局部进展期直肠癌新辅助化放疗的疗效观察

目的观察新辅助治疗对局部进展期直肠癌的疗效。方法2003年5月至2008年12月,我院临床分期为T3／T4期的局部进展期直肠癌病例32例,术前接受化疗一放疗一化疗,化放疗结束4～6周后手术。术后用Dworak分级评估新辅助治疗的组织学反应。所有患者术后接受随访,观察并发症发生率、局部复发率和临床结局。结果本组32例皆为R0切除,其中21例低位前切除术（Dixon术）,11例腹会阴联合切除术（MiLe术）,保肛率为65．6％。术后病检：5例Dworak分级3级,3例Dworak分级2级,24例Dworak分级1级。32例术后全部随访,随访时间24～91个月,中位随访时间52个月。全组无局部复发病例,皆无瘤生存至今。结论局部进展期直肠癌术前新辅助治疗有益,但对术后生存率的影响有待进一步观察。     

Effects of positive resection margin and tumor distance from anus on rectal cancer treatment outcomes

PURPOSE: Rectal cancer outcome depends on stage, technical aspects of surgical excision, and use of adjuvant chemoradiation. Here, we examine effects of positive resection margin and tumor distance from the anus in stage 2 and 3 cancers on 4-year disease-specific survival and recurrence.METHODS: We reviewed all 495 rectal cancer patients registered in British Columbia in 1996.RESULTS: There were 481 cases analyzed: 29 in situ, 134 stage 1, 107 stage 2, 100 stage 3, 83 stage 4, and 28 unknown stage. Survival was significantly affected by presence of positive resection margin in stage 2 and 3 cancers, P = 0.0001. Lower tumor distance from the anus for stage 2 and 3 cancers worsened survival, P = 0.0007, and overall recurrence, P =0.016, but not local recurrence, P = 0.11. Adjuvant postoperative combined radiation and chemotherapy in stage 2 and 3 cancers significantly improved survival, P = 0.070 and local recurrence, P = 0.018, but not overall recurrence, P = 0.19.CONCLUSIONS: Presence of positive resection margin and tumor distance from the anus affect survival, local recurrence, and overall recurrence. Adjuvant postoperative combined radiation and chemotherapy improved our outcomes. Our local recurrence rates for rectal cancers are worse than currently reported standards of less than 10%. Improved surgical excision and use of adjuvant preoperative radiation and chemotherapy may improve outcome.     

进展期低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的临床研究

目的 分析进展期低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的危险因素,探讨侧方淋巴结转移对局部复发及预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析行根治性切除+侧方淋巴结清扫的96例进展期低位直肠癌的临床资料,探讨侧方淋巴结转移与临床病理特征、局部复发和预后的相关性.结果 进展期低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移率为14.6%(14/96).肿瘤直径≥5 cm者侧方淋巴结转移率为25.0%,明显高于肿瘤直径＜5 cm者的7.1%(P＜0.05).侵犯肠壁周径1/4、2/4和3/4者侧方淋巴结转移率分别为6.3%、6.7%和12.0%,明显低于侵犯肠壁周径4/4者的70.0%(P＜0.05).低分化直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移率为30.0%,明显高于高分化和中分化直肠癌的4.5%和9.1%(P＜0.05).进展期低位直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发率为18.8%(18/96).侧方淋巴结转移阳性者术后局部复发率为64.3%,明显高于侧方淋巴结转移阴性者的11.0%(P＜0.05).Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,侧方淋巴结转移阳性患者平均生存期为(38.0±6.7)个月,明显短于无侧方淋巴结转移的(80.9±2.1)个月(P＜0.05).结论 肿瘤直径、侵犯肠壁周径和肿瘤分化程度是进展期低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的重要危险因素.侧方淋巴结转移与进展期低位直肠癌局部复发及预后密切相关.     

