儿肾脏功能的初步研究

目的：探讨表观扩散系数(ADC)值在正常胎儿肾脏上是否具有规律及特点,为应用磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)评价胎儿肾脏功能提供正常数据参考。方法对71例经超声和常规 MR 检查均诊断肾脏正常的胎儿进行产前 DWI 扫描,b 值取100、200、500、700 s/mm2,分别统计分析左右肾感兴趣区(ROI)同 b 值、ADC 值差异,单侧肾不同 b 值、ADC 值差异以及双肾平均 ADC值与孕周的相关性。结果除 b=100 s/mm2,左右肾间 ADC 值存在统计学差异,其余各组间比较均无统计学差异。同侧肾不同 b值比较中,除右肾 b=100 s/mm2与 b=700 s/mm2组间比较无统计学意义,其余各组间比较均有统计学意义。同时随孕周增大,双肾 ADC 值均呈下降趋势。结论DWI 评价胎儿肾脏发育是可行的,不同 b 值得到的 ADC 值可作为定量参数评估正常胎儿肾脏发育情况。     

胎儿颅脑扩散加权成像技术的初步探讨

目的：探讨未用镇静剂备件下胎儿颅脑DWI成像技术。方法：纳入60例单胎孕妇行胎儿颅脑扩散加权成像（DWI）。所有孕妇及胎儿未用镇静处理。通过改良常规DWI参数,缩短扫描时间,于呼气末屏气采集。所获得的图像经两名放射科医生独立进行评分,大于3分认为图像质量良好。采用组内相关系数进行统计学分析。结果：经过使用改良后的DWI序列,同时结合孕妇屏气配合,60例胎儿颅脑DWI均采集成功。所有胎脑DWI图像评分均大于3分,图像质量良好。两名放射科医生图像质量评分的组内相关系数为0．998（P〈0．001）。结论：在不采用镇静的条件下结合孕妇屏气配合,使用改良的DWI序列对胎儿颅脑DWI成像是可行的。     

卵巢肿瘤磁共振扩散加权成像初步研究

目的探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)对卵巢肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值。资料与方法回顾分析经病理证实的15例卵巢良性肿瘤和20例卵巢恶性肿瘤患者的影像资料,分别比较良恶性肿瘤的实性部分及囊性部分的表观扩散系数(ADC)值并进行统计学分析。结果卵巢良性肿瘤囊性部分ADC值(2.40±0.99)×10-3mm2/s与恶性肿瘤的囊性部分ADC值(2.46±0.87)×10-3mm2/s差异无统计学意义(P=0.922>0.05)。而卵巢良性肿瘤实性部分ADC值(1.48±0.54)×10-3mm2/s与恶性肿瘤的实性部分ADC值(0.99±0.28)×10-3mm2/s差异具有统计学意义(P=0.013<0.05)。结论卵巢肿瘤实性部分DWI的定量分析有助于卵巢肿瘤的鉴别诊断。     

正常肾脏的磁共振扩散加权成像研究

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像在正常肾脏的特点及应用价值.方法 选择无泌尿系统疾患的正常成年志愿者40例,采用Philips Gyroscan Intera 1.5T 超导型磁共振成像系统,进行肾脏磁共振扩散加权成像,测量正常肾脏皮质及髓质的ADC值.结果 磁共振扩撒加权成像能够较清晰地显示肾脏的皮髓质,正常成年人肾脏皮质、髓质及平均ADC值(×10-3 mm2/s)在b＝300、500、800 s/mm2时分别为: 3.08±0.52、2.74±0.68和2.91±0.58;2.79±0.51、2.53±0.65和2.63±0.62;2.64±0.43、2.32±0.47和2.48±0.44,皮质ADC值大于髓质.结论 磁共振扩散加权成像可以应用于肾脏,有望为肾脏疾病的诊断提供新的帮助.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在膀胱癌应用中的进展

磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)通过检测活体水分子的微观扩散运动反映组织功能状态,目前已广泛应用于中枢神经系统.近年来逐渐应用于恶性肿瘤包括膀胱癌的诊断评估.DWI 属于无创性检查,可在分子水平诊断膀胱癌,且有助于膀胱癌术前分期评估及临床治疗疗效监测,实现对膀胱癌的定性定量分析,较其他影像学检查有一定优势.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在大肠癌中的诊断应用

磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)是利用水分子扩散运动特性成像的新技术.它对人体的研究深入到细胞水平,反映着人体组织的微观结构和细胞内外水分子的转运等变化.随着MRI技术的发展,DWI在大肠肿瘤的应用逐渐引起人们的关注,就DWI的基本原理及在大肠癌诊断中的应用现状予以综述.     

