早期和活动性肺结核的HRCT诊断

目的：评价活动性肺结核的高分辨率CT(HRCT)征象。方法：总结了26例肺结核病例的CT检查所见。活动性肺结核诊断依据痰抗酸杆菌染色阳性16例及治疗期间获得的一系列胸部影像学改变10例。结果：小叶中心病变(2—4mm)，树芽状及支气管壁增厚均为检出率较高的征象。结论：小叶中心病变是活动性肺结核最常见并较有特征性的HRCT征象，若再与其他有较高特异性的HRCT征象及临床资料结合，则有助于活动性肺结核的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

早期和活动性肺结核的影像学表现

目的 研究早期和活动性肺结核的影像学表现，提高对本病的诊断水平：方法 回顾性分析经临床证实的170例肺结核病例的X线胸片和CT影像学检查资料。结果 在170例肺结核病例的X线胸片和CT像上，小叶中心病变见于158例，占92．3％，树芽状改变129例，占75．8％，支气管管壁增厚119例，占70％，均为检出率较高的征象。结论小叶中心病变是早期和活动性肺结核最常见并有特征性的影像征象。     

活动性肺结核肺间质病变的HRCT研究

目的 探讨活动性肺结核肺间质改变的HRCT表现.资料与方法 搜集肺部CT扫描以间质改变为主的活动性肺结核29例,分别在治疗前、治疗中和疗程结束时行HRCT检查,分析间质改变的影像特点及变化.结果 肺结核间质病变好发于两上肺野,主要表现为片状蔓延和沿支气管树分布两种形式.小叶内间质异常是肺结核间质改变的主要HRCT表现,包括小叶内细网织线影、微结节、磨玻璃影、树芽征等,其发生率分别为100%(29例)、100%(29例)、82.8%(24例)、69%(20例).此外可合并气道壁增厚、融合性实变、空洞、结节等征象.经抗结核治疗后间质病变吸收较缓慢,但在疗程结束时均大部分吸收.结论 小叶内细网织线影、微结节、磨玻璃影、树芽征为活动性肺结核间质的主要HRCT表现.     

初治涂阳、涂阴活动性肺结核MSCT表现的对照分析

目的 探讨活动性肺结核CT征象在肺结核诊断及活动性判定中的价值.方法 搜集2011年3月～2012年3月在我院治疗的新发初治涂阳肺结核64例,涂阴肺结核51例,均行MSCT扫描,分析涂阳组与涂阴组活动性肺结核CT征象的表现并分别统计检出率.结果 活动性肺结核CT征象:磨玻璃影、小叶中心结节、支气管壁增厚、小叶样实变、树芽征、多发小结节内空洞、实变、腺泡结节、空洞的总检出率分别为87.8％、81.7％、75.7％、70.4％、55.7％、39.1％、35.7％、31.3％、27.8％,涂阳组树芽征、多发小结节内空洞、实变、空洞的检出率均显著高于涂阴组(P＜0.05).4种以上活动性肺结核CT征象涂阳组明显高于涂阴组(P＜0.05).结论 涂阳、涂阴活动性肺结核部分CT征象检出率和种类差异显著.     

成人活动性肺结核的CT表现

目的分析成人活动性肺结核的CT表现，明确其CT特征。资料与方法肺结核组61例，肺炎组40例，均行常规螺旋CT扫描和HRCT扫描。分析各自的影像学表现，并进行统计学分析。结果肺结核组：肺实变影60例(98．4％)；合并空洞21例(34．4％)；小叶中心结节或直径2-4mm分支线样结构(春芽征)42例(68．9％)；直径5-8mm边缘模糊的结节50例(82．0％)；支气管扩张43例(70．5％)；不规则线影49例(80．3％)；疤痕性肺气肿21例(34．4％)；血管束变形40例(65．6％)。肺炎组：肺实变影32例(80．0％)；合并空洞5例(12．5％)；小叶中心结节或直径2—4mm分支线样结构(春芽征)16例(40．0％)；直径5-8mm边缘模糊的结节8例(20．0％)；支气管扩张2例(5．0％)；不规则线影20例(50．0％)；肺气肿4例(10．0％)；血管束变形14例(35．0％)。结论典型的活动性肺结核CT表现有其特点，发生在常见或非常见部位的肺实变影，伴有局限或广泛的支气管播散灶，在HRCT上观察到小叶中心结节或2—4mm分支线样结构(春芽征)和5-8mm边缘模糊的结节影，均应初诊为活动性肺结核；同时出现钙化或纤维化的征象，则强烈支持肺结核的诊断。     

