Stenosis of Alternative Umbilical Venous Pathways in Absence of the Ductus Venosus

Objective. We evaluated fetuses with absence of the ductus venosus (ADV) and restricted alternative umbilical venous pathways. Methods. We identified 3 cases that fit our objective. The angles of insonation for spectral Doppler ultrasound interrogation were less than 20° in all cases. We used commercially available ultrasound systems with a curved array transducer. Results. In all 3 cases, we noted mild cardiac volume overload without fetal hydrops. Conclusions. We speculate that the fetus with ADV and a restrictive alternative umbilical venous pathway may have a more benign clinical course than fetuses previously reported with unrestricted alternative pathways.     

Second-trimester ductus venosus measurement and adverse perinatal outcome in fetuses with congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether Doppler velocimetry of the ductus venosus (DV) predicts adverse perinatal outcome in congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all pregnant women undergoing fetal echocardiography for CHD in a single perinatal center during a 2-year period. We compared outcomes for fetuses having a diagnosis of CHD in the second trimester and abnormal DV Doppler velocimetric findings with those having CHD and normal DV Doppler findings. Karyotype, gestational age at delivery, fetal loss rate, and rate of termination were assessed. The referral value for an abnormal DV pulsatility index was above the 95th percentile for gestational age. Statistical analysis included the t test, Fisher exact test, and chi(2) test. RESULTS: The incidence of CHD in our population was 7%. There were 98 patients with CHD; of those, 31 had DV measurement. A total of 9 patients had an abnormal DV. Three of this group (33%) had intrauterine fetal death or perinatal death. In patients with CHD and normal DV measurements, 83% had living children versus 33% in the group with an abnormal DV (P < .05). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of aneuploidy between the normal DV (15%) and abnormal DV (20%) groups (P = .65). The mean gestational age at delivery was similar between the normal (37.63 weeks) and abnormal (38.33 weeks) DV groups (P = .71). There was no difference in the rate of pregnancy termination. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal second-trimester DV measurements are predictive of adverse perinatal outcome in patients with CHD, independent of karyotype or gestational age at delivery. This information may have a role in the counseling of parents with CHD.     

早孕期胎儿静脉导管频谱波型分析

目的探讨早孕期不同类型胎儿静脉导管频谱波型与胎儿生长发育及预后之间的关系。方法165例头臀长（CRL）在25-80mm之间的高危胎儿接受了经腹壁早孕期超声检查及绒毛活检。根据胎儿静脉导管血流不同波型将频谱形态分为三型：Ⅰ型：在整个心动周期内无反向血流;Ⅱ型：在心房收缩期的起始段出现很短时间内的反向血流信号,随后的大部分心房收缩期内为正向血流信号;Ⅲ型：在整个心房收缩期内为持续反向血流。所有本组胎儿进行了产前染色体核型分析、基因学及酶学检查,并随访至生后。结果在本组病例中,只有2例胎儿静脉导管频谱波型为Ⅲ型,绒毛检查结果证实其中一例为21-三体,另一例为黏多糖储积症。26例胎儿经基因学诊断为遗传性疾病,2例胎儿宫内死亡。在其余135例正常发育胎儿组中,95例（70.4%）胎儿静脉导管频谱为Ⅰ型,40例（29.6%）胎儿频谱为Ⅱ型。按胎儿头臀长分为5组（≤39mm,40-49mm,50-59mm,60-69mm,≥70mm）后,Ⅰ型/Ⅱ型胎儿例数分别为24/16、31/8、15/13、11/2、14/1。应用非参数检验的统计学方法分析,结果显示Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型频谱波型的出现频率与胎儿头臀长分组密切相关（P=0.015）,绝大多数的Ⅱ型静脉导管频谱出现在头臀长小于60mm的胎儿组中。结论通过本组正常胎儿的研究显示,早孕期胎儿静脉导管频谱波型中心房收缩早期出现的很短的反向血流信号应被视为一种“正常变异”现象,而非一种异常的静脉导管频谱类型,特别是在胎儿头臀长小于60mm时。     

