雷公藤多甙用于1型糖尿病患者的免疫干预治疗

目的观察用雷公藤多甙对1型糖尿病患者进行免疫干预治疗的疗效。方法在均使用胰岛素作为基础治疗的情况下,46例1型糖尿病患者随机分为治疗组(加用雷公藤多甙)及对照组,每组23例。比较入组时和治疗6个月后血糖、血清C肽、胰岛自身抗体水平和T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果两组患者入组时血糖控制均较差,治疗后空腹血糖(FBG)及餐后血糖(PBG)以及HbAIC均有显著下降(P< 0．01),但与对照组相比,治疗组降低更明显(P<0．05或P<0．01)。两组治疗后空腹和餐后C肽水平均呈现下降趋势(P<0．05),但治疗组的下降率较小(P<0．01)。入组时两组的胰岛素剂量相似,治疗6个月后雷公藤多甙治疗组所用的胰岛素剂量较对照组少(P<0．01)。治疗前,两组患者存在血清谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)、胰岛细胞抗体(ICA)、蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体(IA-2A)阳性。治疗后对照组抗体水平无变化,治疗组GADA和IA-2A的阳性率及均值水平趋下降(均P<0．05)。治疗组在治疗后外周血CD4+、HLA- DR+T淋巴细胞亚群均值水平降低[(42．3±3．3)％vs(38．4±3．6)％,(21．2±2．6)％vs(16．7±3．1)％,P<0．01],CD8+ T淋巴细胞亚群水平升高[(23．0±2．8)％vs(27．7±2．1)％,P<0．01],而对照组无明显变化。结论雷公藤多甙可在一定程度上减轻1型糖尿病患者自身免疫导致的胰岛β细胞破坏,从而延缓疾病的进程。     

空腹高血糖的2型糖尿病患者加用甘精胰岛素或中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素的比较研究

单用口服降糖药血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者分别加用甘精胰岛素或中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素(NPH)联合治疗3个月,然后停止胰岛素治疗,恢复原口服治疗方案,共观察6个月。结果甘精胰岛素组的HbAIC和餐后血糖低于NPH组[治疗3个月(6．1±0．5)％vs(6．9±0．8)％和(7．2±2．1)mmol／L vs(9．3±3．1)mmol／L,治疗6个月(6．6±0．7)％vs(7．4±1．1)％和(8．8±2．8)mmol／Lvs(10．3±3．1) mmoL／L,P<0．01或P<0．05],两指标的下降值甘精胰岛素组大于NPH组[治疗3个月(4．0±0．7)％vs (3．7±0．6)％和(7．1 4-2．0)mmol／Lvs(5．9±1．8)mmol／L,治疗6个月(3．5±0．5)％vs(3．2±0．3)％和(5．5±1．4)mmol／Lvs(4．9±1．3)mmol／L,P<0．01或P<0．05],提示使用甘精胰岛素可以在不增加不良反应的情况下比NPH更加全面而有效地控制血糖。     

硝酸甘油与异丙肾上腺素直立倾斜试验诊断血管迷走性晕厥对比研究

目的:比较舌下含服硝酸甘油与静脉泵入异丙肾上腺素直立倾斜试验诊断血管迷走性晕厥的价值。方法:回顾性分析我院行直立倾斜试验的326例患者。其中行基础加舌下含服硝酸甘油直立倾斜试验129例(硝酸甘油组),行基础加静脉泵入异丙肾上腺素直立倾斜试验197例(异丙肾上腺素组),比较两种药物直立倾斜试验阳性率、诱发阳性反应时间、血压心率变化和不良反应。结果:硝酸甘油组阳性率高于异丙肾上腺素组(46．9％vs 30．7％,P<0．01)。硝酸甘油组诱发阳性反应时间(7．8±3．6)分钟高于异丙肾上腺素组(5．6±1．5)分钟,但无显著差异(P>0．05),而总试验时间硝酸甘油组明显短于异丙肾上腺素组[(37．8±3．6)分钟vs(72．6±7．3)分钟,P<0．01]。硝酸甘油组不良反应发生率较异丙肾上腺素组低(0．9％vs 11．7％,P<0．01)。结论:硝酸甘油直立倾斜试验有较高的阳性率,操作方便,完成试验时间短,不良反应少。     