高分辨力CT诊断和鉴别诊断肺结核的价值

目的探讨高分辨力CT诊断和鉴别诊断肺结核的价值.材料和方法回顾性分析经手术、活检/临床治愈证实的肺结核病76例.全部病例均做了胸部平片和HRCT扫描,其中24例做了CT增强扫描.结果HRCT能够发现平片和CT常规不能或不能全部显示的许多征象,如小叶中心分布的气腔结节,小气道结节(树芽征),肺间质异常和马赛克灌注等.结论HRCT能够对肺结核做出准确诊断.     

活动性肺结核的高分辨率CT征象分析

目的 探讨活动性肺结核的HRCT表现及特征.方法 回顾性分析79例活动性肺结核的临床及HRCT扫描资料,活动性肺结核的诊断依据:痰抗酸杆菌阳性(43例),及治疗期间获得的一系列胸部影像改变(36例).结果 小叶中心结节,65例(82.3%),树芽征65例(82.3%),支气管壁增厚58例(73.5%),肺实变61例(77.3%),空洞56例(73.2%),液体支气管征53例(72.8%),磨玻璃征45例(56.8%),线状影55例(73.1%),胸膜改变21例(26.6%),肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大12例(15.1%),2种及2种以上肺部病变并存79例,小叶中心结节、树芽征、支气管壁增厚、肺实变及液体支气管征、空洞、磨玻璃影治疗后吸收好转例数25例(25/31),26例(26/31),8例(8/31),19例(19/26),11例(11/21),21例(21/36).结论 活动性肺结核的HRCT表现具有一定特征性,结合其他临床资料,可进一步提高对活动性肺结核的诊断水平.     

活动性肺结核治疗前后CT征象转归的对照研究

目的:探讨活动性肺结核抗结核治疗前后CT征象的变化规律。方法:搜集新发活动性肺结核32例,在抗结核治疗前后均行两次以上螺旋CT检查,对比观察活动性肺结核CT征象的演变与转归表现。结果:在活动性肺结核CT征象中,磨玻璃阴影、小叶中心结节影、树芽征、小叶实变阴影、肺实变、厚壁空洞及支气管壁增厚在治疗前后的检出率有显著差异(P<0.01);而支气管扩张、薄壁空洞和钙化在治疗前后无明显差异(P>0.05)。治疗前活动性肺结核可检出多种活动性CT征象,治疗后上述征象多以单发为主。结论:CT征象在活动性肺结核治疗前后具有一定的演变规律,有助于评价活动性肺结核治疗的疗效。     

原发性干燥综合征胸部病变的HRCT表现

目的 探讨原发干燥综合征(PSS)胸部病变的高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现. 资料与方法 22例PSS患者均行HRCT检查.观察11种较常见的HRCT征象的分布情况. 结果 毛玻璃影13例(59.1%)、实质结节12例(54.5%)及支气管扩张11例(50%)是最多见的3种征象.其他征象有支气管壁增厚6例(27.3%)、肺气肿3例(13.6%)、薄壁囊肿6例(27.3%)、小叶间隔增厚9例(40.9%)、蜂窝肺6例(27.3%)、马赛克灌注7例(31.8%)及胸膜病变6例(27.3%).其中实质结节以中下叶多见,支气管壁增厚及支气管扩张以中心分布为主,小叶间隔增厚以两下肺多发. 结论 PSS胸部异常主要表现为气道和间质的病变,HRCT能很好地显示这些病理征象.     

