Multimodal Imaging in Birdshot Retinochoroiditis

Purpose: To describe retinal vascular changes in Birdshot Retinochoroiditis (BSRC) with multimodal imaging techniques and functional values.

Methods: In this single-center study, 64 eyes of 32 subjects with BSRC were classified according to disease activity and duration and underwent imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Results: Mean age of the patients was 60 years (range, 38–74). OCTA revealed capillary loops (58%), telangiectatic vessels (44%), increased intercapillary spaces (52%), altered vascular architecture (53%), and rarefication of C-scans (63%) in retinal layers. Increased rarefications of C-scans (p = 0.0056; p = 0.0046) and altered vascular architecture (p = 0.0120; p = 0.0243) in superficial and deep capillary layers were significantly correlated with disease activity.

Conclusion: OCTA adds new insights in a multimodal imaging approach of retinal vascular layer visualization in BSRC and may contribute to existing methods for diagnosing severity and potentially progression of the disease.     

Multimodal Imaging in Retinal Vasculitis

Retinal vasculitis presents with inflammation involving the retinal vasculature as an isolated disease or in combination with other ocular or systemic conditions. This entity may be associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations such as vascular sheathing, cotton-wool spots, retinal ischemia, and neovascularization. Often, retinal vasculitis and its complications lead to diagnostic challenges in identifying the exact etiology of the inflammation. Ancillary investigations such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and more recently, adaptive optics imaging and optical coherence tomography angiography, may provide valuable information that help in establishing the exact diagnosis and initiation of appropriate therapy. In the index review, multimodal imaging features of retinal vasculitis are described. In addition, detection of vascular inflammation using novel noncontact imaging techniques has been highlighted.     

Multimodal Evaluation of Patients with Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy and Serpiginous Choroiditis

Purpose: To evaluate retinal and choroidal changes in patients with non-granulomatous choroiditis using the multimodality imaging (MMI).

Methods: Eight eyes of four patients were analyzed. Three patients (six eyes) were diagnosed with serpiginous choroiditis (SC) and one patient (two eyes) with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE). The patients were imaged on the same day using the RTVue Avanti XR instrument OCT/OCTA (Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA), Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2 FAF and FA (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany), and TRC50DXi Topcon FP (Topcon Medical Systems, Oakland, NJ).

Results: OCT angiography (OCTA) showed hypoperfusion in all the cases, reperfusion in choriocapillaris in two eyes after treatment and identified a choroidal neovascularization (CNV), which was not detected on the fluorescein angiography (FA).

Conclusions: OCTA may be an effective noninvasive image modality to follow up these patients and may provide further information to help us to understand the pathophysiology and complications of these diseases.     

多模式成像在匍行性脉络膜炎中的应用进展

匍行性脉络膜炎(SC)是一种罕见的慢性特发性炎性疾病,主要侵犯视网膜色素上皮(RPE)和脉络膜毛细血管,以视盘周围青灰色或灰黄色的地图状病变为特征。病因不清,脉络膜毛细血管炎可能是其主要病理类型。根据眼底表现可分为视盘周围型、黄斑型、变异型SC。由于SC的临床表现丰富多样,且与急性后部多灶性鳞状色素上皮病变(APMPPE)、结核、视网膜弓形虫病和脉络膜缺血等表现类似,所以对不具有典型眼底改变的SC诊断仍然存在一定困难。随着科技的进步,像荧光素眼底血管造影、吲哚菁绿血管造影、眼底自身荧光及光相干断层扫描等多模式影像检查联合应用有助于SC的早期诊断、评估病变范围、活动性以及可能的并发症,且对于避免不必要的药物使用至关重要。     

Imaging in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review describes the imaging modalities most commonly employed by ophthalmologists caring for patients with neovascular AMD. Imaging modalities discussed include fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, indocyanine green angiography, and fundus autofluorescence.     

Multimodal Imaging of the Normal Eye

Multimodal imaging is the concept of “bundling” images obtained from various imaging modalities, viz., fundus photograph, fundus autofluorescence imaging, infrared (IR) imaging, simultaneous fluorescein and indocyanine angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and, more recently, OCT angiography. Each modality has its pros and cons as well as its limitations. Combination of multiple imaging techniques will overcome their individual weaknesses and give a comprehensive picture. Such approach helps in accurate localization of a lesion and understanding the pathology in posterior segment. It is important to know imaging of normal eye before one starts evaluating pathology.

This article describes multimodal imaging modalities in detail and discusses healthy eye features as seen on various imaging modalities mentioned above.     