急性下呼吸道感染增加老年慢性心力衰竭患者血栓危险的临床观察

目的评价慢性心力衰竭(心衰)和心衰合并下呼吸道感染患者的血栓风险。方法入选51例慢性心衰患者(CHF组)、26例慢性心衰合并下呼吸道感染患者(CHF+RTI组)、32例健康对照者(对照组),ELISA法检测血浆凝血酶-抗凝血酶Ⅲ复合物(TAT)、凝血酶原片段1+2(F1+ 2)、D-二聚体(D-D)、纤溶酶-抗纤溶酶复合物(PAP)、β-血小板球蛋白(β-TG)和血小板因子4(PF4)。结果3组的6种血栓标志物存在差异,CHF组的各项指标均高于对照组,TAT、F1+2、D-D、PAP、β-TG、PF4分别为(6．29±2．02)与(3.59±1．74)μg／L、(1．43±0．56)与(0．86±0．29)nmol／L、(1.57±0．66)与(0．46±0．28)mg／L、(397．0±117．7)与(238．1±58．1)、(30．84±11．37)与(23．10±7．72)μg／L、(10．28±4．03)与(7．40±3．07)μg／L,差异有统计学意义(均为P<0．01)。CHF组除PAP与CHF+RTI组[分别为(397.0±117．7)与(408．8±87．7)μg／L]比较差异无统计学意义(P >0．05)外,其余5项指标均显著低于CHF-RTI组[TAT:(6．29±2．02)与(8．14±2．51)μg／L,P< 0.01;F1+2:(1.43±0．56)与(1．83±0．52)nmol／L,P<0．01;D-D:(1．57±0．66)与(1．90±0．56)mg／L,P<0．01;β-TG:(30．84±11．37)与(41．92±12．91)μg／L,P<0．01;PF4:(10．28±4．03)与(14．51±4．39)μg／L,P<0．01]。各组内β-TG与PF4呈正相关(r分别为0．605、0．926、0．916,均为P<0．01)。结论慢性心衰患者存在血栓前状态,若合并急性下呼吸道感染,则进一步增加血栓形成的危险性。     

替罗非班对心肌梗死急诊介入治疗后ST段回落及临床预后的作用

目的:前瞻性评价心肌梗死急诊直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中联合应用血小板Ⅱh／Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班对术后ST段回落及临床预后的影响。方法:141例接受急诊PCI治疗的初发急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,随机分成替罗非班组(71例)和对照组(70例)。比较两组基础临床情况、介入治疗结果、急诊PCI术后1小时ST段抬高总和(∑ST)回落、术后90天左心室射血分数及主要心脏不良事件[再梗死、心力衰竭、再次血运重建(PCI／冠状动脉旁路移植术)、死亡]、胸痛复发的发生率。结果:两组基础临床情况、急诊PCI术前∑ST及梗死相关血管开通率均无显著性差异。替罗非班组与对照组相比, 2ST回落明显增加[(6．39±3．43)mm比(4．49±2．43)mm,P<0．01],术后90天主要心脏不良事件(死亡、再梗死、心力衰竭、再次血运重建)发生率(9．9％比25．7％,P<0．05)和胸痛复发率(7％比20％,P<0．05)均显著降低,左心室射血分数(0．59±0．06比0．52±0．06,P<0．01)显著增高。其中替罗非班组心力衰竭发生率(8．50%比22．9％,P<0．05)显著降低,但再梗死、再次血运重建及死亡发生率无显著性差异(P>0．05)。∑ST回落和替罗非班治疗(r=0．361,P< 0．01)及术后90天左心室射血分数(r=0．613,P<0．01)显著相关。多因素分析显示,替罗非班治疗是∑ST回落的唯一独立决定因素(P<0．01)。替罗非班组术后出血并发症发生率高于对照组,但无统计学意义(P>0．05)。结论:心肌梗死急诊直接PCI联合应用替罗非班安全有效,并显著加速ST段回落,显著改善术后90天临床预后和左心室功能。     

