Plasma lipoproteins in transport of silibinin,an antioxidant flavonolignan from Silybum marianum

To assess the role of plasma lipoproteins in the transport of silibinin, an antioxidant flavonolignan, (125)I-labelled silibinin ((125)I-SB) administered perorally to the rat was used. The plasma (125)I-SB derived radioactivity was distributed among plasma lipoproteins according to their lipophilicity (TAG-rich lipoproteins 30-40% > LDL 15% > HDL 5%), and in the fraction of d > 1.215 containing albumin and other proteins a minority amount of radioactivity was found. Administration of (125)I-SB in a complex with phosphatidylcholine resulted in proportionally higher radioactivities in all fractions as well as in tissues. Dietary olive oil had a slightly decreasing effect on plasma concentrations of silibinin measured by HPLC as well as on (125)I-SB derived radioactivity in plasma and liver. In the TAG-rich lipoprotein fraction and HDL no effects of olive oil on the levels of (125)I-SB derived radioactivities were observed, however, at a 30 min interval the levels of (125)I-SB derived radioactivity in LDL and the heart were significantly decreased in the olive oil group. These results suggest that (i) silibinin is not resorbed by the chylomicron pathway, and (ii) the endogenous lipoprotein pathway VLDL --> LDL may play a role in the transport of silibinin from the liver to the extrahepatic tissues concurrently facilitating the lipoprotein antioxidant influence of silibinin.     

实验性糖尿病动物模型的建立

糖尿病是一种具有遗传倾向的葡萄糖代谢和内分泌障碍继而引起全身性代谢紊乱的临床综合征。目前建立糖尿病动物模型的方法很多，但由于种种原因成功率以及重复率并不是很高，为糖尿病的研究造成很大困难，为此笔者2002年3—11月在糖尿病的动物模型方面做了大量的实验，经反复摸索，找到了成功率高、重复性强的造模方法，现报道如下。     

宁夏产中药材水飞蓟种子生活力等指标的测定

目的通过对种子生活力等指标的测定,为完善水飞蓟种子检验标准操作规程提供实验依据。方法采用2,3,5-氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)染色法测定种子的活力。结果种子生活力测定最佳条件:温度为40℃,TTC浓度为0.4%,染色时间为30m in。结论TTC染色率为95%。     

Phlorizin-like effect of Fraxinus excelsior in normal and diabetic rats

The purpose of this study was to determine the underlying mechanism of the hypoglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract perfusion of Fraxinus excelsior L. (FE) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous extract was administered intravenously and the blood glucose changes were determined within four hours after starting the treatment. Plasma insulin concentrations and glycosuria were determined. The aqueous extract at a dose of 10 mg/kg/h produced a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in normal rats (P < 0.001) and even more in diabetic rats (P < 0.001). This hypoglycaemic effect might be due to an extra-pancreatic action of the aqueous extract of FE, since the basal plasma insulin concentrations were unchanged after FE treatment. A potent increase of glycosuria was observed both in normal and diabetic rats (P < 0.001). We conclude that aqueous extract perfusion of FE caused a potent inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption. This renal effect might be at least one mechanism explaining the observed hypoglycaemic activity of this plant in normal and diabetic rats.     

Pomegranate flower ameliorates fatty liver in an animal model of type 2 diabetes and obesity

Aims of the study

Fatty liver is the most common cause of abnormal liver function tests. We investigated the effect and its underlying mechanism of pomegranate flower (PGF), a traditional antidiabetic medicine, on fatty liver.

Materials and methods

At the endpoint of treatment of male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats with PGF extract (500 mg/kg, p.o. × 6 weeks), liver weight index, hepatic lipid contents (enzymatic colorimetric methods) and droplet accumulation (Oil Red O staining) were determined. Gene profiles (RT-PCR) were analyzed in the liver of ZDF rats and in human liver-derived HepG2 cell line.

Results

PGF-treated ZDF rats showed reduced ratio of liver weight to tibia length, hepatic triglyceride contents and lipid droplets. These effects were accompanied by enhanced hepatic gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), and reduced stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. In contrast, PGF showed minimal effects on expression of genes responsible for synthesis, hydrolysis or uptake of fatty acid and triglycerides. PGF treatment also increased PPAR-alpha and ACO mRNA levels in HepG2 cells.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that this Unani medicine ameliorates diabetes and obesity-associated fatty liver, at least in part, by activating hepatic expression of genes responsible for fatty acid oxidation.     

