经颅开眶球后入路的应用解剖

目的：给眶内手术入路提供详细的形态学依据和显微解剖参数，分析经颅手术入路的优势及其易损伤结构。方法：用32例(64侧)成人头颅湿性标本，通过模拟额颞眶颧手术入路，在放大5—25倍手术显微镜下，运用显微解剖方法，通过颅前窝眶板开眶，观测开眶后球后结构在不同手术视野下的位置、毗邻、走行、变异、分支、分布等关系。结果：上内侧入路是经上斜肌与上睑提肌之间的问隙入路，暴露从球后到视神经管之让的视神经。上中央入路是经上直肌与上睑提肌之间的间隙入路，根据不同情况向内侧或外侧牵开额神经，暴露视神经眶内段的中部。上外侧入路是通过上直肌与外直肌之让的肌间膜入路，对眶尖深部上外侧区的暴露效果与经眼眶外侧壁的外上方入路基本相同，但前者能兼顾眶上裂与海绵窦，而后者则不能。经外下方入路可暴露肌锥间隙的下外侧区。结论：对于眶内肿瘤应根据病变在眶内的具体位置选择相应的最佳手术入路，有助于克服盲目的破坏性手术。     

内镜下经鼻眶内手术入路的解剖

目的 观察内镜经鼻眶内手术的关键解剖标志并探讨其临床应用。方法 3例（6侧）新鲜尸头,颈总动脉、椎动脉以及颈内静脉硅胶灌注后,采用STORZ 内镜系统和内镜手术器械,行内镜经鼻入路眶内区的入路解剖,并应用Storz Image 1系统采集高清图像。选择两例患者采取此径路进行手术。结果 内镜经鼻入路可以暴露眶内侧壁和部分眶下壁骨质,以及深层的眶骨膜、肌锥外脂肪。并能深入暴露内直肌、上斜肌和下直肌。经内直肌和下直肌之间的潜在间隙进入肌锥内,去除眶脂体显露重要的血管神经结构：眼动脉及其分支下内侧肌干、视神经和动眼神经的分支。临床上采用内镜经鼻入路处理眶内病变,选择眶内肌锥内球后金属异物和累及翼腭窝和颞下窝的眶尖海绵状血管瘤,手术均顺利,达到了预期手术目的,术后恢复良好,无手术并发症。结论 深入把握眶内关键解剖结构,选择恰当病例进行内镜下经鼻入路治疗,具有安全、有效及微创性。     

眶部病变的显微手术入路应用进展

正眶是一个窄小的解剖空间,内含许多重要结构,特别是眶内有丰富、疏松的脂肪组织,对手术野是一个干扰。眶尖部神经、血管和肌肉密集,解剖层次复杂;而且眶又被副鼻窦、脑和眼球等器官围绕,位置深,使眶部手术更具困难性~([1])。眶尖区是指由视神经管、眶上裂及眶下裂所围成的解剖区域。它是沟通眶颅的重要解剖结构,又是前、中颅窝底相邻结构。此区空间狭小,结构复杂,神经血管密集,汇集了经此出入颅的重要血管神经和其他的组织结构。该区病变常向眶内和     

眶上裂区显微外科解剖学

眶上裂为位于眶尖部和海绵窦前部之间的一个重要骨性裂隙 ,内侧与视神经管毗邻。眶上裂区范围小 ,结构多 ,是颅底穿行神经最多、最复杂的区域。支配眼球运动的颅神经均经此入眶 ,损伤后可引起“眶上裂综合征”。尽管有关海绵窦及眼眶的显微解剖学研究已有许多报道[1～ 6] ,但作为两者交通的眶上裂区显微解剖学研究却很少[7～ 8] 。Ｍｏｒａｒｄ等[7] 称眶上裂区为颅底显微解剖研究中的一块“无人大陆” ,并于 1 994年首先对眶上裂区显微解剖进行了报道。近年来 ,随着学科渗透和显微外科技术的发展 ,使临床医师逐渐地涉足这一领域而施行眶上…     