乳腺磁共振扩散加权成像的应用

目的：探讨乳腺磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）检查的可行性,并重点探讨影响DWI图像质量的技术参数。方法：使用GE1．5T磁共振扫描仪及阵列线圈对32例乳腺疾病患者行常规SE序列扫描,其中19例为良性肿瘤,5例炎性病变,6例恶性肿瘤．均经手术及病理证实;另硅胶置入2例。使用体线圈行DWI序列扫描,采用全方位扩散梯度及5个b值扫描。DWI总的扫描时间40s。结果：在DWI序列扫描中,良性和恶性肿瘤均为高信号,计算ADC值可鉴别良性和恶性肿瘤．通过各种扫描参数的合理匹配,可使图像质量的信噪比达到最佳,并减少图像的几何变形。结论：DWI对于检查乳腺病变是一种快速可行并行之有效的技术。     

大鼠超急性期脑缺血的磁共振扩散加权成像研究

目的：利用磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）评价大鼠超急性期脑缺血的诊断价值。方法：12只Wistar雄性大鼠,采用线栓法制作右侧大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）脑缺血模型,分别于栓塞后1h和6h行大鼠冠状位磁共振DWI、T2WI和T1WI检查,并测量缺血区DWI异常高信号的体积、表观扩散系数（ADC）值,将所测值进行比较。磁共振检查结束后处死大鼠,断头取脑行TTC染色,并与DWI结果进行比较。结果：大鼠MCAO后1h进行MRI扫描右侧大脑中动脉供血区DWI可见异常稍高信号,ADC为低信号,T2WI和T1WI均未见异常信号;MCAO后6hDWI可见明显高信号,较1hADC值显著减低（P〈0.01）,DWI上梗死灶体积显著扩大（P〈0.01）,T2WI显示缺血区异常高信号,T1WI可见稍低信号。TTC染色者均显示脑梗死灶,与MCAO后6h的DWI显示脑缺血范围一致。结论：DWI对超急性期脑梗死较常规MRI敏感,是超急性期脑缺血重要的检查方法。     

对比研究磁共振扩散加权成像与全数字化乳腺摄影对乳腺病变的诊断价值

目的 对比研究磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)与全数字化乳腺摄影(FFDM)在乳腺病变中的诊断价值.方法 对121例患者(124个病灶)同时行FFDM及DWI扫描,并测量病灶的平均ADC值.用单因素方差分析、配对t检验分别比较FFDM及DWI对乳腺良、恶性病变及对3种不同腺体类型中病灶检出率的差异.结果 良、恶性病灶的平均ADC值分别为(1.65±0.40)×10- 3 mm2/s及(1.13±0.24)×10- 3 mm2/s,且良-恶、浸润性导管癌-导管内癌(IDC-DCIS)、脓肿-余各组良性病变之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);DWI及FFDM对乳腺病变的检出率分别为90%,81%,DWI对良性病变的检出率明显高于FFDM,两者差异具统计学意义,对恶性病变的检出率两者无统计学差异;DWI及FFDM对退化型、中间型、致密型病灶的检出率分别为100%、100%;88%、78%;86%、71%,两者对中间型及致密型病灶的检出率具统计学意义,P值分别为0.044、0.004.结论 DWI对致密型乳腺中病灶检出是FFDM的重要补充,并且对脓肿的显示具有独到价值,ADC值具有良恶性乳腺病变鉴别的诊断价值.     

