Methods: A protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42015020622). A systematic search of Medline (Ovid), PubMed, and Embase (Ovid) was conducted on 6 June 2015. Reference lists from identified studies and four clinical trial registries were searched for additional studies. Participants were required to be over the age of 40 years, and AMD status must have been objectively assessed. The Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies – of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed.
Results: A total of 12 reports from 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Late AMD was associated with elevated rates of all-cause (nine studies, hazard ratio (HR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.02–1.41) and cardiovascular mortality (six studies, HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.13–1.98), but early AMD was not (all-cause mortality, 10 studies, HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.98–1.14; cardiovascular mortality, five studies, HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.96–1.31). There was no evidence of an association between early or late AMD and cancer mortality (early AMD, three studies, HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.78–1.75; late AMD, three studies, HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.77–1.33).
Conclusion: Late AMD is associated with increased rates of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, suggesting shared pathways between late AMD and systemic disease. 相似文献
Methods: This study was conducted at a health-screening center and followed a prospective cohort study design. Of 10,890 participants older than 50 years, 318 (2.92%) presented with early AMD. Among these 318 participants, we re-examined 172 participants after a mean duration of 4.4 years. Progression was defined by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) simplified AMD severity scale. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between AMD progression and baseline physical, demographic, behavioral, and ocular characteristics.
Results: Of the 172 participants with early AMD who were re-examined, 34 (19.8%) had progression. Multivariable analyses revealed that current smoking (odds ratio, OR, 7.0, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.4–34.4, adjusted for age, alcohol consumption, body mass index, BMI, blood pressure, BP, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein, HDL, cholesterol) and hypertension (OR 10.3, 95% CI 1.9–55.7, adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol) were independently associated with progression of early AMD. Additionally, the presence of a central drusen lesion within one-third disc diameter of the macula (age-adjusted OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.3–17.6) and 20 or more drusen (age adjusted OR 7.8, 95% CI 2.5–24.0) were independently associated with progression of early AMD.
Conclusion: Current smoking, hypertension, central drusen location, and increasing number of drusen were associated with an increased risk of early AMD progression in Koreans. 相似文献
Methods: During a mean follow-up of 11.2 years, we identified 146 incident cases of visually significant AMD (responsible for a reduction of visual acuity to 20/30 or worse), and 146 controls matched for age, smoking status, and time of blood draw. We measured concentration of homocysteine in blood samples collected at baseline using an enzymatic assay. and we assessed dietary intake of B vitamins and related compounds betaine and choline with a food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline.
Results: AMD was not associated with plasma level of homocysteine; the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of AMD comparing the highest and lowest quartile of homocysteine was 1.09 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.52–2.31; p for trend = 0.99). However, AMD was inversely associated with quartile of intake of total folate (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.24–1.23; p for trend = 0.08), vitamin B6 from food (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.17–0.88; p for trend = 0.01), and betaine (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.22–1.27; p for trend = 0.048).
Conclusions: These prospective data from a cohort of apparently healthy men do not support a major role for homocysteine in AMD occurrence, but do suggest a possible beneficial role for higher intake of several nutrients involved in homocysteine metabolism. 相似文献
Design: Population-based, cross-sectional study of subjects over age of 60 living in Thessaloniki, Greece
Methods: Subjects without any AMD features and subjects with early and late AMD (neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy) were identified in the TES cohort using standardized procedures and masked grading of stereo color fundus photos. Demographic, lifestyle, systemic and other ophthalmic covariates were also collected during a detailed examination process. Their association with AMD was investigated using univariate and multivariate adjusted logistic regression models.
Results: Among the 2108 participants with gradable photos, the grading process identified 1204 subjects with no AMD, 848 subjects with early AMD, and 56 subjects with late AMD (24 with geographic atrophy and 32 with neovascular AMD). In multivariate analysis, compared to no AMD, late AMD was positively associated with older age (OR:1.16; 95%CI:1.10–1.22 per year of age), current smoking (smoking vs. never smoking, OR:2.34; 95%CI:1.12–4.90), prior cataract surgery (cataract surgery vs. no cataract surgery OR:2.06; 95%CI:0.96–4.40), marital status (divorced/separated vs. married, OR:3.10; 95%CI:1.08–8.93) and with 60% lower odds when sleeping in the afternoon (yes vs. no, OR:0.40; 95%CI:0.22–0.72). Early AMD was positively associated with older age (OR: 1.03; 95%CI:1.01–1.05 per year of age) and negatively with higher pulse pressure (OR:0.99; 95%CI:0.98–0.99 per mmHg).