经骶直肠肿瘤局部切除术

目的 探讨腹膜反折以下直肠癌局部性切除的效果及适应证。方法 对距肛缘5～7cm隆起型和表面型、直径在1～3cm之间,基底部可推动的早期直肠癌134例,经骶行局部切除术。结果 47例粘膜内癌(M-Ca)无一例复发。87例粘膜下癌(SM-Ca)3例切缘阳性,8例有脉管浸润,5例属低分化腺癌,虽均又追加了腹会阴联合根治术,仍有1例局部复发和2例肝脏转移;另71例中2例局部复发,8例有肝脏及其他部位转移。全组5年生存率为94％。结论 直肠癌经骶局部切除术,手术范围小,又避免造设人工肛门,是理想的手术方法,但只适宜于早期癌,而且术后若发现切缘阳性或有脉管浸润或癌分化程度低,必须追加根治术。     

捆扎法在低位直肠癌保肛手术结肠-直肠 /肛管吻合术中应用的评价

目的评价对低位直肠癌实施保肛手术的可行性。方法选择512例低位直肠癌患者用支撑捆扎法进行低位结肠-直肠/肛管吻合保肛手术(sphincterpreservingoperation,SPO),并与542例进行腹会阴联合切除术(abdomino-perinealresection,APR)的低位直肠癌患者比较5年生存率与局部复发率,同时分析保肛术后的排便功能。结果APR和SPO组总的5年生存率分别为65.2%和69.7%;局部复发率分别为6.7%和4.8%,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P>0.05)。SPO组中:低位吻合术5年生存率与局部复发率分别为86.2%与1.4%;超低位吻合术分别为85.3%与2.5%;Park手术分别为68.7%与4.8%;Bacon手术分别为65.7%与6.3%;低位和超低位保肛术后排便功能优良率分别为91.5%和94.3%。结论对低位直肠癌病例进行SPO手术,从根治性和功能性上评价是可行的。     

三维适形放疗在低位直肠癌保肛术后复发患者中的应用

为探讨低位直肠癌保肛术后局部复发患者行三维适形放疗（3DCRT）的疗效,我们对21例低位直肠癌保肛术后局部复发的患者采用3D-CRT。观察结果显示,经过3D-CRT,肿瘤完全缓解7例（33．3％）,部分缓解9例（42．9％）,无变化5例（23．8％）,总有效率为76．2％（16／21）。1、2、3年的生存率分别为71．4％（15／21）、38．1％（8／21）和14．3％（3／21）。结果表明,低位直肠癌保肛术后行3D-CRT可大大提高患者的治愈率和生存率。     

超低位直肠癌切除单吻合器结肠肛管吻合42例分析

目的探讨超低位直肠癌保肛手术的可行性及其手术方式。方法对我院2001年1月-2006年12月收治的超低位直肠癌42例的临床病理特点、吻合方式、术后肛门功能及预后情况进行回顾性分析。结果本组术后发生吻合口瘘3例。局部复发4例,其中,Dukes B期2例,C期2例。本组5年生存率为60％,Dukes A、B、C期的5年生存率分别为75％、69．5％和27．2％。病人术后1月内排便功能普遍较差,6个月后趋于正常,无一例大便失禁。结论对于肿瘤局限、分化良好、身体情况良好的超低位直肠癌病人可以采用单吻合器行保肛手术。     

经肛门括约肌手术在直肠外科中的应用

目的 探讨经肛门括约肌路径的手术(Mason手术)在直肠外科中的应用.方法 回顾性分析1990年8月至2008年12月150例中下段直肠疾病患者施行Mason手术的经验. 结果150例中直肠绒毛状腺瘤75例,早期直肠癌48例,进展期直肠癌9例.以直肠类癌为主的黏膜下结节23例,直肠肿瘤中行直肠部分切除术120例,直肠节段切除术6例.直肠阴道/尿道瘘21例,其中一次修补成功者17例(81%).术后伤口积液感染6例(4%),直肠-皮肤瘘5例.获随访的46例早期直肠癌中2例肿瘤局部复发(2/46).其中存活超过5年者39例,占84.5%(39/46).150例术后均未发生肛门失禁.结论 Mason手术具有手术进路直达,术野表浅和显露良好的特点,适用于可行局部手术治疗的中下段直肠良恶性疾病.     