经眶额颞入路鞍区手术间隙的应用解剖

目的研究眶额颞入路中鞍区4个手术间隙的显微解剖特征,探讨这些间隙在鞍区显微外科手术中的应用。方法在10例(20侧)成人尸头标本上,模拟眶额颞入路开颅,在显微镜下对鞍区手术常用的4个手术间隙及其内部结构进行解剖观察和测量。结果对视交叉前间隙、视神经-颈内动脉间隙、颈内动脉-小脑幕三角间隙及终板间隙的结构构成及其邻近血管神经进行描述测量。结论选择合适的手术入路、熟悉鞍区解剖间隙的显微解剖、保护穿通支是鞍区手术成功的关键。眶额颞入路兼有额下和翼点入路的优点,适合大型鞍区肿瘤的切除。     

眶上外侧-纵裂入路处理前交通动脉瘤的临床应用解剖

目的　研究经眶上外侧-纵裂入路至前交通动脉复合体区的显微解剖,为临床应用该入路夹闭前交通动脉瘤提供解剖学依据。 方法　选取20具（40侧）成人尸头模拟经眶上外侧-纵裂入路,显微镜下观察前交通动脉复合体区的暴露情况,测量并记录相关数据。 结果　经眶上外侧-纵裂入路可较好地暴露前交通动脉复合体,尤其是前交通动脉的上区和后上区,且在暴露时对同侧额叶及直回的牵拉明显减轻。前交通动脉长度为（2.80±1.12）mm,中间外径为（1.79±0.82）mm,其距视交叉前缘中点距离为（4.59±2.22）mm。 结论　眶上外侧-纵裂入路具有手术视野好、脑组织损伤小等特点,对于上突型和后上突型前交通动脉瘤的暴露十分有益。     

经颅海绵窦手术的显微外科解剖及临床应用

目的：研究额颞眶-颧弓入路中,海绵窦的不同切开方法对其显微结构的显露,为海绵窦病变的直接手术提供安全手术入路。方法：10例成人头颅标本,采用经额颞眶-颧弓开颅,在显微镜下对海绵窦的侧方硬膜外,侧方硬膜下,及上方入路进行解剖学观察。并对16例海绵窦病变手术治疗的临床资料进行分析。结果：外侧硬膜外入路可用于显露三叉神经第2、3支,三叉神经节,海绵窦内颈内动脉后垂直段,外展神经及岩骨颈内动脉水平段;侧方硬膜下入路可用于显露海绵窦外侧前下,后上静脉间隙,以及所有走行在海绵窦内的颅神经和海绵窦内颈内动脉水平段;上方入路可用于显露海绵窦内侧、外侧及后上间隙,海绵窦内ICA水平段、前膝、前垂直段及床突段的内侧面,以及垂体的外侧面。结论：依据海绵窦内病变的位置不同,在额颞眶--颧弓入路中采用不同的手术方法切开海绵窦,既可安全地显露病变,又可保护重要的神经和血管。     

经腹直肌外侧切口入路治疗髋臼骨折的解剖学研究

目的　探讨经腹直肌外侧切口入路治疗髋臼骨折的安全性及临床应用价值。方法 新鲜成人尸体标本5具（3男2女）,同一尸体右侧腹壁行大体解剖,熟悉入路周围的解剖结构,左侧应用腹直肌外侧切口入路,模拟术中操作,显露骨盆环,进行解剖学观察,重点测量记录死亡冠血管相关解剖学参数。结果 （1）经腹直肌外侧入路的显露范围包括：耻骨联合至骶髂关节在内的真性骨盆环、髂骨翼、髋臼方形区和坐骨体内侧的髋臼后柱大部分。（2）根据对5具10侧骨盆的死亡冠统计分析发现,死亡冠的出现率为80%（8侧）,直径为（2.1±1.9）mm,长为（4.7±0.5）cm,距离耻骨联合的距离为（4.9±0.4）cm。男女之间差异无明显统计学意义。结论 经腹直肌外侧切口入路治疗髋臼骨折能够在不损伤重要神经血管的条件下,经腹膜外间隙对包括骶髂关节在内的大部分骨盆环结构进行显露。尤其方便显露结扎死亡冠,对髋臼后柱及髋臼内侧方形区的显露较传统入路有明显优势。     