Bioactivity of methanolic extract of Brassica juncea in animal model of diabetes mellitus

Objective To study the bioactivity of methanolic extract of Brassica junceaon animal model of diabetes mellitus along with its effect on diabetic and metabolic parameters. Methods Diabetesmellitus was induced in rats by injecting streptozotocin (60mg/kg) intraperitonealy. Blood glucose was measured on day 3by GOD-POD method to confirm the diabetes mellitus. Rats having fasting blood glucose >250 mg/dLwere further selected for study and they were divided into four groups, control, control+streptozotocin, streptozotocin+ metformin(75mg/kg) and streptozotocin+ extract of B. juncea(450mg/kg). Each group consistedof six rats of either sex. Metformin and experimental extract were administered for 21 d. Triglyceride, cholesterol level were measured on day 21 by commercially available kit. Blood glucose was measured on days 7 and 21. Anti-oxidant potential was assessed by estimating extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) by malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in liver, kidney, pancreas, muscle tissues on day 21. Unpaired and paired student’s t-test were applied for statistical analysis. Results The extract of B. junceashowed significant decrease in blood glucose level on day 21. The treatment group showed significant difference in oxidative stress by increasing SOD and GSH and decreasing LPO and NO activity on day 21. The treatment didn’t show statistically significant difference of cholesterol, and triglycerides level on day 21. Conclusion The study showed anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidative properties of methanolic extract of B.juncea.     

The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial

Oxidative stresses are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications which may either cause direct pancreatic beta-cell damage or lead to metabolic abnormalities that can induce or aggravate diabetes. The valuable effect of antioxidant nutrients on the glycemic control of diabetic patients has been reported in experimental and clinical studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the herbal medicine, Silybum marianum seed extract (silymarin), which is known to have antioxidant properties on the glycemic profile in diabetic patients. A 4-month randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted in 51 type II diabetic patients in two well-matched groups. The first group (n = 25) received a silymarin (200 mg) tablet 3 times a day plus conventional therapy. The second group (n = 26) received the same therapy but a placebo tablet instead of silymarin. The patients were visited monthly and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1)c), fasting blood glucose (FBS), insulin, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, triglyceride, SGOT and SGPT levels were determined at the beginning and the end of the study. The results showed a significant decrease in HbA(1)c, FBS, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride SGOT and SGPT levels in silymarin treated patients compared with placebo as well as with values at the beginning of the study in each group. In conclusion, silymarin treatment in type II diabetic patients for 4 months has a beneficial effect on improving the glycemic profile.     

2型糖尿病气阴两虚证动物模型的研究——血清胰岛素血栓素B_26-酮前列腺素F_(1α)水平观察

目的 :建立 2型糖尿病气阴两虚证候动物模型 ,观测血清胰岛素、血栓素B2 、6 -酮前列腺素F1α水平变化。方法 :应用STZ造成糖尿病 (血糖 >16 7mmol/L)后用中药青皮、枳壳、附子造中医气阴两虚证候模型 ,成功后用中汇糖脉康进行反证治疗。结果 :(1)造模后出现懒动 ,舌胖大 ,少津等症状。 (2 )应用糖脉康后上述症状减轻 ,证明所造证型为气阴两虚证。 (3)实验室指标 :①模型组insulin、TXB2 与糖尿病对照组比较有显著差异 ;6 -ke toPGF1α差异不显著。②反证组insulin、TXB2 与模型组比较有显著差异 ;6 -ketoPGF1α差异不显著。结论 :应用传统的糖尿病造模方法与糖尿病病证特点和中药药性理论相结合 ,研制 2型糖尿病证候的动物模型具有可行性。     

2型糖尿病中医证候研究概况

文章就2型糖尿病(T2DM)辨证研究进行了归纳,根据T2DM体质肥胖与非肥胖的特点并通过对不同医家证候研究的分析,笔者提出本病的易患体质是其证候演变的基础,不同的诱发因素是证候演变的条件。形体肥胖者多脾肾气虚胃强体质,非肥胖者多肝肾阴虚体质,在长期诱因作用下随着发病时间的延长不同体质患者证候演变表现出相应规律。因此,T2DM的辨证论治应将体质、病期、病理变化与具体的脏腑有机结合起来,才能更好地把握其辨证论治规律。     