全结肠型与远端型溃疡性结肠炎的临床病理和内镜特点分析

目的探讨全结肠型(PUC)和远端型溃疡性结肠炎(DUC)的临床病理和内镜特点及其区别。方法采用病例对照研究方法分析PUC 52例和DUC 97例的临床病理和内镜资料。结果 PUC 的血便明显者(90．38％)较DUC(71．13％)多(P<0．05),每日血便次数(6．86±4．52)亦较DUC(4．00 ±2．52)多(P<0．01),临床活动指数(AI)(201．03±35．73)明显高于DUC(157．52±37．73)(P<0．01), 临床分级以Ⅱ、Ⅲ级为主,其中Ⅲ级构成比明显高于DUC(P<0．05),而DUC以Ⅱ级为主(P<0．05)。 PUC的临床分型中初发型和慢性持续型较DUC多(P<0．05),而慢性复发型较DUC少(P<0．05),临床分度以中重度为主(P<0．05),而DUC以轻中度为主(P<0．05)。PUC合并肝功能损害(23．08％)明显多于DUC(7．22％)(P<0．05),合并不典型增生和癌变明显多于DUC(P<0．05),合并息肉发生率两组差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。PUC的内镜分级以Ⅳ级较DUC多,而I、Ⅱ级较DUC少(P< 0．05)。结论 PUC在临床病理和内镜特点均与DUC有明显区别,提示PUC在发病机制和病理生理方面与DUC可能有着一定差异,有待进一步研究。     

雷帕霉素洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉慢性完全性闭塞病变

目的:评价雷帕霉素洗脱支架在冠状动脉慢性(闭塞时间≥3个月)闭塞性病变治疗中的疗效。方法:86例冠状动脉造影显示慢性闭塞性病变患者,在成功重建冠状动脉血运后置入雷帕霉素洗脱支架(CypherTM, Cordis,Johnson & Johnson)50例(SES组),裸金属支架36例(BMS组),比较两组术后1年内各种不良心脏事件(死亡、心肌梗死、再次血管重建术和支架内血栓形成)的发生情况和再狭窄、再闭塞发生率。结果:SES组不良心脏事件发生率较BMS组显著降低(4．0％vs 19．4％,P<0．05)。SES组和BMS组分别有17例 (34．0％)和13例(36．1％)患者行冠状动脉造影复查,SES组较BMS组晚期丧失[(0．18±0．54)mm vs(0．85±0．98) mm,P<0．05]和再狭窄率(11．8％ vs 46．2％,P<0．05)显著降低。结论:雷帕霉素洗脱支架在冠状动脉慢性闭塞性病变治疗中可显著降低不良心脏事件的发生率和再狭窄发生率。     

