经股静脉球囊飘浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的临床观察

目的探讨经股静脉应用球囊漂浮电极导管行床旁心脏临时起搏的方法学和可行性。方法对86例因多种心律失常需要临时起搏的患者应用球囊漂浮电极导管经股静脉进行心脏临时起搏,通过分析其起搏心电图图形特点、X线胸片和测量导管深度,判定该起搏方法的可行性和成功率,分析起搏失败的原因。结果经股静脉床旁心脏临时起搏起搏点主要为右心室心尖部和流出道,导管深度分别为(57.2±3.2)cm和(54.3±3.1)cm,右心室流出道起搏感知不良的发生率较心尖部高(P<0.05),两组间起搏阈值差异无统计学意义。通过起搏心电图图形和导管深度指导下应用球囊漂浮电极导管即刻成功率高达98.8%。结论经股静脉床旁应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法。     

经皮介入床旁漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏术临床应用分析

目的 探讨经皮介入床旁漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏术的临床应用价值.方法 在体表心电图监测下,47例患者采用经皮穿刺床旁介入置漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏治疗.结果 47例患者一次穿刺成功率8 3%(39/47),起搏成功率91.5%(43/47),从穿刺开始到成功起搏的时间(6±3.8)min(5～15min),临时起搏导管留置时间为(7±4.9)天(3～12天).未见与临时心脏起搏术有关的意外和并发症.结论 在体表心电图指引下床旁漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏,必将对挽救病人的生命,提高抢救的成功率起到非常重要的积极作用,但同时一定要加强原发病的抢救和治疗,并维持重要血流动力学的稳定.     

探析颈内静脉漂浮导管床旁临时心脏起搏在心内科急救中的临床应用

目的探讨颈内漂浮导管临时心脏起搏的方法、疗效和可行性。方法对32例严重缓慢性心律失常的患者采用seldinger法穿刺技术,经颈内静脉放入球囊漂浮导管,进行床旁临时心脏起搏。结果 32例中26例经右颈内静脉穿刺立刻起搏成功,有效起搏平均时间为6min,6例患者手术操作失败。结论颈内静脉漂浮导管床旁临时心脏起搏可以快速地恢复心脏的跳动,得以改善血流动力学,提高心脏复苏的成功率。     

球囊漂浮电极床旁临时心脏起搏的临床评价

目的探讨球囊漂浮电极床旁心脏临时起搏方法的可行性。方法对216例因多种心律失常需要临时心脏起搏的患者应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏，通过分析起搏心电图图形特点和术中并发症，判断该起搏方法的可行性。结果216例患者穿刺及送管均获成功，无严重并发症发生。3例起搏后死于原发病，9例起搏后自身心律未恢复安置永久起搏器，2例心房颤动合并PR长间期患者起搏后安置永久起搏器，38例行预防起搏。结论在体表心电图的指导下应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法，操作简便、快捷、成功率高，值得临床广泛应用。     

临时心脏起搏55例临床观察与分析

目的探讨临时心脏起搏在抢救危险性缓慢型心律失常患者的可行性和疗效。方法55例因多种严重缓慢型心律失常的患者应用普通双极电极导管或球囊漂浮电极导管进行临时心脏起搏，根据X线透视下电极在心脏内的位置或起搏心电图图形特点及导管深度，判断起搏方法的可行性和成功率。结果55例患者临时心脏起搏均获成功，其中球囊漂浮电极床边紧急起搏18例，X线透视下起搏37例。无感染、无血栓形成或栓塞、元气胸、无静脉炎、无心脏穿孔等并发症发生。结论应用普通电极导管或球囊漂浮电极导管进行临时心脏起搏，对于严重缓慢型心律失常的抢救起到了关键性的作用，易于在基层医院推广应用。     

经左锁骨下静脉床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的疗效评价及观察

目的探讨床旁锁骨下静脉快速临时起搏器安置术的临床疗效及安全性。方法 38例不同病因所致严重缓慢型心律失常、心脏骤停者,在床旁通过左锁骨下静脉穿刺的方法,应用漂浮球囊电极导管,观察起搏信号、插入导管的长度、QRS波群形态及测定阈值,将电极送入右心室,行紧急床旁临时心脏起搏术。结果成功起搏37例（97.37%）,所用时间平均（6.8±4.2）min,植入深度为（37.45±3.40）cm,平均留置时间为（4.4±2.6）d,起搏阈值为（0.96±0.35）V。无严重并发症发生。结论经左锁骨下静脉途径植入球囊起搏电极导管能迅速安全行心室起搏。     

应用漂浮球囊电极行床边心脏临时起搏20例分析

目的观察严重缓慢性心律失常进行紧急床边心脏临时起搏治疗的效果。方法对20例患者采用Seldinger法穿刺左锁骨下静脉,在体表心电图监护下送入漂浮球囊电极直到起搏脉冲夺获心室。结果20例患者中,起搏成功19例,成功率达95%。从开始穿刺到成功起搏的时间为15～20min,平均起搏阈值为0.7±0.4V。1例临时心脏起搏失败,1例患者于第2天发生临时起搏导管移位而引起起搏失败,1例急性心肌梗死患者在临时心脏起搏过程中死于室颤。结论应用漂浮球囊电极行床边临时心脏起搏治疗严重缓慢性心律失常的技术值得推广应用。     

漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏在围手术期中的应用

目的 分析漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏在围手术期中的应用。方法 针对30例围手术期心脏临时起搏患者,将其分为试验组和对照组,且每组都有15例患者,对照组患者采取常规治疗方法;试验组中患者结合病情,采取漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏措施,观察两组患者的临床效果,分析在围手术期应用漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的应用。结果 在两组患者中,试验组患者临床效果要高于对照组临床效果,应用漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏治疗围手术期患者具有一定价值,两组之间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 临床中,对于围手术期心脏临时起搏患者进行治疗中,应该针对患者采用漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏措施,较常规普通电极临时起搏具有更好的疗效,能够提高临床患者治病疗效,有效改善患者心肺功能,可以使得患者病情明显好转,值得在实际中推广。     

球囊漂浮电极导管床旁紧急心脏起搏164例

<正>床旁临时起搏器是救治严重缓慢性心律失常、心脏骤停和药物效果差且血流动力学紊乱的一些心律失常的有效手段,尤其是在床旁紧急情况下,球囊漂浮电极导管床旁紧急     

漂浮电极紧急心脏起搏40例效果分析

近年来，应用漂浮电极床旁心脏临时起搏，治疗严重过缓性心律失常疗效较好，颇受临床重视。我院采用此方法，对40例严重过缓性心律失常进行紧急床旁心脏临时起搏治疗，现将本组结果报道如下。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.