A case of acute myocardial infarction due to simultaneous occlusion of the right coronary artery and left anterior descending coronary artery

We reported a rare case of a 53-year-old man who experienced acute myocardial infarction due to simultaneous occlusion in the right coronary artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery. He also experienced thromboembolisms on several occasions. So anticoagulant therapy is necessary for patients with exceedingly poor LV function.     

Double right coronary artery with acute inferior wall myocardial infarction

A double right coronary artery arising from a single ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva is an extremely rare coronary artery variation. We report for the first time in the literature a case of inferior wall myocardial infarction due to a double right coronary artery occlusion that was successfully managed with percutaneous coronary intervention. The rarity of this unusual coronary artery anomaly, its angiographic diagnosis and an important diagnostic dilemma of a high takeoff of a large right ventricular branch are discussed here.     

Acute myocardial infarction caused by simultaneous occlusion of the right coronary artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery probably due to coronary spasm: a case report

A 56-year-old man had an attack of chest pain associated with ST-segment elevation in both the inferolateral and anteroseptal leads on electrocardiography. Emergency coronary angiography showed thrombus in the mid right coronary artery and total occlusion in the distal left anterior descending coronary artery. Intravenous heparin infusion and antiplatelet therapy were given without other coronary intervention. After 1 week, repeat coronary angiography showed neither significant stenosis nor thrombus in the coronary arteries. Severe coronary artery spasm in the left coronary artery was induced by the provocation test with intracoronary injection of 50 microg acetylcholine. He had an uneventful hospital course. This unique case demonstrated intracoronary thrombus formation in the right coronary artery and left anterior descending coronary artery simultaneously due to suspected coronary spasm.     

A comprehensive analysis of myocardial infarction due to left circumflex artery occlusion: comparison with infarction due to right coronary artery and left anterior descending artery occlusion

Forty consecutive patients with creatine kinase-MB confirmed myocardial infarction due to circumflex artery occlusion (Group 1) were prospectively evaluated and compared with 107 patients with infarction due to right coronary artery occlusion (Group 2) and 94 with left anterior descending artery occlusion (Group 3). All 241 patients underwent exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy, radionuclide ventriculography, 24 h Holter electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring and coronary arteriography before hospital discharge and were followed up for 39 +/- 18 months. There were no significant differences among the three infarct groups in age, gender, number of risk factors, prevalence and type of prior infarction, Norris index, Killip class and frequency of in-hospital complications. Acute ST segment elevation was present in only 48% of patients in Group 1 versus 71 and 72% in Groups 2 and 3, respectively (p = 0.012), and 38% of patients with a circumflex artery-related infarct had no significant ST changes (that is, elevation or depression) on admission (versus 21 and 20% for patients in Groups 2 and 3, respectively) (p = 0.001). Abnormal R waves in lead V1 were more common in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p less than 0.003) as was ST elevation in leads I, aVL and V4 to V6 (p less than or equal to 0.048). These differences in ECG findings between Group 1 and 2 patients correlated with a significantly higher prevalence of posterior and lateral wall asynergy in the group with a circumflex artery-related infarct. Infarct size based on peak creatine kinase levels and multiple radionuclide variables was intermediate in Group 1 compared with that in Group 2 (smallest) and Group 3 (largest). During long-term follow-up, the probability of recurrent cardiac events was similar in the three infarct groups. When patients with a circumflex artery-related infarct were stratified according to the presence or absence of abnormal R waves in lead V1 or V2, the abnormal R wave group had more admission ST elevation (p = 0.025), a larger infarct (p less than 0.05) and more extensive coronary artery disease (p = 0.027). In fact, all patients with a circumflex artery-related infarct and an abnormal R wave in lead V1 had multivessel disease. An abnormal R wave in lead V1 had a 96% specificity for circumflex versus right coronary artery-related infarction but a sensitivity of only 21%. Discriminate function analysis of all admission historical and ECG variables identified inferior and lateral ST elevation as independent predictors of circumflex artery-related infarction...     

Isolated right ventricular infarction resulting from thrombotic occlusion of a hypoplastic right coronary artery

Three cases of isolated right ventricular infarction resulting from thrombotic occlusion of a hypoplastic right coronary artery were found in 4,000 consecutive autopsies performed at Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital. The incidence of isolated right ventricular infarction was 0.08%. The clinical profile of the first case was characterized by shock, pulmonary congestion, pleural effusion, decreased V1R and V2R on ECG, a small elevation of CPK and transaminase, elevation of fibrin degenerative products and decreased platelet count. The patient responded to volume expansion, heparin and catecholamines. One year later she died from cerebral bleeding. In the second case, mild aortic regurgitation and atrial fibrillation were present. He died suddenly during an episode of pneumonia. In the third case, there was chronic obstructive lung disease, atrial fibrillation and lung cancer. He died of respiratory failure. On autopsy, the coronary arteries revealed a marked left dominant and right hypoplastic pattern in all cases. The right coronary artery perfused only the free wall of the right ventricle. Complete occlusion of the hypoplastic right coronary artery resulted in isolated right ventricular infarction. In addition, chronic pulmonary disease and arrhythmia may be contributory.     

