2013—2015年北京市成年居民被动吸烟状况调查

目的 对2013—2015年北京市成人被动吸烟现况及其人群特征进行分析,为对该人群制定避免被动吸烟措施提供依据。方法 采用分层4阶段抽样方法抽取北京市≥18岁成年居民进行问卷调查,内容包括基本信息（年龄、性别、家庭所在地、文化程度、婚姻状况、职业等）、吸烟、被动吸烟情况。采用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2013—2015年共调查北京市成年居民11 437人,总吸烟率为28.7%（95%CI：28.0%~29.6%）。不同年龄、性别间吸烟率差异有统计学意义（均P<0.01）,18~24岁为10.3%,55岁后达高峰（34.4%）后开始略有下降。8 149名从不吸烟者中定义1和定义2被动吸烟率分别为13.5%、17.2%。不同性别和年龄成年居民被动吸烟率差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）,女性被动吸烟率明显高于男性;55岁前被动吸烟率随着年龄上升而增加,55岁后开始下降,到75~101岁组最低。被动吸烟率在不同年龄、文化程度、职业、婚姻状况男性居民中差异有统计学意义（均P<0.01）,不同年龄、文化程度、职业、城乡、婚姻状况女性居民中差异有统计学意义（均P<0.01）。结论 北京市成年居民被动吸烟率较高,但低于全国及其他地区水平,青中年、女性、个体工商职业人群是被动吸烟的主要人群。     

河北省成年居民吸烟状况调查

目的分析河北省成年居民的吸烟状况，为制定河北省控烟措施提供基础资料。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样，对河北省11个市、20个县、40个乡（街道）、120个自然村（居委会）的4200名成年居民进行问卷调查，问卷调查包括人口学特征、吸烟情况（开始吸烟年龄、吸烟类型、吸烟频率等）。结果共调查成年居民4200人，其中男性1734人，女性2466人，农村2940人，城市1260人；调查对象中，现在吸烟者有1222人，吸烟率为29．1％，其中男性吸烟率为61．4％，女性为6．4％，农村吸烟率为29．7％，城市为27．6％，65～69岁组、初中文化程度者、体力劳动者和离婚／分居者吸烟率较高，现在吸烟者平均每天吸烟17．0±0．7支；每天吸烟10～20支者占65．9％（661人），吸烟频率为≥6天／周者比例高达到85．8％。结论河北省成年居民吸烟率较高，尤其是青少年吸烟上升较快，控制烟草消费面临巨大的困难，应采取具体措施有效控制烟草消费。     

河北省成年居民被动吸烟状况调查

目的了解河北省成年居民被动吸烟状况,为制定河北省控烟措施提供资料。方法利用2004年河北省成年居民慢性病相关危险因素监测的数据,对18～69岁4200名成年居民的被动吸烟状况进行分析。结果河北省成年居民被动吸烟率58．8％,其中城市居民为61．6％,高于农村居民的57．6％（P〈0．05）,男性为61．3％,明显高于女性的57．1％（P〈0．01）;18～24岁组被动吸烟率较高,城市中男性被动吸烟率最高,为85．7％,每天均是被动吸烟者的比例高达50％。城市男性中每天被动吸烟2小时以上者占24．1％;男性被动吸烟场所在公共场所较多,而女性在家里较多;不吸烟者的被动吸烟率54．2％,其中女性为56．0％,高于男性的45．3％（P〈0．01）;一直吸烟者的被动吸烟率为67．4％,城市为72．8％,高于农村的65．1％（P〈0．01）。结论河北省成年居民被动吸烟率较高,应重点在年轻人和男性中进行控烟的健康教育,有效降低这一人群的吸烟率意义重大。     

Impact of acculturation on cardiovascular risk factors among elderly Mexican Americans

PurposeHigher levels of acculturation among Latinos have been shown to be associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in some studies of middle-age persons. The association of acculturation and prevalence of CV risk factors in elderly Latinos is less well established.MethodsAcculturation was measured using the validated bidimensional Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the association of acculturation with prevalence of CV risk factors among 1789 elderly men and women from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging using multivariate linear and logistic regression. We tested for the interaction of acculturation with risk factors by nativity status.ResultsMedian age was 69.8 years. Higher acculturation was associated with lower systolic blood pressure, lower low-density lipoprotein, higher high-density lipoprotein, and lower prevalence of CV disease after age and sex adjustment. Higher acculturation remained associated with lower level of low-density lipoprotein and higher level of high-density lipoprotein after full adjustment. Nativity status did not affect these results.ConclusionsContrary to other reports in middle-aged persons, higher levels of acculturation were associated with better lipid profiles and no significant differences in other CV risk factors by acculturation level in elderly Latinos.     