Clinical use and research applications of Heidelberg retinal angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography – a review

Fluorescein angiography (FA) was discovered by Nowotny and Alvis in the 1960s of the 20th century and has evolved to become the 'Gold standard' for macular diagnostics. Scanning laser imaging technology achieved enhancement of contrast and resolution. The combined Heidelberg retina angiograph (HRA2) adds novel innovative features to established fundus cameras. The principle of confocal scanning laser imaging provides a high resolution of retinal and choroidal vasculature with low light exposure providing comfort and safety for the patient. Enhanced contrast, details and image sharpness image are generated using confocality. For the visualization of the choroid an indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is the most suitable application. The main indications for ICGA are age-related macular degeneration, choroidal polypoidal vasculopathy and choroidal haemangiomas. Simultaneous digital FA and ICGA images with three-dimensional resolution offer improved diagnosis of retinal and choroidal pathologies. High-speed ICGA dynamic imaging can identify feeder vessels and retinal choroidal anastomoses, ensuring safer treatment of choroidal neovascularization. Autofluorescence imaging and fundus reflectance imaging with blue and infrared light offer new follow-up parameters for retinal diseases. Finally, the real-time optical coherence tomography provides a new level of accuracy for assessment of the angiographic and morphological correlation. The combination of various macular diagnostic tools, such as infrared, blue reflectance, fundus autofluorescence, FA, ICGA and also spectral domain optical coherence tomography, lead to a better understanding and improved knowledge of macular diseases.     

眼科辅助检查在年龄相关性黄斑变性中的应用

随着人口老龄化的不断加剧,年龄相关性黄斑变性的发病率不断增加,致盲率也随之增加,因此对年龄相关性黄斑变性的早期诊断、治疗至关重要。目前对年龄相关性黄斑变性的检查方法众多,比如眼底血管造影、相干光断层扫描(OCT)、视野检查、多焦视网膜电图等。近些年许多新兴的检查手段也不断涌现并且逐步应用于临床诊断,比如OCT血流成像技术(OCTA)等。这些检查方法均有其独特的优势,同时也存在相应的局限性。本文将对这些现有的检查方法进行综述。     

视网膜大动脉瘤的多模式影像学特征及并发症观察

目的观察视网膜大动脉瘤的多模式影像学特征及并发症。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年11月在我院确诊为视网膜大动脉瘤的临床病例资料。所有患者均行常规的眼部检查和眼底影像学检查,包括眼底彩照、频域光学相干断层扫描(spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,SD-OCT)、荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)和(或)吲哚菁绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)检查。分析其眼底影像学特征,观察并发症情况。结果 39例患者纳入本研究,均为单眼发病。男7例(17.95%),女32例(82.05%),年龄53～86(71.33±9.06)岁。有高血压病史者30例(76.92%)。除1例为双瘤体外,其余均为单瘤体。所有患者均完成了眼底彩色照相和SD-OCT检查,38例完成FFA检查,8例完成ICGA检查。各项检查发现大动脉瘤体的情况:眼底彩色照相32例(82.05%),SD-OCT检查31例(79.49%),FFA检查32例(84.21%),ICGA...     

光学相干断层扫描血管造影(OCTA)在眼科临床的应用

随着现代医学检测技术的发展,对眼科领域诊断要求的不断提高,许多新的测量方法开始在研究及临床中应用,并且不断推陈出新,使得眼科领域检测手段越来越精准、舒适.而光学相干断层扫描血管造影(optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)是一种快速的、非侵入性的新型血流成像技术,具有分辨率高、扫描速度快、可量化血流等优点,不仅能够精确地定性分析眼部血管形态,更重要的是能够无创性定量测量眼部血管及血流灌注,同时还能对病变深度进行评估.目前,OCTA在眼部具有广泛的临床应用前景.本文将对OCTA在眼科临床的应用进展进行简要综述.     

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features of Paradoxical Worsening in Tubercular Multifocal Serpiginoid Choroiditis

Purpose: To describe optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) features of lesions of tubercular multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis (TB MSC) that developed paradoxical worsening (PW).

Methods: In this prospective study, subjects with TB MSC who developed PW upon initiation of anti-tubercular therapy were included. Multimodal imaging was performed using OCTA, enhanced-depth imaging OCT, fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Morphologic changes in the retinochoroidal vasculature during progression of TB MSC were assessed on OCTA.

Results: Five subjects (4 males, 1 female) were included in the study. PW of the lesions was associated with increased areas of choriocapillaris flow void on en face OCTA in all eyes. The lesions showed partial healing in the center and continuous progression at the active edges. Two eyes showed development of vascular tufts on OCTA as the lesions progressed.