Conclusions: In TES, apart for well-known risk factors for AMD like age, smoking, and cataract surgery, two novel behavioral risk factors for prevalent late AMD were suggested. Sleeping in the afternoon was associated with 60% decreased odds for late AMD and 67% decreased odds for neovascular AMD. Being divorced/separated compared to married was associated with 3-fold higher odds for late AMD. Large longitudinal population-based studies will be necessary to further establish the potential late AMD risk effects of these two novel factors, to demonstrate potential implications of underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and to explore preventive measures and therapeutic targets. 相似文献
Methods: Heterogeneity of studies was evaluated using the Cochran Q-test and the I-square index. To compensate for the heterogeneity of the variables in the study we used a random effects model. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA. To estimate the additive or supra-additive effects, we calculated relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), synergy index (S), and multiplicative index (V).
Results: We could include four studies with 1982 AMD patients and 1797 control subjects. Considering the GG-no smoking as a reference line the meta-analysis result of AMD odds ratios for stratified combined factors was 3.05 (95% CI 2.32–4.02) for nonGG-no smoking, 2.24 (95% CI 1.39–3.63) for GG-smoking and 4.59 (95% CI 3.51–6.01) for nonGG-smoking. The meta-analysis of synergy analysis revealed RERI = 2.01 (95% CI 1.01–3.25), AP = 0.40 (95% CI 0.22–0.54), S = 2.02 (95% CI 1.35–3.01), and V = 1.31 (95% CI 0.94–1.83).
Conclusion: This analysis revealed the synergistic effect of these two factors indicating that there is a common pathway of ARMS2/LOC387715 and smoking in AMD pathogenesis which may be the complement system pathway. 相似文献
Methods: Statistical methodology to calculate the survivor average causal effect (SACE) as a sensitivity analysis is described, including example statistical computing code for Stata and R. To demonstrate this method, we examine the causal effect of smoking history at baseline (1990–1994) on the presence of late AMD at the third study wave (2003–2007) using data from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study.
Results: Of the 40,506 participants eligible for inclusion, 38,092 (94%) survived until the start of the third study wave, 20,752 (51%) were graded for AMD (60% female, aged 47–85 years, mean 65 ± 8.7 years). Late AMD was detected in 122 participants. Logistic regression showed strong evidence of an increased risk of late AMD for current smokers compared to non-smokers (adjusted naïve odds ratio 2.99, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.74–5.13). Among participants expected to be alive at the start of follow-up regardless of their smoking status, the estimated SACE odds ratio comparing current smokers to non-smokers was at least 3.42 (95% CI 1.57–5.15).
Conclusions: Survival bias can attenuate associations between harmful exposures and diseases of aging. Estimation of the SACE using a sensitivity analysis approach should be considered when conducting epidemiological research within elderly populations. 相似文献
Methods: Xanthophyll intake was assessed at visit 1 (1987–1989) using food frequency questionnaires. Prevalent early AMD was assessed at visit 3 (1993–1995) via retinal photographs. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for AMD by quintiles of xanthophyll intake, adjusted for age, sex, race, field center, and pack-years of smoking. To evaluate effect modification, the association between tertiles (T) of xanthophyll intake and AMD was stratified by complement factor H (CFH) rs1061170 and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) rs10490924 genotypes, as well as by median cutpoints of HDL biomarkers.
Results: Xanthophyll intake was not associated with AMD in the overall sample, Caucasians (n = 8257), or African-Americans (n = 2038). Exploratory analyses observed that the association between xanthophyll intake and AMD varied statistically significantly by CFH rs1061170 genotype among Caucasians (p for interaction = 0.045) but not African Americans. No interactions were observed between xanthophyll intake and ARMS2 rs10490924. Moreover, higher xanthophyll intake was associated with decreased odds of AMD among participants with lower HDL (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.57–1.09) but not higher HDL (p for interaction = 0.048).