HRCT对类风湿性关节炎早期肺损害的诊断价值

目的 :研究胸片正常的类风湿关节炎患者早期肺损害在HRCT上的影像学表现 ,探讨HRCT对类风湿关节炎早期肺损害的诊断价值 ,及其与临床肺功能检查的相关性。方法 :对 2 4例临床诊断为类风湿关节炎且无吸烟史的患者 ,进行临床体检、普通X线胸片、HRCT扫描及临床肺功能检查 ,剔除 4例胸片有明显征象与类风湿无关的患者。结果 :2 0名患者CT扫描发现 1 4例 (70 %)肺部有间质性病变 ,其中为小叶间隔增厚 1 1例 (5 7%) ,气管壁增厚及其牵拉性支气管扩张 6例(43%) ,胸膜肥厚 5例 (36 %) ,壁胸膜肥厚粘连 4例 (2 9%) ,长瘢痕线 1例 (7%) ,胸部小结节影 2例 (1 4 %) ,磨玻璃样改变 2例 (1 4 %) ,蜂窝样改变 1例 (7%)。 6例 (30 %)患者无肺间质改变。 1 4例患者HRCT异常的患者中有 7例 (5 0 %)有临床肺功能损害 ,6名HRCT显示正常的患者中有 2名 (33%)有肺功能损害。结论 :类风湿性关节炎患者早期病变细微而胸片正常 ,HRCT检查常有异常 ,但与临床肺功能检查结果相关性较差 ,小叶间隔增厚与气管壁增厚牵拉性支气管扩张及胸膜肥厚是类风湿性关节炎累及肺最常见的表现 ,HRCT对类风湿早期肺损害的诊断意义是有限的。     

Pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as acute respiratory failure: radiologic findings

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to describe the radiologic findings of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who presented with acute respiratory failure. METHODS: We included patients who had newly diagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis and who presented with acute respiratory failure. Initial chest radiographic (n = 17) and high-resolution CT (n = 11) findings of each patient were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Of 1,010 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, 17 patients (1.7%) presented with acute respiratory failure. Nine (53%) of the 17 patients died. The most common initial chest radiographic findings were small nodular lesions (16/17; 94%), consolidation (13/17; 76%), and ground-glass opacity (12/17; 70%). Eleven (69%) of 16 nodular lesions, 9 of 13 (69%) consolidations, and 10 of 12 (83%) ground-glass opacities were bilateral. On HRCT (n = 11), miliary micronodular lesions were seen in 6 patients (55%), whereas bronchogenic spread of tuberculosis with disseminated centrilobular nodules and tree-in-bud appearance was seen in 5 patients (45%). Diffuse areas of ground-glass attenuation were seen in all six patients with miliary nodules and four of five patients with bronchogenic spread of tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis occasionally present with acute respiratory failure. In this condition, chest radiograph most commonly shows bilateral small nodular lesions mixed with consolidation or ground-glass opacity, whereas HRCT demonstrates findings of miliary or bronchogenic disseminated tuberculosis with diffuse areas of ground-glass attenuation.     

High resolution chest CT in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: characteristic findings before and after antituberculous therapy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was (a) to describe HRCT findings for pulmonary tuberculosis before and after treatment, and (b) to evaluate the possible use of HRCT to assess disease activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 52 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis that was proven bacteriologically. HRCT scans were performed before and after treatment. RESULTS: Micronodules, nodules, tree-in-bud appearance, consolidation, and cavities were the most common HRCT findings seen in active pulmonary tuberculosis. The disappearance of tree-in-bud appearance, pleural effusion and the presence of fibrotic change appear to be indications of the effectiveness of treatment. HRCT can differentiate old fibrotic lesions from newly active tuberculous lesions. CONCLUSIONS: HRCT may be helpful in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and may be useful in the assessment of the efficacy of anti-tuberculous treatment.     

Specific high-resolution computed tomography findings associated with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate whether high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) could predict the results of a sputum smear in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis were divided into 2 groups: sputum smear-positive (n = 25) and -negative (n = 23). The HRCT findings were retrospectively reviewed, focusing on the presence or absence of features previously reported to indicate active pulmonary tuberculosis, including ground-glass opacity, cavitation, centrilobular opacity, and air space consolidation. RESULTS: Although air space consolidation was the least common feature overall, it occurred significantly more frequently in the smear-positive group than in the smear-negative group. This feature also had the highest specificity and positive predictive value. Cavitation and ground-glass opacity also occurred significantly more frequently in the smear-positive group. The frequency of centrilobular opacity did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggested that the HRCT findings of air space consolidation, cavitation, and ground-glass opacity are significantly associated with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis.     