2型糖尿病气阴两虚证病证结合模型的研究

目的:建立2型糖尿病气阴两虚证病证结合模型。方法:采用高脂饲料喂养结合小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)尾静脉注射的方法制备2型糖尿病大鼠模型,在此基础上予过量的青皮、附子灌胃来建立2型糖尿病气阴两虚证模型,然后用中汇糖脉康进行反证。结果:中药造模后,模型组大鼠的一般状态及各实验室指标同糖尿病对照组及正常组比较均出现了不同程度的改变。经中汇糖脉康反证后,模型组大鼠的血清甘油三酯(TG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、胰岛素(Insulin)及血栓素B2(TXB2)等指标发生了明显的改善。结论:在传统的2型糖尿病造模方法的基础上,采用过量青皮,附子灌胃的方法来建立2型糖尿病气阴两虚证病证结合模型是切实可行的。     

建立四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠模型的研究

目的研究四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠模型空腹血糖和糖耐量试验的变化规律。方法选择健康小白鼠40只分为正常组、造模1组、造模2组、造模3组,每组10只。其中造模1组、造模2组、造模3组用四氧嘧啶对小鼠进行腹腔注射造模。测定注射前(造模前)空腹血糖和造模后连续多次空腹血糖及糖耐量试验。结果造模组每周测1次空腹血糖,各组均无显著性差异(P均>0.05),造模后2,3,6,9,14,21 d各测1次空腹血糖,仅2,3,6 d造模组各项增高,与正常组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05或<0.01),以后均无显著性升高,个别还低于正常组。第21天进行糖耐量试验,造模组与正常组血糖有显著性差异,空腹血糖虽无显著性,但餐后30 min造模组显著高于正常组,而且餐后2 h血糖不能恢复到空腹或正常组水平。结论四氧嘧啶做小鼠糖尿病造模时,空腹血糖有时不升高或仅有轻度升高,但糖耐量试验出现糖耐量异常,可以判断模型建立成功。     

Evaluation of the silymarin content in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Cultivated under different agricultural conditions

An HPLC assay for the determination of silymarin in the fruits of Silybum marianum is given. The effect of different water regimes and nitrogen fertilization levels on the silymarin content of cultivated plants grown in reclaimed desert land have been studied. The highest silymarin contents were obtained upon nitrogen fertilization with 100, 150 kg/feddan (1 feddan = 4200 m²) and a 60% water regime without fertilization compared to the content of silymarin in wild plants.     

自拟降糖饮联合注射胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病的临床研究

目的：探讨自拟降糖饮配合注射胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病（type 1 diabetes mellitus, T1DM）的临床疗效。方法收集2010年1月－2014年1月河北友爱医院内四科门诊T1DM患者43例,按随机数字表法分为2组,对照组23例注射胰岛素治疗,治疗组20例在对照组治疗基础上加服自拟降糖饮。2组均治疗2个月后观察患者体质量指数（BMI）、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）。结果治疗组FPG、餐后2 h血糖、HbAlc均较同组治疗前降低（t值分别为3.376、54.493、2.798,P＜0.01）;对照组餐后2 h血糖较治疗前降低（t＝29.714,P＝0.000）。治疗组FPG、餐后2 h血糖、HbAlc下降程度均低于对照组（t值分别为2.715、2.191、5.627,P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。治疗后,治疗组HbAlc控制良好率为60.0%（12/20）,优于对照组的26.1%（6/23）,2组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝5.055,P＝0.025）。结论自拟降糖饮联合注射胰岛素可有效降低儿童T1DM患者FPG、餐后2 h血糖、HbAlc水平,其疗效优于单用胰岛素注射。     

2型糖尿病住院患者背俞穴反应点分布规律研究

目的:从经络切诊角度,探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)住院患者背俞穴反应点分布规律.方法:纳入T2DM住院患者82例,收集切诊当日的随机血糖、背俞穴阳性反应点资料,进行统计学分析.结果:T2DM住院患者的高频背俞穴阳性反应点分别为胃俞(32.9％)、肝俞(29.3％)、肾俞(26.8％)、胰俞(19.5％)、三焦俞(18.3...     