Conclusion: Xanthophyll intake was not associated with early AMD. Further studies to investigate this association by genetic susceptibility or variations in HDL metabolism are needed. 相似文献
Methods: Participants (≥40 years) who underwent retinal photography were included. Early AMD was defined by the retinal digital images. The comorbidities were self-reported stroke and heart disease (HD), including angina pectoris (AP), coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and myocardial infarction (MI). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was determined based on self-report, estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or the level of urine albumin.
Results: The age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI for having early AMD for persons with the selected conditions were: 2.6 (1.9, 3.6) for any type of HD. When the conditions were considered separately, ORs (95% CIs) were: 2.0 (1.2, 3.4) for AP; 2.5 (1.6, 3.8) for CHD; 2.4 (1.6, 3.6) for MI; 2.3 (1.3, 3.9) for CHF; 3.3 (2.2, 5.0) for stroke; and 2.4 (1.8, 3.2) for CKD. Covariable-adjusted ORs (AOR) were attenuated for all examined conditions, but remained statistically significant. Having any single condition (AOR [95%CI]: 2.7 [1.5, 4.8]) was significantly associated with early AMD, as was having ≥ 2 conditions (AOR [95%CI]: 5.2 [3.0, 9.0]). The strongest association was between early AMD and the combination of HD and stroke (AOR [95% CI]: 6.3 [2.9, 13.8]).
Conclusion: Cardiovascular and renal comorbidities are associated with early AMD in a representative sample of the US general population. 相似文献
Methods: This was a cross-sectional population-based study using multi-stage cluster sampling from rural-dwellers of villages in the north and southwest of Iran. All participants underwent vision testing including measurement of visual acuity and refraction followed by slit lamp examination by an ophthalmologist through which the presence of corneal opacity was determined.
Results: The participants were 3314 people (response rate = 86.5%), and 56.3% were female. The prevalence of corneal opacity in at least one eye in the studied subjects was 1.68% (95% CI: 1.08–2.27%); 1.07% (95% CI: 0.04–3.43%) and 2.47% (95% CI: 1.49–3.43%) in women and men, respectively, and 1.45% (95% CI: 0.4–2.45%) and 1.97% (95% CI: 1.3–2.94%) in the southwest and north of the country, respectively. The prevalence of corneal opacity was related to male gender (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.13–3.74) and age (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04- 1.09) but not with education level. The prevalence of visual impairment and blindness among cases with corneal opacity was 46.2% and 19.2%, respectively.
Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of corneal opacity in rural areas in Iran, it is essential to prioritize rural areas for allocation of resources and facilities for the diagnosis, screening, and necessary treatment measures. 相似文献
Methods: A cross-sectional interviewer-administered survey together with eye screenings was conducted among schoolchildren in the capital Yerevan and in Gegharkunik Province. The study used multi-stage random sampling to obtain the sample of 1260 schoolchildren. Study questionnaires were developed based on the Sydney Myopia Study questionnaire. Continuous reading was defined as the average number of hours spent reading or on near work without a break. Children underwent measurements of visual acuity using a Golovin-Sivtsev eye chart, cycloplegic retinoscopy, and dilated fundus examination.
Results: The mean age of the children was 13 years, and myopia was present in 18.1%. The prevalence of myopia was higher among Yerevan children (23.3%) than those living in Gegharkunik Province (12.5%). In the adjusted model, myopia was significantly associated with age (odds ratio, OR, 1.11, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.04–1.18), region (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.62–3.57), school achievement (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.05–2.51), parental myopia (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.79–4.69), and continuous reading (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.31–3.02), but not near work (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.89–1.05).
Conclusion: The study found that a positive family history of myopia and environmental factors had independent associations with myopia. The number of near work hours did not play a major role in the development of myopia, but length of time of focused continuous reading did. 相似文献
Methods: A total of 1015 residents of Kashi participated in this 2013 cross-sectional study. To evaluate clinical characteristics, each subject completed (1) a dry-eye questionnaire detailing symptoms of dry eye, (2) Schirmer’s I-test (SIT), (3) tear-film break-up time (BUT) test, and fluorescein staining of the cornea. Dry eye was defined as the existence of dry eye symptoms and at least two positive clinical signs. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The prevalence and risk factors of dry eye were evaluated using a multivariate model.