中晚孕期正常胎儿静脉导管血流动力学研究

目的 建立中晚孕期正常胎儿静脉导管多普勒血流参数参考范围。方法 应用彩色多普勒超声检查138例16-41孕周正常单胎胎儿。在静脉导管入口处记录静脉导管血流波形，测定血流参数包括：心室收缩期峰值流速（S）、心室舒张期峰值流速（D）、心房收缩期最大流速（A）、平均流速（Vmean）、S／A值、S／D值、（S-A）／S值、（S-A）／D值和（S-A）／Vmean值。结果 正常胎儿静脉导管的血流参数S、D、A、Vmean随着孕龄的增加而增加（均P〈0．01或P〈0．05）；而S／A、（S-A）／S、（S-A）／Vmean和（S-A）／D值随着孕龄增加而减低（均P〈0．01或P〈0．05），S／D与孕龄相关性差（r=0．1，P〉0．05）。结论 正常胎儿静脉导管血流波形呈特殊的三相波形，血流速度随着孕龄增加而增加，而阻力指数随着孕龄增加而减低，S／D值在妊娠中持续不变。     

静脉导管缺如并脐静脉异常连接产前超声心动图表现

目的 观察静脉导管缺如(ADV)并脐静脉肝内、肝外异常连接的产前超声心动图表现。方法 回顾性分析14胎ADV胎儿的超声心动图表现,观察心脏大小、功能变化,并随访临床预后。结果 ADV的检出率为0.12%(14/11 205),14胎中,5胎脐静脉与门静脉左支、1胎与门静脉右支相连;8胎脐静脉未与门静脉相连,而与肝外静脉系统相连,5胎直接连接于右心房,1胎直接连接于下腔静脉,1胎连接于肝右静脉,1胎连接于冠状静脉窦引流入右心房。结论 产前超声心动图能够明确诊断静脉导管缺如,且可以观察脐静脉肝内、肝外异常连接途径和管道内径。     

中晚孕期正常胎儿静脉导管血流参考范围

目的建立中晚孕期正常胎儿静脉导管心动周期不同时相血流速和各计算参数参考范围。方法应用彩色多普勒超声横断面检查138例16~41孕周正常单胎胎儿静脉导管血流波形测定血流参数:①心室收缩期峰值流速(S-peak);②心室舒张期峰值流速(D-peak);③心房收缩期最大流速(A)-wave;④平均流速(Vmean);⑤S/A值,S/D值,(S-A)/S值,(S-A)/D值,(S-A)/Vmean比值。结果正常胎儿静脉导管的血流血流速:S-peak(43~75 cm/s),D-peak(39~69cm/s),A-wave(25~48 cm/s),Vmean(37~63 cm/s)随着孕龄增加而增加均有显著性差异(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01);而S/A比值(1.85~1.57),(S-A)/S比值(0.45~0.35),(S-A)/Vmean值(0.54~0.43),(S-A)/D值(0.51~0.39)随着孕龄增加而减低(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.05),S/D与孕龄相关性差(r=0.1,P>0.05)。结论正常胎儿静脉导管血流速随着孕龄增加而增加;而阻力指数随着孕龄增加而减低,S/D值在妊娠中持续不变。     

新生儿静脉导管血流动力学与肝功能的相关性研究

【】目的 探讨不同胎龄新生儿静脉导管血流动力学指标与肝功能的关系。方法 选择确诊为静脉导管未闭的新生儿175例作为病例组,并依据胎龄分为A组(55例,胎龄31～34周)、B组(58例,胎龄35～37周)、C组(62例,胎龄38～40周),于出生后2～3天应用彩色多普勒超声检测各组新生儿静脉导管内径、平均血流速度并计算血流量;选择确诊为静脉导管闭合的新生儿60例作为对照组(胎龄38～40周);观察各组肝功能指标[谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、血氨(NH3)、血清总蛋白(TP)]及凝血酶原时间(PT)的变化。结果 A组的静脉导管血流量明显大于B组及C组,B组的静脉导管血流量大于C组,三组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);A组的ALT、AST高于B组、C组及对照组(P<0.01),但B组、C组与对照组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组的TBA、NH3及PT均高于B组及C组,A组的TP低于B组及C组,三组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但C组的TBA、NH3、TP、PT与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 新生儿胎龄越小,未闭合的静脉导管血流量越大,其所引起的较大量门体静脉分流会对肝功能产生影响,而且静脉导管分流量越大,对新生儿肝功能影响越明显。     