应用磁共振扩散加权成像评价梗阻性黄疸的初步研究

目的探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(d iffusion-we ighted im aging,DW I)评价梗阻性黄疸的可行性。方法25例梗阻性胆管扩张的患者,根据血清总胆红素水平升高与否分为有黄疸组(14例)和无黄疸组(11例),对照组为11例健康志愿者,行DW I检查,测量3组肝脏的表观扩散系数(apparent d iffusion coeffic ient,ADC)值并比较其差异。结果b值差为500 s/mm2时,各组间肝脏ADC值有统计学差异(F=25.29,P<0.01),经两两比较,有黄疸组的肝脏ADC值[(1.37±0.11)×10-3mm2/s]显著低于(P<0.01)无黄疸组[(1.63±0.14)×10-3mm2/s]和对照组[(1.67±0.08)×10-3mm2/s],无黄疸组与对照组间肝脏ADC值无显著性差异(P>0.05)。b值差为300 s/mm2时,各组间肝脏ADC值有统计学差异(F=12.22,P<0.01),经两两比较,每2组间肝脏ADC值差异均有显著性,有黄疸组[(1.58±0.21)×10-3mm2/s]低于(P<0.05)无黄疸组[(1.78±0.19)×10-3mm2/s]和对照组[(1.94±0.13)×10-3mm2/s],无黄疸组低于对照组(P=0.047)。结论肝脏ADC值测量有可能用于评价肝脏的功能。     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in leukodystrophies

Leukodystrophies are genetically determined metabolic diseases, in which the underlying biochemical abnormality interferes with the normal build-up and/or maintenance of myelin, which leads to hypo- (or arrested) myelination, or dysmyelination with resultant demyelination. Although conventional magnetic resonance imaging has significantly contributed to recent progress in the diagnostic work-up of these diseases, diffusion-weighted imaging has the potential to further improve our understanding of underlying pathological processes and their dynamics through the assessment of normal and abnormal diffusion properties of cerebral white matter. Evaluation of conventional diffusion-weighted and ADC map images allows the detection of major diffusion abnormalities and the identification of various edema types, of which the so-called myelin edema is particularly relevant to leukodystrophies. Depending on the nature of histopathological changes, stage and progression gradient of diseases, various diffusion-weighted imaging patterns may be seen in leukodystrophies. Absent or low-grade myelin edema is found in mucopolysaccharidoses, GM gangliosidoses, Zellweger disease, adrenomyeloneuropathy, L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, non-ketotic hyperglycinemia, classical phenylketonuria, Van der Knaap disease and the vanishing white matter, medium grade myelin edema in metachromatic leukodystrophy, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and HMG coenzyme lyase deficiency and high grade edema in Krabbe disease, Canavan disease, hyperhomocystinemias, maple syrup urine disease and leukodystrophy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and high lactate.     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides image contrast that is different from that provided by conventional MR techniques. It is particularly sensitive for detection of acute ischemic stroke and differentiation of acute stroke from other processes that manifest with sudden neurologic deficits. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging also provides adjunctive information for other cerebral diseases including neoplasms, intracranial infections, traumatic brain injury, and demyelinating processes. Because stroke is common and in the differential diagnosis of most acute neurologic events, diffusion-weighted MR imaging should be considered an essential sequence, and its use in most brain MR studies is recommended.     

MR扩散加权成像在胰腺癌中的应用

胰腺癌是腹部最常见的恶性肿瘤,5年生存率不超过5%[1]或只有0.4%~2%.据报道,胰腺癌患者在过去30年几乎没有提高生存率[2].早期胰腺癌一般局限于实质内,直径<2 cm,无胰腺外浸润及淋巴结转移,其临床表现隐匿不易发现,有80%~90%的患者因为发现太迟以至于失去手术机会[3].所以对提高胰腺癌患者的生存率来说,快速准确的诊断显得尤为重要.     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in Japanese encephalitis