HRCT findings of chest complications in patients with leukemia

High-resolution CT (HRCT) findings of several chest complications occurring in leukemic patients were reviewed. Although most entities show non-specific HRCT findings including ground-glass opacity and air-space consolidation, characteristic findings are observed in several pulmonary complications including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, fungal infections, miliary tuberculosis, leukemic infiltration, pulmonary edema, bronchiolitis obliterans, and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. A combination of these characteristic HRCT findings and the information obtained from the clinical setting may help in achieving a correct diagnosis of chest complications occurring in leukemic patients.     

高分辨力CT在肾移植术后疑似肺炎患者中的应用价值

目的:评价高分辨率CT(HRCT)在诊断肾移植术后疑似肺炎中的应用价值。方法:33例肾移植术后疑似肺炎患者行胸片、胸部HRCT检查。所有患者均经影像学、实验室检查及临床随访而明确诊断。对33例患者的胸片和HRCT图像进行回顾性对比分析。结果:33例中10例(30.3%)胸片未见异常,其中9例HRCT提示肺炎并最终证实;23例胸片和HRCT均见异常,22例最终证实为肺炎,其中18例HRCT可提供更多更准确的信息,仅4例(12.1%)胸片与HRCT及最终诊断结果基本一致。结论:HRCT较胸片更敏感,有助于早期确诊肺炎,所有疑似肺炎的肾移植患者均应行HRCT检查,肾移植术后肺炎常见HRCT改变为磨玻璃样改变、小结节影和小片状实变。     

气管支气管内膜结核的CT诊断

目的：分析气管支气管内膜结核的CT表现，探讨其影像学特征及其病理基础。方法：收集痰菌、病理及临床证实的气管与支气管结核52例，分析其CT与HRCT表现。结果：CT表现有以下特点：①96．1％CT显示长段不规则气管或支气管壁增厚，其增厚的支气管壁范围较长为特征之一；②25％CT显示远处肺或对侧肺结核支气管播散病灶；③支气管狭窄、阻塞不伴有肺门肿块；④11．5％可见增厚的气管或支气管壁出现钙化。此征象具有特征性；⑤支气管阻塞性肺部病变中，若出现阻塞性肺气肿伴气肿区分支条状或指套样高密度灶、支气管阻塞远端实变、肺内或不张肺内出现大量无壁空洞、“蜂窝样”改变或伴有不规则或“串珠状”支气管扩张表现者也具有一定特征性诊断价值，其中后者考虑为继发于支气管壁破坏或实变与不张肺内病灶纤维化继发的牵拉性支气管扩张所致。结论：气管支气管内膜结核的CT表现，尤其是HRCT表现，有一定特征性，是诊断及鉴别诊断的有效于段。     

Clinical and high-resolution computed tomographic findings in five patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who developed respiratory failure following chemotherapy.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) findings in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who developed respiratory failure after starting chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical records, chest radiographs, and HRCT findings in five patients with non-miliary pulmonary tuberculosis who developed respiratory failure after starting chemotherapy were reviewed. RESULTS: Chest radiographs taken early in the course of acute respiratory failure showed progression of the original lesions with (n = 4) or without (n = 1) new areas of opacity away from the site of the original lesions. HRCT demonstrated widespread ground-glass attenuation with a reticular pattern as well as segmental or lobar consolidation with cavitation and nodules, consistent with active tuberculous foci in all five cases. Prominent interlobular septal thickening was seen in two cases. Four of the five patients had received corticosteroids. Of these five, two died and three recovered with continued corticosteroid therapy. Transbronchial biopsy in three cases showed evidence of acute alveolar damage. CONCLUSION: In selected patients with tuberculosis who develop respiratory failure following the initiation of antituberculous therapy, HRCT may be a helpful adjunct to clinical evaluation in differentiating hypersensitivity reactions (presumed to be due to the release of mycobacterial antigens) from other pulmonary complications.