急性心肌梗死相关右冠状动脉血栓负荷的影响因素分析

目的 探讨右冠状动脉血栓负荷的影响因素.方法 选取87例梗死相关动脉(IRA)为右冠状动脉(RCA)的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者.根据冠状动脉造影分为血栓组和对照组.比较两组的年龄、性别、发病至行PCI的间隔时间、IRA梗死节段内径、危险因素及并发症.结果 血栓组发病至行PCI术的间隔时间更长(13.95±5.00和7.40±4.50,P＜0.005);血栓组较对照组高血压发病率高(75%和43.14%,P＜0.005)而糖尿病发病率低(8.33%和41.18%,P＜0.005);血栓组RCA内径明显大于对照组(近端与远端IRA分别为4.20±1.08和3.40±0.85;4.20±0.76和3.20±0.41,P＜0.005).结论 ①从发病到行PCI间隔时间、高血压、糖尿病、RCA内径均为血栓负荷量的影响因素.②RCA内径是大量血栓的独立相关因素.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction due to unprotected left main coronary artery occlusion

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) occlusion is an uncommon clinical entity, but often leads to severe clinical deterioration, with devastating sequalae including fatal arrhythmias, abrupt and severe circulatory failure, and sudden cardiac death. Recent guidelines have promoted treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as a class IIa recommendation alongside coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), but the data are still unclear regarding optimal revascularization strategy for patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non‐STEMI (NSTEMI) with ULMCA culprit. PCI has the advantages of offering rapid reperfusion to critically ill patients, often those with prohibitive risk for surgical revascularization, with acceptable short‐ and long‐term outcomes. Recent studies demonstrate that PCI of the ULMCA is a viable alternative to CABG for appropriate patient populations, including those with ULMCA occlusion and those in cardiogenic shock, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 3, and significant comorbidities. A randomized trial comparing PCI with CABG is needed to clarify the ideal revascularization strategy, though the clinical picture of these critically ill patients may preclude such studies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Electrocardiographic differentiation of occlusion of the left circumflex versus the right coronary artery as a cause of inferior acute myocardial infarction

To determine whether the admission electrocardiogram can identify left circumflex or right coronary artery occlusion as the cause of an inferior acute myocardial infarction (AMI), findings from electrocardiography and coronary angiography performed within 12 hours of each other were retrospectively assessed in 41 consecutive patients with inferior AMI. All patients had ST-segment elevation in 1 or more inferior leads (II, III or aVF). Of the 12 patients with circumflex coronary artery occlusion, 10 (83%) had ST-segment elevation in 1 or more lateral leads (aVL, V5 or V6) without ST-segment depression in lead I. Similar electrocardiographic findings were noted in only 1 of 29 patients (4%) with right coronary occlusion (p less than 0.001). ST-segment depression in precordial leads V1-V3 was equally prevalent in both groups. Thus, the presence of both ST-segment elevation in 2 or more inferior leads and ST-segment elevation in 1 or more lateral leads with an isoelectric or elevated ST segment in lead I identified circumflex coronary occlusion with a sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 96%, positive predictive accuracy of 91% and negative predictive accuracy of 93%. When these criteria were prospectively applied to an additional cohort of 19 consecutive patients with inferior AMI (5 with left circumflex and 14 with right coronary artery occlusion), presence of left circumflex coronary artery occlusion was predicted with a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 93%, positive predictive accuracy of 100% and negative predictive accuracy of 93%. Thus, the admission 12-lead electrocardiogram can assist in differentiating left circumflex from right coronary artery occlusion in patients with inferior AMI.     

Sinus bradycardia as a predictor of right coronary artery occlusion in patients with inferior myocardial infarction

Differentiation of right coronary artery (RCA) from left circumflex artery (LCxA) occlusion may be difficult since both can present an electrocardiographic pattern of inferior myocardial infarction (IMI). We studied 133 patients with IMI, 92 patients with RCA occlusion and 41 patients with LCxA occlusion. Risk factors such as previous MI, arterial hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dislipemia, were similar for RCA and LCxA occlusions. Patients with RCA occlusion had a higher incidence of isolated IMI than patients with LCxA occlusion, 50% vs. 17%, respectively (P<0.001). Arterial hypotension was more prevalent (P<0.05) among patients with RCA (18%) rather than those with LCxA occlusion (2%). RCA occlusion presented an association with sinus bradycardia, an association not observed with LCxA occlusion (15% vs. 0%, respectively; P<0.01). Total atrioventricular block was only present among patients with RCA (18%). Proximal occlusions of the RCA presented lower heart rates (sinus bradycardia) than medial and distal occlusions (13% vs. 1% and 1%, respectively; P<0.0001 and P<0.001). Therefore, regarding patients with IMI: (1) sinus bradycardia is more frequent when the infarct-related artery is the RCA; (2) proximal occlusions of the right coronary predispose low heart rates; and (3) occlusion of the LCxA rarely induces sinus bradycardia.     