Impact of colloid response on survival after preoperative radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal carcinoma

Neoadjuvant therapy for rectal carcinoma modifies morphology and natural history of the tumor. Colloid response defined by predominant colloid changes with or without residual tumor cells is a form of tumor response whose impact on survival is unknown. This study evaluated influence of tumor histologic response, especially of colloid response, on survival in patients treated by long-course preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer. In 200 patients with uT3-T4 or N1 rectal carcinomas, influence of type of surgery, dose of radiotherapy, residual tumor size, surface tumor aspect, tumor response (downstaging vs. colloid or no response), tumor grade, vascular and neural invasion, circumferential margin, and postoperative chemotherapy on 5-year overall and disease-free survival were studied by univariate and multivariate analyses. A colloid response was observed in 20% of the cases. Tumor response, circumferential margin, and vascular invasion were independently associated with the disease-free survival. Patients with downstaging had a better disease-free survival than patients without response (80% vs. 54%), whereas those with colloid response had an intermediate survival (64%). After colloid response, the rate of recurrence was similar to patients with downstaging for local recurrence (0%-3%) and to those with no response for distant recurrence (28%). After preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer, survival and type of recurrence are influenced by the tumor response. The intermediate natural history of patients with colloid response suggests taking colloid response into account in postoperative tumor staging to optimize adjuvant therapy.     

A Simplified Tumor Regression Grade Correlates with Survival in Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy

Background  Locally advanced rectal cancer is frequently treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to reduce local recurrence and possibly improve survival. The tumor response to chemoradiotherapy is variable and may influence the prognosis after surgery. This study assessed tumor regression and its influence on survival in patients with rectal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy followed by curative surgery. Methods  One hundred twenty-six patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (T3/T4 or N1/N2) were treated with chemoradiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision. Patients received long-course radiotherapy (50 Gy in 25 fractions) in combination with 5-flourouracil over 5 weeks. By means of a standardized approach, tumor regression was graded in the resection specimen using a 3-point system related to tumor regression grade (TRG): complete or near-complete response (TRG1), partial response (TRG2), or no response (TRG3). Results  The 5-year disease-free survival was 72% (median follow-up 37 months), and 7% of patients had local recurrence. Chemoradiotherapy produced downstaging in 60% of patients; 21% of patients experienced TRG1. TRG1 correlated with a pathological T0/1 or N0 status. Five-year disease-free survival after chemoradiotherapy and surgery was significantly better in TRG1 patients (100%) compared with TRG2 (71%) and TRG3 (66%) (P = .01). Conclusion  Tumor regression grade measured on a 3-point system predicts outcome after chemoradiotherapy and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer.     

低位直肠肛管癌保留肛门的外科治疗

分别用经肛门根治性局部切除、前切除、拖出术治疗70例低位直肠及肛管瘤.全组术后1年、3年、5 年生存率分别为97.1%、87.6%、84.9%,5例局部复发、2例局部复发合并远处转移、7例远处转移.结果表明,部分低位直肠肛管癌施行上述保留肛门的手术治疗,可获得根治效果.对三种术式的理论依据、手术适应证及手术注意事项进行了分析讨论.     

Is Final TNM Staging A Predictor for Survival in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer after Preoperative Chemoradiation Therapy?

Background Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy has improved the local control rate and overall survival in locally advanced rectal cancers. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the correlation between the final pathologic stage and survival in these patients. Methods Patients with biopsy-proven rectal carcinoma, pretreatment staging by magnetic resonance imaging such as T3 or T4 tumors, or node-positive disease were treated with preoperative concomitant 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy and radiation, followed by radical surgical resection. Clinical outcome with survival, disease-free survival, recurrence rate, and local recurrence rate were compared with each T and N findings using the American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system. Results A total of 248 patients were enrolled in this study. Overall survival and disease-free survival at 1, 3, and 5 years were 97.1, 92, and 89.9% and 87.5, 71.1, and 69.5%, respectively. Thirty-six patients (14.5%) had a pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant therapy. The recurrence rate was significantly different between the pathologic complete response group and residual group (5.6 vs 31.1%; P = .002). Five-year disease-free survival was significantly better in the complete response group than the residual tumor group (93 vs 66%; P = .0045). There was no statistical difference in survival or locoregional recurrence rate between these two groups. Conclusions Posttreatment pathologic TNM stage is correlated to disease-free survival and tumor recurrence rate in locally advanced rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiation. Also, pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant treatment has its oncologic benefit in both overall recurrence and disease-free survival.     