Middle cerebral artery peak systolic and ductus venosus velocity waveforms in the hydropic fetus.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) and ductus venosus (DV) velocity waveforms during sonography of hydropic fetuses may specify the cause of fetal hydrops. METHODS: A level II sonographic examination was performed in 16 hydropic fetuses, and the MCA PSV and DV velocity waveforms were assessed. The MCA PSV values divided hydropic fetuses into anemic (group 1) and nonanemic (group 2) fetuses. In group 2 fetuses, the DV was defined as normal or abnormal. Sonographic examination and Doppler assessment of these vessels specified the cause of hydrops and indicated the use of specific investigations for diagnosing the etiology of fetal hydrops. RESULTS: Seven of 16 fetuses had MCA PSV values greater than 1.50 multiples of the median (group 1). Nine of 16 fetuses had normal MCA PSV values (group 2); among them, 7 of 9 had either absent or reversed flow in the DV, and 2 had a normal DV. In group 1, the cause of fetal anemia was investigated by maternal serum tests, and 5 cordocentesis procedures were performed. In group 2, 7 of 9 fetuses had reversed flow in the DV, which suggested a cardiac abnormality confirmed by echocardiography. Five cordocentesis procedures were performed for fetal karyotype, and in 2 fetuses, the cause of hydrops was idiopathic. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that assessment of the MCA PSV and DV velocity waveforms in the hydropic fetus may further our knowledge of the etiology of hydrops and may indicate which investigations among the many available should be used for diagnosing the cause of fetal hydrops.     

Ductus venosus blood flow alterations in fetuses with obstructive lesions of the right heart.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of isolated lesions of the fetal right heart on ductus venosus (DV) blood flow profiles. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of DV blood flow profiles in 83 fetuses with isolated right-sided cardiac lesions. Cases were divided into two groups. Group A had right-sided cardiac lesions associated with a large ventricular septal defect that equalized interventricular pressures (double outlet right ventricle (n = 12), tetralogy of Fallot (n = 19), pulmonary atresia (n = 5)). Group B had right-sided cardiac lesions with obstruction of the inflow (tricuspid atresia with ventricular septal defect (n = 14)) or obstruction of the outflow with intact ventricular septum (Ebstein's anomaly (n = 13), pulmonary stenosis (n = 13) and pulmonary atresia (n = 7)). Comparisons were made with 585 uneventful singleton pregnancies and previously published normative values. RESULTS: Fetuses in Group B had significantly higher rates of abnormal DV flow profiles compared to Group A and controls (P < 0.01). Conversely, there were no significant differences concerning DV parameters between fetuses in Group A and controls. Despite these different DV flow characteristics, there were no significant differences concerning signs of cardiac failure and/or survival to the perinatal period between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Right-sided cardiac lesions with obstruction of the inflow or outflow with intact ventricular septum are significantly associated with abnormally high pulsatilities in the DV and may even cause a reversal of flow during atrial contraction. These changes do not necessarily indicate cardiac failure, as they are primarily attributable to the special hemodynamics of the cardiac defect.     

先天性心脏病胎儿静脉导管血流频谱及血流参数

目的 分析先天性心脏病(CHD)胎儿静脉导管的频谱特征及血流参数,探讨其血流参数的变化及特定CHD与参数之间的可能相关性。方法 记录160胎CHD胎儿静脉导管波形及各频谱参数,随访并分组,探寻可能对CHD有提示意义的血流参数。结果 160 胎CHD胎儿中,右心系统发育异常胎儿的静脉导管频谱异常发生率明显高于其他畸形,其中又以三尖瓣闭锁+室间隔缺损及室间隔完整的右心室流出道梗阻畸形者发生率更高;且当搏动指数>1.39、前负荷指数>1.35及静脉峰值流速指数>1.53时,诊断右心系统发育异常的意义较大。结论 静脉导管波形异常可早期提示胎儿CHD,尤其是右心系统发育不良,对临床决策及判断预后有一定指导意义。     

Gestational age at delivery and Doppler waveforms in very preterm intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses as predictors of perinatal mortality.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare gestational age at delivery and the performance of middle cerebral artery (MCA), ductus venosus (DV), and umbilical artery Doppler parameters in the prediction of perinatal mortality and morbidity in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses delivered at 32 weeks or earlier. METHODS: The study population consisted of 41 patients with IUGR fetuses. Delivery occurred for maternal or fetal indications. Two-tailed chi(2) and Fisher exact tests, an independent t test, and logistic regression were used for the analysis. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Gestational age at delivery ranged between 23.1 and 32 weeks (median, 27.6 weeks). There were 17 perinatal deaths. Ninety-four percent of the perinatal deaths occurred when the fetuses were delivered before 29 weeks. No fetus survived when delivered before 25 weeks. Two parameters predicted the perinatal mortality: gestational age at delivery (odds ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.88) and the combination of abnormal MCA peak systolic velocity + DV reversed flow (odds ratio, 10.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-57). For each week of pregnancy, there was a reduction in perinatal mortality of 48%. No Doppler parameters were significantly associated with perinatal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational age at delivery and the combination of abnormal MCA peak systolic velocity + DV reversed flow in very preterm IUGR fetuses were the best parameters in predicting perinatal mortality. The decreased perinatal mortality that is found for each week IUGR fetuses remain in utero should be taken into account when a decision to deliver an IUGR fetus before 30 weeks is made.     