Results: Overall, 282 (27.8%) of the 1015 participants were diagnosed with dry eye (95% confidence interval (CI): range, 25.5–30.1). The prevalence of dry eye among Han persons (37.9 %) (95% CI: range, 35.8–40.0) was higher than that among Uyghurs (21.8%) (95% CI: 19.6–24.0) (p < 0.05). The prevalence of dry eye was 25.6% (95% CI: range, 23.3–27.8) among men and 28.7% (95% CI: 26.5–30.9) among women (p > 0.05). Risk factors for dry eye included ethnicity, age, occupation, arthritis, and dry mouth.
Conclusions: Our study revealed a higher prevalence of dry eye among Han than Uyghur persons in Kashi. Dry eye was significantly associated with environment and ethnicity. 相似文献
Methods: In the first phase of the Shahroud Eye Cohort Study, 5190 people in 300 clusters from Shahroud city in the northeast of Iran participated in the study. The second phase of the study was conducted 5 years later in 2014. Vision testing, refraction, slit lamp examination, and fundus examination were performed for all participants. In this study, XFS was determined by an ophthalmologist using slit lamp biomicroscopy.
Results: Of the 5190 first phase study participants, 4737 participated in the second phase (response rate 91.3%). In this study, the prevalence of XFS was 0.46% (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.24–0.68%) and the prevalence of bilateral XFS was 0.20% (95% CI 0.07–0.33%). XFS prevalence in men was 0.74% (95% CI 0.28–1.20%) and in women 0.26% (95% CI 0.07–0.45%). In a multivariable-adjusted logistic regression model, age, sex, diabetes, smoking status, dyslipidemia, and hypertension were entered into the model as covariables, where older age (odds ratio, OR, 1.18, 95% CI 1.08–1.28) was the only variable that remained significantly associated with XFS prevalence.
Conclusion: The prevalence of XFS in this study was very low. Similar to other studies, age was a factor associated with this syndrome. 相似文献
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 106 of 272 cataract surgical centers in Iran were selected through multistage random cluster sampling from all provinces. In each province, the selected number of centers was proportionate to the number of cataract surgeries, and in each center, the selected number of charts was proportionate to the center’s number of cataract surgeries, from which we retrieved intraoperative complications.
Results: The prevalence of intraoperative complications of cataract surgery was 5.04% (95% confidence interval, CI, 3.53–6.54%) in 2006, which decreased significantly to 3.44% (95% CI 1.84–5.04%) in 2010. The most common complication was posterior capsular rupture/vitreous loss which decreased from 4.29% (95% CI 2.93–5.66%) in 2006 to 2.81% (95% CI 1.3–4.31%) in 2010. The next most common complication was suprachoroidal hemorrhage at 0.56% (95% CI 0.25–0.87%) in 2006 and 0.46% (95% CI 0.3–0.62%) in 2010. The least common complication concerned intraocular lens (IOL)-drop. Complications were seen most with lensectomy, while phacoemulsification caused the least complications. Mean hospitalization time in uncomplicated cases was 0.59 days (95% CI 0.58–0.61 days) and in complicated cases 1.14 days (95% CI 1.07–1.20 days; p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Complications of cataract surgery in Iran had a decreasing trend during 2006–2010. However, results from 2010 indicate that cataract surgical complications still need to be focused on. Hospitalization was longer for cases with complications, and further reducing this could help decrease costs of cataract surgery. 相似文献
Methods: This case-control study comprised 165 subjects (57 patients with nAMD and 108 controls). Controls were matched to cases by age and sex. Participants completed a questionnaire that included questions about sleep duration and quality. Four categories of sleep duration were established; <6 hours, 6–7 hours, 7–8 hours and >8 hours. Association of sleep duration and nAMD was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to control for possible confounders.