经腹直肌外侧切口入路治疗髋臼骨折的解剖学研究

目的　探讨经腹直肌外侧切口入路治疗髋臼骨折的安全性及临床应用价值。方法 新鲜成人尸体标本5具（3男2女）,同一尸体右侧腹壁行大体解剖,熟悉入路周围的解剖结构,左侧应用腹直肌外侧切口入路,模拟术中操作,显露骨盆环,进行解剖学观察,重点测量记录死亡冠血管相关解剖学参数。结果 （1）经腹直肌外侧入路的显露范围包括：耻骨联合至骶髂关节在内的真性骨盆环、髂骨翼、髋臼方形区和坐骨体内侧的髋臼后柱大部分。（2）根据对5具10侧骨盆的死亡冠统计分析发现,死亡冠的出现率为80%（8侧）,直径为（2.1±1.9）mm,长为（4.7±0.5）cm,距离耻骨联合的距离为（4.9±0.4）cm。男女之间差异无明显统计学意义。结论 经腹直肌外侧切口入路治疗髋臼骨折能够在不损伤重要神经血管的条件下,经腹膜外间隙对包括骶髂关节在内的大部分骨盆环结构进行显露。尤其方便显露结扎死亡冠,对髋臼后柱及髋臼内侧方形区的显露较传统入路有明显优势。     

肘前内侧血管神经间隙入路的临床解剖学

目的　对肘前内侧血管神经等相关结构进行解剖研究,为肘关节相关手术提供更佳的手术入路。 方法　 福尔马林防腐动脉灌注红色乳胶成人尸体上肢标本20侧,按层次解剖,从肱桡肌及旋前圆肌间隙进入,通过正中神经与肱、尺动脉之间的血管神经间隙,显露肘前侧解剖结构。观察肱动脉、桡动脉和尺动脉向内、外侧的分支,测量分支到桡、尺动脉分叉处的距离,分支管径;观察正中神经及分支走行情况,测量神经与血管伴行无相互交叉分支距离。 结果　血管神经无互相交叉分支伴行长度平均为6.04 cm,两者之间无重要分支相交叉,易于向两侧分开,能够清楚地提供肘关节相应部位的暴露。动脉向内侧分支较向外侧分支少且细,易于向外侧牵拉。神经肌支,基本上向内侧发出,以极小的锐角从主干发出,几乎与主干平行,易于向内侧牵拉。 结论　肘前内侧血管神经间隙入路,可保护血管神经,能清楚显露肘关节前侧解剖结构,易于操作。     

The superior epigastric artery does not pass through Larrey's space (trigonum sternocostale)

The passage of the superior epigastric artery (SEA), the terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery (ITA), through the inferior orifice of the thorax differs in different reports. According to some, it passes through Larrey's space (trigonum sternocostale), therefore through a diaphragmatic orifice, but according to others it passes in front of the diaphragm and the transverse abdominal muscle. The aim of this study was to determine the position of the SEA in its thoracoabdominal segment. We carried out a series of 14 dissections (10 on embalmed cadavers and 4 on unembalmed cadavers), and a study of images from the Visible Human Project. Dissections always led to the same conclusions. After having dissected the trigonum sternocostale, we observed that no vascular element was present in the space, which was obstructed downwards by the parietal peritoneum and limited forwards by the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle. Inferior digitations of transversus thoracis were joined with the transversus abdominis. The SEA passed in front of the plane formed by these two muscles while the sternal and costal parts of the diaphragm were behind this plane. Whatever the level of the section of the Visible Human Project, there was always a musculoaponeurotic plane between Larrey's space and the superior epigastric artery and both veins. Larrey's space, or trigonum sternocostale, was limited medially by the lateral border of the sternal part of the diaphragm, laterally by the medial border of the costal part of the diaphragm, and anteriorly by the musculoaponeurotic plane formed by the transversus thoracis above and the transversus abdominis, below without a clear boundary between those muscles. The SEA, the terminal branch of the ITA, passed in front of this musculoaponeurotic plane.