急性下壁心梗右冠不同闭塞节段心电图差异

目的回顾性分析急性下壁心肌梗死(IAMI)患者右冠状动脉(RCA)不同闭塞节段的心电图(ECG)差异,评估其应用价值,期望发现新的ECG预测标准。方法收集本院6年间符合标准的IAMI患者,对不同RCA闭塞节段的ECG特征进行比较分析。结果 58例患者,男性51例,女性7例,平均年龄65.00±13.61岁。ST_(V1)抬高≥0.5mm对提示RCA近段闭塞有显著的统计学意义(p=0.001)。ST_(V3)压低/ST_(Ⅲ)抬高比率0.5、ST_(V4R)抬高在RCA近段组的出现率明显高于中远段组(80.95%vs.50.00%,p=0.058、91.67%vs.60.00%,p=0.191),但差异无统计学意义。结论 ST_(V1)抬高与否对判断急性下壁心肌梗死RCA闭塞节段具有良好的预测价值,若能联合STV3抬高/ST_(Ⅲ)压低比率以及ST_(V4R)抬高与否做共同分析,将进一步提高诊断的灵敏度和特异性。     

急诊冠状动脉内支架术抢救左主干完全闭塞急性心肌梗死1例

患者,男,66岁。因餐后发作性胸闷1周于2003年4月3日10:00入院。患者近1周出现餐后发作性胸闷不适,以午、晚餐后明显,持续约0.5h,伴上腹饱胀、下坠感,头痛,有时出冷汗。按“胃病”服药3d无效,于发作时服消心痛l片后症状缓解。入院当日晨起症状加重,ECG检查示STV3～6压低。既往无     

Successful treatment in a case of acute aortic dissection complicated with acute myocardial infarction due to occlusion of the left main coronary artery

The patient was a 67-year-old man who was diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction based upon the general symptoms and electrocardiographic findings. Emergent coronary angiography showed a 99% stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LMCA). After the 4.0 mm stent was implanted, he recovered from cardiogenic shock. An acute, Stanford type A aortic dissection was diagnosed by computerized tomography performed after the angioplasty. Transesophageal echocardiography showed that a retrograde dissection of the aorta was compressing the left main coronary ostium. Successful implantation of the stent at the LMCA contributed to saving the patient s life.     

Thrombolytic therapy during acute myocardial infarction due to sudden occlusion of the left main coronary artery

Two patients who suffered from sudden occlusion of the left main coronary artery were successfully treated with intracoronary infusion of streptokinase. One of them underwent successful coronary bypass surgery and the other was treated with medical therapy only. The outcome of this highly lethal condition is discussed.     

Obstruction of the proximal right coronary artery with acute inferior infarction due to blunt chest trauma.

Two patients developed an acute transmural myocardial infarction due to severe obstruction of the proximal right coronary artery after blunt chest trauma. Neither had a history of ischemic heart disease, and both had an arteriographically normal left coronary artery. In one patient significant resolution of the subtotal obstruction occurred within 3 months. An intimal tear or subintimal hemorrhage with luminal thrombosis, or both, are the suggested mechanism of coronary arterial occlusion. Spasm and platelet aggregates may contribute. Despite a large number of automobile accidents, obstruction of the right coronary artery due to blunt chest trauma has not been previously described. This suggests it has been overlooked and should be especially suspected in persons with injury to the sternum and an acute inferior myocardial infarction.     

Unusual electrocardiographic presentation of an isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction secondary to thrombotic occlusion of a non-dominant right coronary artery--a case report and brief review of literature

Isolated right ventricular infarction is an extremely rare phenomenon. Its electrocardiographic (ECG) features may be misinterpreted or even missed if not suspected. A case of an isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction is presented, recognized by ST-segment elevation in a single precordial lead, such as V1, aided thereafter by right precordial ECG changes. Immediate coronary angiography revealed proximal occlusion of a small non-dominant right coronary artery. Coronary intervention as well as infusion of intravenous normal saline solution and pressor agent for hypotension provided symptomatic relief, and subsequent recovery from this potentially life-threatening, but rare condition. Routine 12-lead ECG done approximately 12 hours after the admission showed extension of ST segment elevation from V1 trough V3 without any ST-segment elevation in inferior leads. This case demonstrates that there might be a very unusual ECG appearance in the setting of an isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction and can be missed if not immediately suspected. Isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction may be difficult to recognize, requiring both a high index of clinical suspicion for its presence, as well as careful evaluation of unusual ECG features of the disease entity.