Food acculturation drives dietary differences among Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and Non-Hispanic Whites

Our aim was to examine the effects of food acculturation on Mexican Americans' (MA) diets, taking the Mexican diet as reference. We used nationally representative samples of children (2-11 y) and female adolescents and adults (12-49 y) from the Mexican National Nutrition Survey 1999 and NHANES 1999-2006 to compare the diets of Mexicans (n = 5678), MA born in Mexico (MAMX) (n = 1488), MA born in the United States (MAUS) (n = 3654), and non-Hispanic white Americans (NH-White) (n = 5473). One 24-h diet recall was used to examine the percentage consuming and percentage energy consumed from selected food groups. Most of the food groups analyzed displayed a fairly linear increase or decrease in percent energy/capita intake in this order: Mexican, MAMX, MAUS, NH-White. However, few significant differences were observed among the US subpopulations, especially among MAUS and NH-Whites. Overall, compared to Mexicans, the US subpopulations had greater intakes of saturated fat, sugar, dessert and salty snacks, pizza and French fries, low-fat meat and fish, high-fiber bread, and low-fat milk, as well as decreased intakes of corn tortillas, low-fiber bread, high-fat milk, and Mexican fast food. Furthermore, the patterns were similar in all age groups. Although we found a mix of positive and negative aspects of food acculturation, the overall proportion of energy obtained from unhealthy foods was higher among the US subpopulations. Our findings indicate that within one generation in the US, the influence of the Mexican diet is almost lost. In addition, our results reinforce the need to discourage critical unhealthful components of the American diet among MA.     

成都市城市居民吸烟、被动吸烟及成功戒烟现状调查

目的了解四川省成都市城市居民吸烟、被动吸烟及成功戒烟现状, 为制定新的控烟措施提供参考依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法对在成都市6个主城区抽取的4 994名18~69周岁城市居民进行问卷调查。结果成都市城市居民的吸烟率为25.31%(1 264/4 994),被动吸烟率为48.78%(1 482/3 038),成功戒烟率为10.65%(107/1 005);成都市不同特征城市居民比较, 不同性别、年龄、文化程度、职业城市居民吸烟率、被动吸烟率、成功戒烟率差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。结论成都市居民的吸烟率较低, 但被动吸烟率较高, 且成功戒烟率不高。     

温州市居民吸烟饮酒状况调查

[目的]分析温州市居民吸烟、饮酒的状况,为进一步采取干预措施提供依据。[方法]采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,在温州市有代表性的3个县区,抽取747名年龄15～69岁的居民进行面对面问卷调查。[结果]温州市居民的吸烟率为22.0%,男性吸烟率为49.5%,被动吸烟率为42.2%。76.5%的男性吸烟者开始吸烟年龄在24岁以下,平均日吸烟量为16.6支。温州市居民的饮酒率为32.4%,男、女性饮酒率分别为55.9%、13.9%。多因素分析发现吸烟的影响因素为性别、职业、饮酒;饮酒的影响因素为性别、吸烟。[结论]温州市居民吸烟率和饮酒率仍较高,控烟限酒工作十分艰巨。     

南京市居民吸烟状况调查分析

目的了解南京市居民吸烟现况,探讨吸烟行为的影响因素。方法采取自行设计的调查问卷,在广场、医院、学校、社区等调查点抽取800名居民进行吸烟状况调查。结果调查的800人中吸烟率为28．3％,其中男性吸烟率（45．6％）高于女性（4．2％）。绝大多数吸烟者（91．6％）每日吸烟量不超过20支,男女性的每日吸烟量差异无统计学意义。男性开始吸烟的平均年龄（22．03±6．56）岁低于女性的平均年龄（28．93±10．15）岁。丧偶或离异者吸烟率最高,达51．9％。在吸烟者中戒烟3次及以上的人数占38．196（86／226）。结论南京市居民吸烟率仍然很高,烟草控制仍然面临着巨大的挑战,应加大控烟力度,加强控烟法规的执行,开展多种形式的健康教育,才能有效降低居民吸烟率。     

Differences in nativity,age and gender may impact health behavior and perspectives among Asian Indians

Objective: Identify health perspectives among Asian Indians in greater Houston area, to guide a tailored community wide survey.