经冠状动脉骨髓单个核细胞移植治疗重度心力衰竭

目的本研究对比观察一组治疗上除心脏移植外,不能或难于从其他任何治疗中获益的重度缺血性心力衰竭(end-stage ischemia heart failure,EIHF)患者,给予经冠状动脉自体骨髓单个核细胞(bone marrow mononuclear cells,BM-MNCs)移植,探索其治疗的可行性、安全性及不良反应。方法30例EIHF患者入选。分为:细胞移植组(n=16)和常规治疗组(n=14)。细胞移植组和常规治疗组治疗前、后随访观察临床表现、实验室检查、二维超声心动图、正电子断层心肌显像(PET)、Holter、血管活性肽等。梯度密度法分离自体BM-MNCs。细胞移植组:经冠状动脉选择性细胞移植,平均BM-MNCs(5．0±0．7)×107。常规治疗组:除细胞移植外其他治疗均同细胞移植组。结果16例细胞移植手术均安全。2例于细胞注入后15-30 min感全身发冷,30 min后好转。1例细胞注入时出现短暂自限性室性早搏。术后48 h持续心电监测未出现新的心律失常。细胞移植组:术后观察半年患者均未再发急性肺水肿,心力衰竭症状明显改善。3个月NYHA分级明显改善[(3．4±0．1)级→(2．4±0．2)级,P<0．001];左心室射血分数(LVEF)于术后7天、3个月分别较术前增加9．6％(P<0．05)、9．9％(P<0．001);:PET显示代谢活力心肌增加(10．3±3．4)％(P<0．01)。血浆脑型利钠肽(brain-type natriuretic peptide,BNP)显著降低,3天、7天分别较术前下降69．2％(P<0．05)、70．4％(P<0．05);心房利钠肽(atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP)增加,术后第7天为术前1．3倍(P< 0．05);6个月随访无一例死亡,仅1例心力衰竭加重住院。而对照组3个月心功能检测明显恶化; NYHA分级下降[(3．5±0．1)级→(3．9±0．1)级,P<0．05];LVEF较术前减低7．2％(P<0．001),与细胞移植组相比差异有显著统计学意义(P<0．001);6个月随访死亡2例;因心力衰竭恶化再住院率71．4％(10／14)。结论自体BM-MNCs经冠状动脉移植治疗EIHF患者是安全有效的,显著改善了近期预后。     

肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿与非肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿的临床比较

目的:总结分析肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿与非肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿在临床方面的差异,为临床医生早诊断、早治疗提供依据．方法:总结2000-01／2005-01细菌性肝脓肿住院患者162例,利用统计学方法比较肺炎克雷伯杆菌与非肺炎克雷伯杆菌引起的肝脓肿在自然情况、伴发基础疾病、临床表现及实验室检查、肝脓肿特点、治疗方法及结果等方面的差异．结果:肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿112例(69．1％), 非肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿50例(30．9%),两组在年龄上存在统计学差异(P<0．05);两组患者在伴发糖尿病(66．1％vs 38．0％,P<0．01)、胆道疾患(14．3％vs 28．0％,P<0．05)、腹部创伤 (5．4％vs 16．0％,P<0．05)上存在统计学差异; 两组患者在贫血上存在统计学差异(60．7％vs 78％,P<0．05)．肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿多为单发脓肿,且多为单一病原体,两组间存在统计学差异(75．9％vs 58％,P<0．05;85．7％vs 64％, P<0．01)．两组间在迁徙性感染、死亡率上存在统计学差异(20．5％vs 6％,P<0．05;8．9％vs 26．0％,P<0．01)．结论:与非肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿组相比,肺炎克雷伯杆菌肝脓肿组发病年龄较低,伴发糖尿病的比例高,多为单发,单病原体,易形成迁徙性感染,死亡率较低．     

中药通腑泻热方辅助治疗消化性溃疡急性穿孔并发脓毒症23例

目的:观察本法治疗消化性溃疡急性穿孔并发脓毒症的效果．方法:在常规手术和抗生素治疗基础上,给予中药通腑泻热方治疗本病23例,与常规治疗的 21例作随机对照观察．结果:与对照组比较,治疗组并发症发生率降低(肠梗阻5／23 vs 11／21,P<0．05;MODS: 2／23 vs 7／21,P<0．05),死亡率呈下降趋势,治疗后血浆内毒素(8．7±3．2 kEU／L vs 16．8± 4．5 kEU／L,P<0．01),TNF-α(23.3±8．6 ng／L vs 30．7±8．7 ng／L,P<0．01),IL-6(30．4±13．6 ng／ L vs 51．4±16．2 ng／L,P<0．01),IL-8(20．6± 9．4 ng／L vs 31．7±10．8 ng/L,P<0．01)均显著降低,IL-2(754．8±72．4 ng／L vs 600．8±65．8 ng.L, P<0．01)明显升高．结论:中药通腑泻热方能降低消化性溃疡急性穿孔并发脓毒症患者血中内毒素及促炎细胞因子水平,能提高与机体免疫功能直接相关的细胞因子,防治MODS,降低病死率．     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.