低位直肠癌Dixon手术适应证探讨

目的探讨低位直肠癌保肛治疗的适应证。方法回顾性分析我院2001年9月至2003年9月行保肛治疗的58例低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,肿瘤下缘距肛缘平均6.45(5~8)cm。结果本组直肠下切缘距癌肿下缘平均2.23(2~3)cm,切缘经病理检查均为阴性。术后发生吻合漏3例(5.2%),局部复发8例(13.8%),1、3、5年生存率分别为100.0%、89.7%、72.4%。结论对符合保肛条件者行保肛治疗,对远期生存率和局部复发率无不良影响,并且提高了患者的生存质量。     

Local recurrence and survival after laparoscopic mesorectal resection for rectal adenocarcinoma

Background: Laparoscopic resection for rectal cancer is controversial. Actuarial survival and local recurrence rates have not been determined. Methods: A prospective database containing 80 consecutive unselected laparoscopic resections of rectal cancers performed between November 1991 and 1999 was reviewed. Local recurrence was defined as any detectable local disease at follow-up assessment occurring either alone or in conjunction with generalized recurrence. The tumor node metastases (TNM) classification for colorectal cancers and the Kaplan-Meier method were used to determine staging and survival curves. The mesorectal excision technique was used during surgery. Results: The median follow-up period was 31 months for patients with stages I, II, and III cancer, and 15.5 months for patients with stage IV cancer. The overall 5-year survival rate was 65.1% for all cancer stages and 72.1% for stages I, II, and III cancer. No trocar-site recurrence was observed. The overall local recurrence rate was 3.75% (3/80) for all cancer stages, and 4.3% (3/70) for stages I, II, and III cancer. Conclusions: The survival and local recurrence rates for patients with rectal cancer treated by laparoscopic mesorectal excision do not differ negatively from those in the literature for open mesorectal excision. Further validation is needed.     

Therapy results of locoregional recurrences in rectal cancer

Despite of advanced surgical technique and multimodality therapy results following secondary resection of local recurrence after rectal cancer are discussed controversially. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 1999 81 patients with local recurrence of rectal cancer were treated at our surgical department. Median age was 63 years, 62 % of patients were male. 98 % of recurrences were in local advanced stage (74 % = rT4, 25 % = rT3), 44 % of patients had synchronous distant metastases. RESULTS: 32 patients underwent resection of recurrent rectal cancer. Potential curative surgery was possible in 56 % of resections. Extended resections of adjacent organs were necessary in 21 patients. The 4-year survival in the curative group was 44 % compared to 19 % in patients with microscopic or gross residual disease. CONCLUSION: Optimistic long-term results in recurrent rectal cancer can only be achieved after curative resection. Preoperative radiochemotherapy in advanced cancers increases curative resection and probably survival rate.     

新辅助放化疗在局部进展期低位直肠癌中的疗效

目的探讨新辅助放化疗对局部进展期低位直肠癌的治疗效果。方法2001年5月至2005年8月共收治105例局部进展期（T3、T4期）低位直肠癌患者,术前给予中等剂量放疗40—46Gy,分次剂量2Gy／d,每周5d,共4—5周完成放疗;放疗开始同时给予卡培他滨1250mg·m^-2·d^-1,分2次I=I服,持续服用至手术。放疗结束后休息6周进行手术,手术均按直肠系膜全切除操作规范进行。结果全组105例患者均按计划完成预定的放化疗。其中36例出现各种不良反应,但Ⅲ级不良反应仅见2例手足综合征。13例患者放化疗后经复查后提示肿瘤消失未行手术。其余92例患者则施行了根治性手术,其中低位前切除术71例,结肠肛管吻合术（Parks术）17例,腹会阴切除术4例,全组总保肛率为96．2％。术后标本病理检查显示11例未见癌细胞及阳性淋巴结。肿瘤TNM分期为TON0者24例,T2N0者23例,BNo者43例,T4N0者2例,T2N1者5例,T3N1者8例;按Dworak肿瘤消退分级,TGR05例,TGR129例,TGR247例,TGR324例。全组共有82例（78．1％）达到降期。全组无手术死亡,术后出现3例直肠阴道漏,2例吻合口漏。所有患者均获随访,随访时间为16—67个月。随访期间肺转移4例,肝转移2例,局部复发4例,其中3例死亡。全组病死率为2．9％,3年无瘤生存率为82．8％,3年总生存率为96．5％。结论新辅助放化疗可有效达到肿瘤降期的目的,提高了局部进展期低位直肠癌的根切率和保肛率,进一步降低了局部复发率和总复发率,并明显提高了无瘤生存率和总生存率。     