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Electronic Supplementary Material The french version of this article is available in the form of electronic supplementary material and can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at . This work was the subject of two reports for the Applied Anatomy Certificate at the Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Nord     

Kawase入路操作方向对脑干显露影响的虚拟现实解剖学研究

目的　在虚拟现实建模基础上探讨Kawase入路显微解剖特征。 方法　15例尸体头颅CT和MRI影像数据用于构建颅底虚拟现实三维解剖模型。以开颅和磨除岩骨的标志点连线为轴线作出圆柱模拟Kawase入路手术路径。观察和测量两种方向手术路径中解剖结构显露情况。 结果　Kawase入路路径1包含岩上窦,路径终点为三叉神经出脑干处的脑桥,包含部分三叉神经和小脑上动脉。路径2包含岩上窦、岩下窦和基底窦,之后于脑桥腹侧依次经过同侧三叉神经、同侧展神经、基底动脉、对侧展神经和对侧三叉神经,路径2终点为路径圆柱轴线与对侧三叉神经根的交点。路径2中所测手术路径、路径中骨性结构、脑干、动脉结构、静脉结构、岩浅大神经和同侧三叉神经体积均大于路径1中所测数据,差异有统计学意义。操作方向1和2路径中包含颞叶体积差异无统计学意义。 结论　Kawase三角形成一个手术窗口,改变经过窗口的路径方向时,路径操作范围随之改变。经过颞骨颧突根部上缘的路径更有助于显露脑干腹侧。     

腹腔镜中间入路法右半结肠切除术解剖学观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜右半结肠切除术中线入路相关活体解剖学特点。方法:对2004年1月至2006年12月我科施行的21例腹腔镜中间入路右半结肠切除术手术录像进行观察分析。结果:利用中间入路,以肠系膜上静脉为解剖学标志,可成功进行系膜血管的解剖、淋巴结清扫,并进入正确的外科平面。结肠系膜和肾前筋膜之间存在融合筋膜间隙,其内侧、外侧、腹侧、背侧的边界分别是肠系膜上静脉、右结肠旁沟、结肠系膜、肾前筋膜。胃结肠韧带、肝结肠韧带和结肠外侧腹膜返折等外周固定装置是右半结肠切除术中必须离断的结构。结论:在腹腔镜中间入路右半结肠切除术中,肠系膜上静脉是关键解剖学标志和主线,融合筋膜间隙是正确的外科平面;一系列外周腹膜结构是重要固定装置。     

肘关节前方入路切口“安全区域”的解剖学研究

目的 解剖学观察肱二头肌腱和前臂内、外侧皮神经之间的解剖位置关系,为肘关节前方入路手术切口设计提供理论依据。方法 解剖30例成人肘关节标本,均无外伤、畸形、肿瘤、骨折。其中新鲜冰冻标本8例(性别不详,左5例、右3例),经10%甲醛溶液浸泡的标本22例(男12例、女10例,左11例、右11例)。仔细观察肘关节前方的肱二头肌腱和前臂内、外侧皮神经,并测量前臂内、外侧皮神经穿出深筋膜的位置,及其与肱二头肌肌腱之间的解剖位置关系。结果 前臂外侧皮神经走行于肘关节的前方偏桡侧,与肱二头肌腱相毗邻,在肱骨外上髁平面下方(20.5±2.5)mm处穿出深筋膜,穿出点与肱二头肌腱桡侧缘之间的水平距离为(12.6±0.9)mm;前臂内侧皮神经沿肱动脉下行,在肱骨内上髁上方约5 cm处穿出深筋膜,在肱骨内上髁平面处,后支与肱二头肌腱尺侧缘之间的水平距离为(33.1±2.7)mm。两者之间的安全宽度约为40 mm。结论 距肱二头肌腱两侧缘之间约40 mm的宽度为肘关节前方入路的相对安全区域,以肱二头肌腱为参照设计切口,可以减少医源性前臂内、外侧皮神经损伤的发生。     