Conclusions: OCTA provides high-resolution imaging of progressive choriocapillaris hypoperfusion among TB MSC patients developing PW of the disease.     

成人型卵黄样黄斑营养不良的多模式影像特征观察

目的：观察成人型卵黄样黄斑营养不良(AFVD)的多模式影像特征。

方法：回顾性研究,观察2015-01/2018-04在郑州市第二人民医院就诊并确诊为成人型卵黄样黄斑营养不良的患者6例11眼,其中男2例3眼,女4例8眼,年龄52.5±1.7(43～67)岁。眼前节、眼压及ERG均未见异常,无家族史。最佳矫正视力(BCVA)：0.08～0.8,EOG：9眼正常,2眼轻度下降。所有患者均进行了眼底彩照、荧光血管造影(FFA)、吲哚菁绿血管造影(ICGA)、光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)检查。对其影像资料进行分析,总结其主要特征。

结果：眼底表现为黄斑区视网膜见约≤1PD大小的黄色斑块; 卵黄样物质沉积处在FFA及ICGA均呈低荧光,部分在FFA晚期出现荧光积存; OCTA B-scan示卵黄样物质沉积在感光细胞层和视网膜色素上皮层(RPE)之间,随着疾病的进展,感光细胞层逐渐被破坏,外核层变薄,RPE-Bruch膜复合体层变薄或消失; OCTA脉络膜毛细血管层见暗区,周围见强反射信号,En-face 图像见暗区。

结论：多种成像模式相结合有助于AFVD的诊断,减少漏诊、误诊,能够更好地理解其发病机制,协助临床制定治疗方案,准确评价预后。     

Comparison of autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography findings in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

AIM:To discuss and compare the fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in acute or chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).METHODS: Medical records of 100 cases of CSCR were reviewed. Acute and chronic cases were evaluated according to the duration of decreased visual acuity, serous retinal detachment (RD) and focal leakage on fluorescein angiography (FA). Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.RESULTS:Forty cases had acute and 60 cases had chronic CSCR. FAF showed focal hypo-autofluorescence in 34 (85%) and iso-autofluorescence in 6 (15%) of acute cases and hypo-autofluorescence in 51 (85%), hyper-autofluorescence in 6 (10%) and iso-autofluorescence in 3 (5%) of chronic cases. OCT showed serous RD with distinct borders correlated with FAF findings (hypo-autofluorescence) in all acute CSCR cases. In chronic CSCR group, OCT showed serous RD with indistinct borders correlated with FAF findings. The differences between the OCT and FAF findings of the two groups were significant (P=0.000).CONCLUSION: OCT and FAF findings can support the clinical observations in differential diagnosis of acute and chronic CSCR and help clinicians to evaluate retinal pigment epithelium, outer segments of photoreceptors and the components of serous RD.     

Fundus autofluorescence in central serous chorioretinopathy:association with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography

AIM: To evaluate the correlation among changes in fundus autofluorescence (AF) measured using infrared fundus AF (IR-AF) and short-wave length fundus AF (SW-AF) with changes in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).METHODS:Two hundred and twenty consecutive patients with CSC were included. In addition to AF, patients were assessed by means of SD-OCT and FA. Abnormalities in images of IR-AF, SW-AF, FA were analyzed and correlated with the corresponding outer retinal alterations in SD-OCT findings.RESULTS:Eyes with abnormalities on either IR-AF or SW-AF were found in 256 eyes (58.18%), among them 256 eyes (100%) showed abnormal IR-AF, but SW-AF abnormalities were present only in 213 eyes (83.20%). The hypo-IR-AF corresponded to accumulation of sub-retinal liquid, collapse of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or detachment of RPE with or without RPE leakage point in the corresponding area. The hyper-IR-AF corresponded to the area with loss of the ellipsoid portion of the inner segments and sub-sensory retinal deposits or focal melanogenesis under sensory retina. The hypo-SW-AF corresponded to accumulation of sub-retinal liquid or atrophy of RPE. The hyper-SW-AF associated with sub-sensory retinal deposits, detachment of RPE and focal melanogenesis.CONCLUSION:IR-AF was more sensitive than SW-AF and FA for identifying pathological abnormalities in CSC. The characteristics of IR-AF in CSC were attributable to the modification of melanin in the RPE. IR-AF should be used as a common diagnostic tool for identifying pathological lesion in CSC.KEYWORDS:central serous chorioretinopathy; fluorescein angiography; fundus autofluorescence; optical coherence tomography     