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and to look for any relationship of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values with duration of the illness. METHODS: We performed DWI in fourteen patients of JE. T2 weighted (T2W) and DWI were compared for number and location of lesions in all patients. Based on imaging patients were divided in three groups: group 1 (n=9) showing more lesions on DWI compared with T2W images, group 2 (n=3) with equal number of lesions on T2W and DWI and group 3 (n=2) with lesions more pronounced on T2W than DWI. ADC values were computed for all the lesions. The time interval between onset of neurologic signs/symptoms and MRI were charted and correlated with ADC values. RESULTS: DWI was helpful in making early diagnosis of JE by showing characteristic involvement of bilateral thalami in four patients. Nine out of fourteen patients showed additional lesions on DWI. ADC from lesions in groups I, II and III measured 0.648 +/- 0.099 x 10 mm/s, 0.739 +/- 0.166 x 10 mm/s and 1.123 +/- 0.185 x 10 mm/s respectively. The ADC from the lesions in group 1 was significantly lower compared with group 2 (P value <0.05) while it was higher in group 3 lesions compared with the other two groups. There was a significant direct correlation of ADC values with the disease duration in these cases (r=0.847, P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: DWI is helpful in early diagnosis and characterization of the duration of the lesions in JE.     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the spinal cord

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging may increase the sensitivity and specificity of MR imaging for certain pathologic conditions of the spinal cord but is rarely performed because of several technical issues. We therefore tested a novel phase-navigated spin-echo diffusion-weighted interleaved echo-planar imaging sequence in seven healthy volunteers and six patients with intramedullary lesions. We performed diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the spinal cord with high spatial resolution. Different patterns of diffusion abnormalities observed in patient studies support the possible diagnostic impact of diffusion-weighted MR imaging for diseases of the spinal cord.     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of pyogenic ventriculitis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the features of pyogenic ventriculitis (ventricular empyema, pyocephalus) on diffusion-weighted MR imaging. CONCLUSION: Markedly increased signal intensity of dependent intraventricular fluid on diffusion-weighted MR imaging and an apparent diffusion coefficient that is less than that of normal cerebral white matter indicate restricted water diffusion in purulent fluid and suggest the diagnosis of pyogenic ventriculitis.     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of extraaxial tumors

The clinical usefulness of the application of spin-echo diffusion-weighted imaging in the evaluation of extraaxial cysts and epidermoid tumors is demonstrated in a series of 15 patients. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images based on intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) were obtained with a maximum gradient b value = 100 s/mm2. Lesion ADC was qualitatively compared to external phantoms. In all cases, epidermoid tumors revealed reduced ADC values similar to that of normal brain tissue. On the other hand, all cysts had ADC similar to the stationary water phantom. Lesion delineation was improved due to the replacement of normal pulsatile (very high ADC) cisternal CSF. Direct quantitative measurements of ADC using this technique may not be possible due to unavoidable motion artifact.     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of viral encephalitis

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of viral encephalitis and its relationship with the stage of the illness.Methods We performed conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including T1-W, T2-W and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences and DWI in 18 patients with viral encephalitis diagnosed on the basis of laboratory, clinical and radiologic findings. Based on the qualitative and quantitative comparison of the conventional MRI and DWI, the patients were divided into three groups. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the involved and contralateral normal brain tissues were computed and compared for each group. The degree of correlation between the time (TI) from the onset of neurologic symptoms to the MR examination and ADC values was determined.Results In group I (n=11) DWI was superior to conventional MRI in detecting the encephalitic involved sites and in depicting the borders of the encephalitic lesions. In group II (n=4) DWI was similar to conventional MRI. In group III (n=3) conventional MRI was superior to DWI. Mean ADC values of affected versus contralateral normal brain tissues were 0.458±0.161×10⁻³ versus 0.86±0.08×10⁻³ in group I, 0.670±0.142×10⁻³ versus 0.93±0.07×10⁻³ in group II, and 1.413±0.211×10⁻³ versus 1.05±0.06×10⁻³ in group III. Patients in group I had significantly lower ADC values than those in group II, while patients in group III had the highest ADC values (P<0.05). The ADC values were significantly lower in the affected sites than in the unaffected sites of patients in groups I and II, but were significantly higher in the affected sites than in the unaffected sites of patients in group III (P<0.05). There was an excellent correlation between ADC values and duration of the disease (r=0.874, P=0.01).Conclusion DWI is superior to other conventional diagnostic MR sequences in the detection of early viral encephalitic lesions and depiction of the lesion borders and, in combination with other sequences, DWI may contribute to the determination of the disease phase.