股骨内髁参数对单髁置换中截骨及假体设计的参考意义

BACKGROUND: Knee-parameter measurements play an important role in the designing of the knee prosthesis. Currently, we have more and more research of the total knee replacement, while uni-condylar knee replacement study is few.  OBJECTIVE: To obtain the parameters of the normal femoral condyles and explore its correlation with osteotomy and prosthesis design of the knee joint during uni-condylar knee replacement. METHODS: Normal knee joints of 60 cases (60 knees) were selected. We measured the parameters by using thin-section CT scan and post-processing techniques, including arc diameter of the lowest point of the femoral condyle on the coronal plane, arc diameter of the distal point of the posterior condyle of the femur on the transverse plane, arc diameter of the distal point of the posterior condyle of the femur on the sagittal plane, and arc diameter of the lowest point of the femoral condyle on the sagittal plane, and analyzed the correlation with sex and height.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The diameter of the arc that passes through the lowest point of femoral medial condyle in the coronal plane was (42.685±1.389) mm. The diameter of the arc that passes through the farthest point of posterior of femoral medial condyle in the cross-section was (42.732±1.440) mm. The diameter of the arc that passes through the lowest point of femoral medial condyle on the sagittal plane was (45.473±1.332) mm. The diameter of the arc that passes through the farthest point of posterior of femoral medial condyle on the sagittal plane was (42.587±1.446) mm. The results illustrate that knee condyle related parameters were positively correlated with height. Parameters in males were significantly greater than in females. The diameter of the arc that passes through the lowest point of femoral medial condyle on the sagittal plane was significantly larger than that of the farthest point of femoral posterior medial condyle on the sagittal plane (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference among the diameter of the arc that passes through the lowest point of femoral medial condyle on the coronal plane, the diameter of the arc that passes through the farthest point of posterior of femoral medial condyle on the cross-section and that of the farthest point of femoral posterior medial condyle on the sagittal plane.       

Blood supply to the retina and the lens in the gerbil (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Meriones unguiculatus</Emphasis>)

The blood supply to the retina and the lens in 32 gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of both sexes from infancy to maturity was studied under light and stereoscopic microscopes, and a scanning electron microscope. Mercox (CL-2R; Dai Nippon Ink, Tokyo, Japan) was injected into the left ventricle of 30 animals in order to visualize the blood supply to the retina and the lens from the ophthalmic artery. The central retinal artery arises from the ophthalmic artery, passes through the papilla of the optic nerve together with the central retinal vein and penetrates the vitreous space (cavity of the eye) between the lens and the internal limiting membrane of the retina, where it divides into the central branches covering the lens and the parietal branches to supply the retina. The former passes through the hyaloid space after branching several arterioles and then covers the lens like a network from its medial and marginal sides. Different from small experimental animals, the parietal branches, just after separating from the central one, divides into the nasal, dorsal and temporal branches in the vitreous space, each of which then subdivides to distribute across the retina on the inner limiting membrane, then delineates the membrana vasculosa retinae. This basal pattern of vasculization 1 day after birth continues to death. Both the central and parietal branches of the central retinal artery correspond to the branches of the hyaloid artery in embryo and the latter is preserved in adult gerbils.     

微创L5椎弓根钉进钉点的有效性分析

背景：在临床应用中,第5腰椎人字嵴结构不清,往往需扩大显露范围,通过横突、上下关节突等结构明确进钉点,增加了创伤和医源性上位椎间退变的风险。因此有必明确一个微创的L₅椎弓根钉进钉点。 目的：通过影像学评价以L5乳突“斜坡”作为进钉点的L₅椎弓根螺钉置入准确性。 方法：第5腰椎上关节突基底部的乳突向后突起的最高点向内下方延伸过程中形成一斜面,将其定义为乳突“斜坡”;其内侧为椎弓根部内上缘,向外比邻横突根部,位于人字嵴结构顶点的略上方,“斜坡”是椎旁肌间隙入路时可最先触及且显露的骨性部位。以乳突“斜坡”为进钉点,对50例腰椎退行性疾病患者行L5椎弓根螺钉置入内固定,根据术前CT和X射线透视确定椎弓根钉矢状面和横断面的进钉方向。椎弓根钉直径均为6.5 mm。修复过程中评价其一次性置钉成功率,置钉后行腰椎正侧位X射线片和CT检查,评价置钉准确率。 结果与结论：应用乳突“斜坡”定位法的一次性置钉成功率为96%(96/100);于L₅椎体内共置入100枚椎弓根螺钉,根据Gertzbein等推荐的标准,95枚(95%)螺钉完全位于椎弓根内,5枚(5%)螺钉均向内侧穿透椎弓根皮质,其中3枚(3%)螺钉穿透距离< 2 mm,2枚(2%)螺钉穿透距离为2-4 mm,均未出现神经根损伤等并发症。提示L5乳突“斜坡”定位法的一次性置钉成功率高,结合置钉前的X射线片和CT评价可获得较高的置钉准确率。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程