直肠类癌29例的外科治疗

目的 探讨直肠类癌的临床、病理及影响预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析两家医院29例直肠类癌患者的临床资料.所有病例均经手术和病理证实,其中内镜黏膜下切除5例,经肛门局部切除14例、局部扩大切除4例,经骶尾直肠部分切除2例,根治性切除4例.结果 本组29例直肠类癌患者的年龄32～71(54±11)岁,随访时间3至136个月,平均(61±4)个月,随访率为76%.随访期内,直径小于1 cm的13例手术切除后无复发,直径1～2 cm的5例复发1例,直径大于2 cm的4例中3例因类癌肝转移死亡.5年、10年肿瘤相关生存率为87%、80%.结论 手术治疗是直肠类癌的最佳治疗方法,手术切除范围取决于原发肿瘤的大小、浸润程度、淋巴结受累及是否存在肝脏转移等情况.     

拖出式Welch法直肠癌超低位切除的临床研究

目的：探讨中下段直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能手术的安全性及效果。方法：对24例中下段直肠癌患者实施拖出式Welch法超低位切除术，即肿瘤切除后使直肠远端外翻，近端结肠经外翻的直肠拖出，于肛门外行结肠-直肠-期吻合，待吻合确实后还纳入肛门内。结果：肿瘤局部复发3例（12．5％）Dukes，B期1例（4．2％），C期2例（8．4％）。术后6个月排便次数、控便机能正常及良好者21例（87．5％），较差者3例（12．5％）。5年生存率62．5％（15／24）。结论：保留肛门括约肌的拖出式吻合术，在确保癌根治的情况下，选择合适的病例，可获得较高的生存率及生活质量。     

Oncologic outcomes after neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by curative resection with tumor-specific mesorectal excision for fixed locally advanced rectal cancer: Impact of postirradiated pathologic downstaging on local recurrence and survival

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the oncologic outcomes and clinical factors affecting survival in patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy following tumor specific mesorectal excision for locally advanced, fixed rectal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy has resulted in significant tumor downstaging, which enhances curative resection and subsequently improves local disease control for rectal cancer. However, oncologic outcomes, according to clinical factors, have not yet been fully understood in locally advanced and fixed rectal cancer. METHODS: A total of 114 patients who had undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiation for advanced rectal cancer (T3 or T4 and node positive) were investigated retrospectively. Chemotherapy was administered intravenously with 5-FU and leucovorin during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy. The total radiation dose was 5040 cGY in 25 fractions delivered over 5 weeks. Tumor-specific mesorectal excision was done 4 to 6 weeks after the completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Survival and recurrence rates, according to the pathologic stage, were evaluated. Moreover, factors affecting survival were investigated. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rates according to pathologic stage were: 100% in pathologic complete remission (n = 10), 80% in stage I (n = 23), 56.8% in stage II (n = 34), and 42.3% in stage III (n = 47) (P = 0.0000). Local, systemic, and combined recurrence rates were 11.4%, 22.8%, and 3.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the pathologic N stage and operation method were the independent factors affecting survival rate. CONCLUSION: Pathologic complete remission showed excellent oncologic outcomes, and the pathologic N stage was the most important factor for oncologic outcomes.     

术前区域化疗联合放疗对低位直肠癌术后复发及P53表达的影响

目的探讨术前区域动脉灌注化疗（Preoperative regional intra-aterial chemotherapy,PRAC）联合放疗对低位直肠癌术后复发及P53表达的影响。方法对45例低位直肠癌病例随机分为3组,每组各15例,A组进行术前化、放疗,B组术前单纯放疗,C组术前未行任何化、放疗。采用免疫组化S-P法检测每例治疗前及手术后的P53表达。所有病例均得到12个月以上的随访。结果全部施行根治性切除术。A组治疗前后P53阳性表达分别为53.33%（8/15）和20.00%（3/15）,B组分别为60.00%（9/15）和33.33%（5/15）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;C组分别为53.33%（8/15）和40.00%（6/15）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。3组治疗前P53阳性表达之间无明显差异,3组术后P53阳性表达之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。A组复发率6.67%（1/15）,B组13.33%（2/15）,C组26.67%（4/15）,A组与B组的复发率均低于C组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。A组保肛率40.00%（6/15）,B组26.67%（4/15）,C组6.67%（1/15）,A组与B组的保肛率均高于C组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论低位直肠癌采用PRAC联合放疗可以降低P53表达和减少复发率、提高保肛率,它是对低位直肠癌治疗的有效和合理的的措施。