Results: We found a significant association between short sleep duration and nAMD (for <6 hours, odds ratio, OR, 3.29, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.32–8.27; for 6–7 hours, OR 2.25, 95% CI 0.80–6.32; and for >8 hours, OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.53–3.73) compared with the reference category of 7–8 hours. This association remained significant after adjustment for confounders (<6 hours, OR 3.09, 95% CI 1.20–7.97). In addition, a borderline significant association was observed between self-reported very bad sleep quality and nAMD (OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.02–7.88). The highest rate of sleep medication use was found in the nAMD group (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence to support an association between short sleep duration and nAMD. Considering strategies to improve sleep in these patients may prevent the negative effects of sleep deficiency. 相似文献
Methods: A total of 3843 adults aged 20–94 years from the Danish General Suburban Population Study (GESUS) were included in the population-based, cross-sectional ophthalmological study, Danish Rural Eye Study (DRES). All DRES participants received a comprehensive general health examination preceding their eye examination, including measurement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for each eye, bilateral 45° retinal fundus photographs and further ophthalmological examination where indicated.
Results: Overall, 3826 of 3843 participants (99.6%) had bilateral visual acuity measurements. The overall frequency of VI (BCVA <20/40 in the better-seeing eye) was 0.4% (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.2–0.7%; n = 15) among all DRES participants, 0.6% (95% CI 0.3–1.0%; n = 15) among participants >50 years and 3.7% (95% CI 2.1–6.5%; n = 11) in participants >80 years. The primary causes of VI in the better-seeing eye were age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 46.7% (7/15) and cataract in 26.7% (4/15). A total of 43.3% (n = 115) of participants >80 years were pseudophakic in one or both eyes. The frequency of diabetes (HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol or self-reported diagnosis) was 5.9% (n = 227), including 1.3% (n = 51) newly diagnosed in the GESUS. Of participants determined to have VI due to exudative AMD, 50% had received anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment.
Conclusion: We report a relatively low frequency of VI among Danish adults over 59 years of age compared with that observed 10–15 years ago, which is both consistent with other recent Scandinavian studies and reflective of our relatively healthy and mobile population sample. 相似文献
Methods: The population-based study was conducted in seven wards of Mumbai urban slums, where we screened 6569 subjects of ≥ 40 years age, with a response rate of 98.4%, for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on American Diabetes Association criteria. All subjects with T2DM underwent dilated 30° seven-field stereo-fundus-photography for DR severity grading based on modified Airlie House classification. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the correlation of DR with the history-based risk factors.
Results: The prevalence of DR in the general population of Mumbai urban slums was 1.41% (95% CI 0.59–2.23) and in the T2DM population it was 15.37% (95% CI 8.87–21.87). The positive associations with DR were the longer duration of DM (≥ 11 years: OR, 12.77; 95% CI 2.93–55.61) and male gender (OR, 2.05; 95% CI 1.08–3.89); increasing severity of retinopathy was also significantly associated with longer duration of DM (p < 0.001). However, history of hypertension, family history of DM, consanguineous marriage and migration status were not associated with DR in the study population.
Conclusions: The prevalence of DR in the general population and T2DM subjects were 1.41% and 15.37% respectively in Mumbai urban slums. Duration of DM and male gender were significantly associated with DR. The slums in Western India show the trends of urban lifestyle influences similar to the rest of urban India. 相似文献
Methods: A population-based prevalence survey was conducted in each Kano LGA. We used a two-stage systematic and quasi-random sampling strategy to select 25 households from each of 25 clusters in each LGA. All consenting household residents aged 1 year and above were examined for trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF), trachomatous inflammation–intense (TI) and trichiasis.
Results: State-wide crude prevalence of TF in persons aged 1–9 years was 3.4% (95% CI 3.3–3.5%), and of trichiasis in those aged ≥15 years was 2.3% (95% CI 2.1–2.4%). LGA-level age- and sex-adjusted trichiasis prevalence in those aged ≥15 years ranged from 0.1% to 2.9%. All but 4 (9%) of 44 LGAs had trichiasis prevalences in adults above the elimination threshold of 0.2%. State-wide prevalence of trichiasis in adult women was significantly higher than in adult men (2.6% vs 1.8%; OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.3–1.7; p = 0.001). Four of 44 LGAs had TF prevalences in 1–9-year-olds between 10 and 15%, while another six LGAs had TF prevalences between 5 and 9.9%. In 37 LGAs, >80% of households had access to water within 30 minutes round-trip, but household latrine access was >80% in only 19 LGAs.