2型糖尿病患者肾动态显像的研究

目的通过肾动态显像探讨不同阶段2型糖尿病(DM)患者肾脏血流动力学的变化及肾功能受损情况。方法 69例2型DM患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为DM1组、DM2组、DM3组,进行SPECT肾动态显像观察,并与30例正常对照(Nc)组比较。结果 DM1组肾小球滤过率(GFR)及肾有效血浆流量(ERPF)明显高于Nc组。DM2组GFR、ERPF与Nc组相比无显著性差异,但其肾功能曲线半排时间(t1/2)延长,20 m in残留率(C20)增高。DM3组GFR、ERPF明显下降,肾功能曲线峰时(tp)后延,t1/2明显延缓,C20显著增高。结论核素肾动态显像可早期了解2型DM各时相肾脏血流动力学的变化及肾功能受损程度,为临床DM治疗和随访提供可靠依据。     

瑞格列奈对2型糖尿病胰岛素分泌和氧化应激作用的研究

目的研究瑞格列奈对2型糖尿病胰岛素分泌和氧化应激的作用。方法将80例2型糖尿病患者随机分成2组：治疗组42例口服瑞格列奈，同时辅以饮食控制或二甲双胍口服；对照组38例单用饮食控制或二甲双胍口服。治疗2个月后，抽肘静脉血查胰岛素分泌时相（FPIS和SPIS）、血清丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果瑞格列奈只增加FPIS而不影响SPIS和总胰岛素分泌；治疗组治疗后血清MDA含量降低（P〈0．05），血清SOD活性显著增加（P〈0．001）。结论瑞格列奈只增加FPIS，可良好控制餐后血糖，显著改善氧化应激指标。     

瑞格列奈对2型糖尿病胰岛素分泌和氧化应激作用的研究

目的研究瑞格列奈对2型糖尿病胰岛素分泌和氧化应激的作用。方法将80例2型糖尿病患者随机分成2组:治疗组42例口服瑞格列奈,同时辅以饮食控制或二甲双胍口服;对照组38例单用饮食控制或二甲双胍口服。治疗2个月后,抽肘静脉血查胰岛素分泌时相(FPIS和SPIS)、血清丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果瑞格列奈只增加FPIS而不影响SPIS和总胰岛素分泌;治疗组治疗后血清MDA含量降低(P<0.05),血清SOD活性显著增加(P<0.001)。结论瑞格列奈只增加FPIS,可良好控制餐后血糖,显著改善氧化应激指标。     

2型糖尿病病证结合动物模型的研究

病证结合动物模型是可以同时达到现代医学的疾病诊断标准,同时又能充分体现中医辨证特点的新型动物模型,对于中药新药创制和疗效判定以及中医证型的本质阐释,具有十分重要的意义。文章以2型糖尿病为切入点,探讨建立病证结合动物模型的方法,提出了研究的新方法和新思路。     

Mexican plants with hypoglycaemic effect used in the treatment of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome which affects more and more people in all countries over the world. In México, it is commonly treated with herbal extracts. Such treatment may be of considerable benefit especially during the early stages of the illness. In this review, we discuss species commonly used in México in the treatment of diabetes. A total of 306 species have records of a popular use in the treatment of this syndrome in México. Seven of these species--Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. (Cecropiaceae), Equisetum myriochaetum Schlecht & Cham (Equisetaceae), Acosmium panamense (Benth.) Yacolev (Fabaceae), Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché (Cucurbitaceae), Agarista mexicana (Hemsl.) Judd. (Ericaeae), Brickellia veronicaefolia (Kunth) A. Gray (Asteraceae), Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem. (Bignoniaceae)--are discussed in greater detail, highlighting our current knowledge about these botanicals, but also the enormous gaps in our knowledge, most notably as it relates to the species' toxicology, the pharmacokinetics of its active constituents and their metabolism.     

2型糖尿病药物作用靶点的研究进展

2型糖尿病占糖尿病患者90％以上，严重危害人类健康。对糖尿病相关药物靶点的研究，并以此进行新药开发已成为当今医药学界的研究热点。现将近10a来报道的与2型糖尿病关系较为密切的药物靶点的结构和作用机制综述如下。