胎儿静脉导管及颈项透明层厚度的超声检测在先天性心脏畸形筛查中的价值

目的 探讨胎儿静脉导管多普勒血流频谱异常及颈项透明层（NT）增厚在早期胎儿先天性心脏畸形（CHD）筛查中的临床应用价值.方法 对3562例孕11~14周的孕妇行常规产前检查,进行胎儿静脉导管多普勒血流频谱和NT检测,对静脉导管血流频谱异常或NT增厚胎儿于孕18~20周行超声心动图检查以确诊或除外CHD,对静脉导管血流频谱和NT正常的胎儿于20~24周行胎儿常规系统筛查,对可疑胎儿心脏异常者再行胎儿超声心动图检查.所有活产儿于出生后1周内进行超声心动图检查,对引产胎儿进行尸检.结果 ①3562例胎儿中静脉导管多普勒血流频谱异常胎儿CHD的发生率明显高于静脉导管多普勒血流频谱正常的胎儿（P ＜ 0.01）,其敏感性、特异性及阳性预测值分别为55.22%、96.97%和25.87%;②NT增厚的胎儿CHD发生率明显高于NT正常胎儿（P ＜ 0.01）,其敏感性、特异性及阳性预测值分别为49.25%、98.03%及32.35%;③静脉导管多普勒血流频谱异常和NT增厚的胎儿CHD发生率明显高于静脉导管多普勒血流频谱及NT均正常的胎儿（P ＜ 0.01）,其敏感性、特异性及阳性预测值分别为43.28%、99.46%和60.42%.结论 胎儿静脉导管多普勒血流频谱异常和NT增厚可作为CHD的早期筛查指标.     

Ductus Venosus S‐Wave/Isovolumetric A‐Wave (SIA) Index and A‐Wave Reversed Flow in Severely Premature Growth‐Restricted Fetuses

Objective. Ductus venosus (DV) Doppler waveforms show 2 periods of decreased velocity during iso‐volumetric relaxation (isovolumetric relaxation velocity [IRV]) and atrial contraction (A wave or end‐diastolic velocity [EDV]). In intrauterine growth‐restricted (IUGR) fetuses, both may become abnormal. The hypothesis for this study was that in severely premature IUGR fetuses, Doppler assessment of both the IRV and EDV allows a more accurate prediction of fetal outcome than absent/reversed end‐diastolic flow (A/REDF) alone. Methods. Ductus venosus Doppler waveforms were serially studied in 49 severely premature IUGR fetuses from diagnosis until death or delivery. The DV waveforms were assessed for peak systolic velocity (PSV), IRV, and EDV and qualitatively for forward end‐diastolic flow or A/REDF. The S‐wave/isovolumetric A‐wave (SIA) index [PSV/(IRV + EDV)] for each fetus was compared to fetal/neonatal outcomes. Results. There were 8 cases of fetal death (FD), 9 cases of neonatal death (ND), and 32 cases of neonatal survival (NS). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the SIA index in all cases showed that values less than ?1.25 correlated with FD and those greater than ?1.25 correlated with live birth, with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. A second ROC curve of live births showed that values less than 2.07 correlated with NS and those greater than 2.07 correlated with ND with 67% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Ductus venosus A/REDF correlated with FD, ND, and NS with sensitivity values of 88%, 78%, and 32%, respectively. Of the 32 NSs, 11 (34%) had A/REDF with a median of 11 days before delivery. Conclusions. The SIA index is a novel Doppler parameter for assessment of severely premature IUGR fetuses that allows a much more accurate prediction of fetal outcome compared to A/REDF alone.     

多普勒超声监测心律失常胎儿脐动脉、静脉导管血流频谱的研究

目的 探讨多普勒超声监测心律失常胎儿脐动脉、静脉导管血流频谱的临床价值及其对胎儿预后的影响.方法 对孕16～41周的产科听诊、胎儿电子监护或超声检查发现心律异常的796例胎儿进行多普勒超声检查,监测脐动脉和静脉导管血流频谱,分析其对胎儿预后的影响.所有纳入研究的胎儿出生后尽量进行心电图和超声心动图检查.结果 796例胎儿中检出心律失常136例.136例心律失常胎儿中脐动脉舒张末期血流缺失或反向18例,静脉导管A谷缺失或反向9例.18例血流频谱异常的心律失常胎儿合并先天性心脏病12例(占66.7％).心动过缓胎儿伴发血流频谱异常和先天性心脏病的比例高.结论 脐动脉、静脉导管血流频谱正常的心律失常胎儿预后良好;反之预后较差.监测心律失常胎儿的脐动脉、静脉导管血流频谱,可以为临床明确诊断、早期干预提供依据.     