Conclusion: Trichiasis is a public health problem in most LGAs in Kano. Surgeons need to be trained and deployed to provide community-based trichiasis surgery, with emphasis on delivery of such services to women. Antibiotics, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement are needed in 10 LGAs. 相似文献
Methods: A cross-sectional population-based survey was performed on a representative sample of urban and rural individuals aged ≥50 years of the province. Blindness was defined as presenting visual acuity (PVA) <3/60 in the better eye. Moderate visual impairment (MVI) and severe visual impairment (SVI) were defined as 6/60 ≤ PVA <6/18 and 3/60 ≤ PVA <6/60 in the better eye, respectively. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was determined based on random blood sugar (RBS) levels ≥200 mg/dL or a previous diagnosis. We used the Scottish grading system to grade DR.
Results: We invited 2975 individuals from 85 clusters. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of blindness, SVI, MVI, and DM in 2587 participants (response rate: 86.9%) were 1.5% (95% CI: 1.1–2.0), 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9–2.0), 11.3% (95% CI: 9.9–12.7) and 21.4% (95% CI: 19.2–23.7), respectively. The leading causes of blindness were cataract (47.1%), age-related macular degeneration (14.7%) and DR (8.8%). Cataract surgery (CS) coverage was 69.3%. The main challenges for CS were cost and unawareness. The outcome of CS was good in 66.9% of operated eyes. Any DR and/or maculopathy were observed in 25.3% (95% CI: 21.0–29.5) of subjects including 12.6% (95% CI: 9.7–15.6) sight-threatening DR. In previously known DM cases, 215 (41.7%) had never undergone an eye examination for DR.
Conclusion: The proportion of avoidable blindness and DR is considerable in Gilan Province. 相似文献
Methods: In a population-based cross-sectional survey of 5530 individuals aged 50 years or older from 10 villages selected by cluster sampling, individuals who had undergone cataract surgery in one or both eyes were identified. Consenting participants were administered a questionnaire, underwent vision assessment and ophthalmic examination. Outcomes were classified as good if visual acuity of the operated eye was 6/18 or better, fair if worse than 6/18 but better than or equal to 6/60, and poor if worse than 6/60.
Results: Prevalence of cataract surgery in this age group (771 persons) was 13.9% (95% confidence interval, CI, 13.0–14.9%). In the 1112 eyes of 749 persons studied, at presentation, 53.1% (95% CI 50.1–56.1%) of operated eyes had good, 38.1% (95% CI 35.2–41.0%) had fair, and 8.8% (95% CI 7.1–10.5%) had poor outcomes. With pinhole, 75.2% (95% CI 72.6–77.8%) had good, 17.2% (95% CI 14.9–19.5%) had fair, and 7.4% (95% CI 5.8–9.0%) had poor outcomes. In 76.3% of eyes with fair and poor presenting outcomes we detected an avoidable cause for the suboptimal visual acuity. Place of surgery and duration since surgery of 3 years or more were risk factors for blindness, while SES, sex and site of first eye care contact were not.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of avoidable causes of visual impairment in this rural setting indicates the scope for preventive strategies. 相似文献
Methods: We performed a literature search in EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Chinese Biomedical Database for AMD genetic studies published before August 30, 2015. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using fixed-effect models or random effect models according to between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias analyses were conducted using Egger’s test.
Results: A total of five studies from published articles were included, and a total number of 2789 AMD cases and 3451 healthy controls were tested in this meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that SKIV2L rs429608 is associated with AMD under allelic model (A vs. G; OR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.44–0.62, p < 0.001), heterozygous model (AG vs. GG; OR = 0.51; 95%CI, 0.38–0.68; p < 0.001; PQ = 0.48; I2 = 0) and dominant model (AA+AG vs. GG; OR = 0.49; 95%CI 0.37–0.65; p < 0.001; PQ = 0.44; I2 = 0), but not under other genetic models.
Conclusions: This meta-analysis showed that SKIV2L rs429608 was statistically associated with AMD and it might exert a protective effect on AMD. Further investigations are needed to validate the association and confirm the role of SKIV2L in AMD. 相似文献