Indocyanine green angiography in posterior uveitis

Literature review for indocyanine green angiography and evaluate the role of indocyanine green angiogram (ICGA) in patients with posterior uveitis seen at a tertiary referral eye care centre. Detailed review of the literature on ICGA was performed. Retrospective review of medical records of patients with posterior uveitis and dual fundus and ICGA was done after institutional board approval. Eighteen patients (26 eyes) had serpiginous choroiditis out of which 12 patients had active choroiditis and six patients had healed choroiditis, six patients (12 eyes) had ampiginous choroiditis, six patients (12 eyes) had acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy, eight patients (10 eyes) had multifocal choroiditis, four patients (eight eyes) had presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, four patients (eight eyes) had presumed tuberculous choroiditis, two patients (four eyes) had multiple evanescent white dot syndrome and two patients (four eyes) had Vogt Koyanagi Harada (VKH) syndrome. The most characteristic feature noted on ICGA was the presence of different patterns of hypofluorescent dark spots, which were present at different stages of the angiogram. ICGA provides the clinician with a powerful adjunctive tool in choroidal inflammatory disorders. It is not meant to replace already proven modalities such as the fluorescein angiography, but it can provide additional information that is useful in establishing a more definitive diagnosis in inflammatory chorioretinal diseases associated with multiple spots. It still needs to be determined if ICGA can prove to be a follow up parameter to evaluate disease progression.     

Multimodal Imaging in Sympathetic Ophthalmia

Purpose: To show the current status of multimodal imaging and its role in supporting an early diagnosis of sympathetic ophthalmia.

Methods: The diagnosis is mainly clinical supported with ancillary investigations; mainly fluorescein angiography and others, including indocyanine angiography optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT enhanced depth imaging, autofluorescence imaging, and ultrasonography.

Results: Various imaging modalities such as OCT, autofluorescence imaging and angiography are critical in the diagnosis and management of sympathetic ophthalmia. The clinician must make adequate use of such ancillary investigations in the management of the patients.

Conclusions: Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare, bilateral inflammation of the uveal tract following penetrating trauma or surgery in one eye. The intraocular inflammation requires a prompt diagnosis so that the treatment can be initiated as early as possible.     

卵黄样黄斑营养不良的光学相干断层扫描影像学特征

目的探讨卵黄样黄斑营养不良各病变阶段光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)的影像学特征。方法回顾性分析6例(8眼)卵黄样黄斑营养不良患者的OCT图像特征,并与眼底特征、眼底荧光血管造影进行对照分析。结果卵黄样病变期患者眼底检查可见黄斑区卵圆形隆起病灶,OCT可见视网膜色素上皮层和光感受器层之间有一中等密度反射区域,随病变进展,沉积物厚度增高。萎缩期患者黄斑区见萎缩灶,OCT表现为视网膜色素上皮层脉络膜复合体弥漫性增厚,神经感觉层变薄,合并脉络膜新生血管形成时可见高反射的新生血管膜。结论详细的病史资料、眼底检查、眼底荧光血管造影以及OCT的联合应用,有助于更科学的分析卵黄样黄斑营养不良的临床特征和病理改变。     

病理性近视脉络膜新生血管形态学分析及单次光动力治疗临床效果观察

目的分析病理性近视脉络膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization,CNV)图像特征,并观察单次光动力治疗(photo-dynamic therapy,PDT)治疗CNV的临床效果。方法确诊病理性近视CNV患者12例13眼,进行单次PDT治疗,随访1～24个月,平均7.7个月,观察PDT前后症状、视力以及CNV的光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)、荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)、吲哚菁绿脉络膜血管造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)、眼底照像的变化,探讨CNV的形态学特征及PDT治疗效果。结果 60.0%眼视物变形症状减轻或消失。末次随访时84.6%眼保持PDT前裸眼视力或不同程度提高。OCT将CNV分为类圆形、纺锤形、不规则形及色素上皮下型;结果示8眼类圆形CNV经过PDT治疗后6眼(占总数的46.2%)CNV瘢痕形成、2眼(占总数的15.4%)无改善,其他型CNV5眼(占总数的38.5%,包括纺锤形、不规则形及色素上皮下型)经过PDT后CNV消退。眼底血管造影示92.3%眼荧光素渗漏减弱或消退,7.7%眼荧光素渗漏未见减弱。眼底照像可见69.2%眼有Fuch斑;30.8%眼有灰色、扁平、较小病灶,相应处CNV形成;30.8%可见黄斑新鲜出血。结论 OCT对病理性近视CNV形态分型、观察具有重要意义;单次PDT具有抑制或消退CNV的作用和稳定视力的临床效果。