颈部透明层厚度、心脏三尖瓣反流和静脉导管血流联合Z评分对胎儿先天性心脏病的诊断效能分析

目的研究颈部透明层厚度（NT）、心脏三尖瓣反流（TR）和静脉导管血流（DV）联合胎儿心脏测量参数Z评分对胎儿先天性心脏病的诊断效能。 方法采用2015年1月至2020年2月在内蒙古医学院附属医院进行孕早期新生儿筛查的6 217例孕妇作为研究对象,根据引产与分娩共确证胎儿患有先心病分为观察组和对照组,分别对两组胎儿的NT、TR、DV以及心脏测量参数Z评分进行比较。分析NT、TR、DV与Z评分的联合对胎儿先天性心脏病的诊断效能。 结果观察组胎儿的NT、TR、DV异常率均高于对照组（χ²=1 953.577、1 805.085、1 339.066,均P＜0.001）。在以双顶径的预测中,观察组胎儿的主动脉Z评分低于对照组（0.012±0.001 vs 0.023±0.002,t=84.259,P＜0.001）,肺动脉Z评分高于对照组（0.035±0.002 vs 0.025±0.003,t=38.623,P=0.000）;在以股骨长的预测中,观察组胎儿的主动脉Z评分（0.022±0.003 vs 0.037±0.004,t=38.172,P＜0.001）以及肺动脉Z评分（0.031±0.005 vs 0.039±0.003,t=12.474,P＜0.001）低于对照组;在以实际孕周的预测中,观察组胎儿的主动脉Z评分（0.013±0.001 vs 0.022±0.002,t=68.939,P＜0.001）以及肺动脉Z评分（0.014±0.002 vs 0.019±0.003,t=19.312,P＜0.001）低于对照组。NT、TR、DV与Z评分联合诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的灵敏度为93.44%,显著优于单独诊断;NT、TR、DV与Z评分联合诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.892,显著高于单独检测（95%CI：0.654~0.912,P＜0.001）。 结论NT、TR、DV联合胎儿心脏测量参数Z评分对胎儿先天性心脏病具有积极的诊断意义。     

生长受限胎儿静脉导管、脐动脉彩色多普勒血流监测的临床价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)监测生长受限(FGR)胎儿静脉导管、脐动脉的血流参数的临床价值。方法 50例FGR组胎儿,80例正常胎儿为对照组,CDFI检测其静脉导管前负荷指数(PLI)、心室收缩期峰值流速/心房收缩谷流速(S/a)、脐动脉心室收缩峰值流速/心舒张末期流速(S/D)及搏动指数(PI)。结果与对照组比较,FGR组脐动脉S/D、PI、静脉导管S/a、PLI均增高(P0.05)。脐动脉S/D正常组与S/D异常组比较、静脉导管S/a正常组与S/D异常组比较,分娩时孕龄、出生时新生儿体质量、5 min Apart评分、剖宫产率及围生期死亡率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。采用静脉导管S/a和脐动脉S/D均异常较仅采用脐动脉S/D异常预测妊娠结局的误诊率低,诊断指数高。结论应用CDFI监测FGR胎儿静脉导管及脐动脉血流参数有重要的临床价值。     

怀孕中期胎儿孤立型股骨短的临床意义

目的研究怀孕中期胎儿孤立型股骨短与妊娠结局的关系。方法收集从2013年6月~2014年6月来我院行超声检查的孕中期（16~27周）孕妇247例。根据测量胎儿股骨长度的结果,分为正常股骨长度组和股骨短组,比较两组的临床特点与妊娠结局。结果232例（93.9%）胎儿股骨长度正常,15例（6.1%）存在孤立型股骨短。股骨长度正常组孕妇的身高、妊娠前体质量以及分娩体质量均高于胎儿股骨短组,差异有统计学意义（P<0..05）。胎儿股骨短组孕妇在孕期吸烟的概率高于胎儿股骨长度正常组,差异有统计学意义（P<0..05）。胎儿股骨短组出现小于胎龄儿、足月低出生体质量、早产的概率均高于胎儿股骨长度正常组,差异有统计学意义（P<0..05）。结论孕中期胎儿孤立型股骨短会增加发生早产、胎儿足月低出生体质量以及小于胎龄儿的风险。