Design: Four focus groups of different ages, gender, and nativity were conducted at which participants were asked for their opinions about specific health topics. Key informant interviews were conducted with ten community leaders to validate focus group responses. Recordings from focus groups and key informant interviews were transcribed and analyzed.

Results: Diabetes, cancer, and hypertension were primary health concerns. Common themes were sedentary lifestyle and poor health literacy. Older participants were more accepting of having familial hypertension and high cholesterol. Women were more concerned about health of family members and dietary habits. Perspectives differed on eating habits, physical activity, use of Western medicine, and smoking based on nativity. Responses from key informant interviews validated focus group findings.

Conclusion: Perspectives on health may differ among Asian Indians depending on gender, age, and nativity.     

北京市西城区居民吸烟状况分析

目的了解西城区居民吸烟状况，研究不同职业、化层次对吸烟行为的影响，为制定相关的健康教育方案提供依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法，在西城区抽取355户，将每户中所有的家庭成员作为调查对象。结果男性吸烟率41．2％，女性吸烟率2．9％，整体吸烟率为21．4％。在不同的化程度中，男性吸烟率主要是具有高中忡专化程度人群，为56.3％，其次为盲化程度人群，占40．0％，女性吸烟率随化程度升高而降低，不同职业中男性吸烟率最高为生产运输人员，为70．4％，其次为待业人员，为68．4％。女性吸烟率最高为其他劳动，整体吸烟率最高为生产运输人员，不同性别婚姻状况吸烟率无统计学意义。结论西城区男性和女性吸烟率明显低于北京市平均水平，要重点加强对35～45岁控烟教育，并要研究有效的针对育龄妇女的吸烟问题和青少年吸烟问题干预措施。     

沈阳市35岁以上居民吸烟、被动吸烟及戒烟现状调查

目的 了解沈阳市居民目前吸烟、被动吸烟、戒烟相关情况,为有针对性地制定控烟措施提供基础资料.方法 对社区慢性阻塞性肺病预防与控制适宜技术研究所获得的2194份35岁以上沈阳市社区居民间卷调查中吸烟信患进行分析.结果 吸烟率为37.1％,现在吸烟率为27.7％,常吸烟率为27.6％,重型吸烟率为12.8％.男性吸烟率及吸烟量均高于女性(P＜ 0.001).35～49岁年龄组吸烟率最高(29.9％).不同受教育程度人群吸烟率差异无统计学意义.但不同收入水平的人群吸烟率存在差异.被动吸烟率女性高于男性,且随年龄增加,呈下降趋势.吸烟者中戒烟率为25.2％,复吸率为11.9％,接受医生劝导戒烟者戒烟率(34.7％)高于自主戒烟者(6.8％).结论 不同年龄、性别、家庭收入者吸烟率及成功的戒烟率差别明显.应进一步加强中青年人群烟草危害的健康教育及戒烟知识推广,倡导给予戒烟者更多的帮助,尤其是医生劝导戒烟及指导药物戒烟,提高戒烟率,减少烟草危害.     

Segmented assimilation theory and perinatal health disparities among women of Mexican descent

A higher prevalence of infant low birth weight (<2500 g) has been observed among more acculturated mothers of Mexican descent living in the U.S. when compared to their less acculturated counterparts. Tests of the “acculturation hypothesis” have established that disparities in certain risks for low birth weight exist between subgroups of women of Mexican-origin. However, disparities observed by neighborhood of residence have yet to be explained. Most tests of the acculturation hypothesis assume a classical path of assimilation, whereby Mexican American health is expected to deteriorate with time spent residing in the U.S. and across the generations. The theory of segmented assimilation suggests that alternative paths are possible depending upon individual characteristics and the context of the neighborhood into which immigrant families and their children reside. This study tested the theory of segmented assimilation as a framework for examining the geographic, cultural, and socioeconomic underpinnings of population differences in infant low birth weight among women of Mexican descent in California using the 2000 U.S. Census and population-based data from the Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (1999–2005) (n = 6442). Little support was found for the theory's hypotheses. Rather, increased odds for infant low birth weight were observed for English speakers residing in Latino immigrant neighborhoods when compared to English speakers in other neighborhoods, an effect attenuated for Spanish speakers. Elevated odds of low birth weight were also observed among English speakers residing in Latino immigrant neighborhoods when compared to Spanish speakers in the same neighborhoods. Findings suggest the transfer of health-specific social capital in ethnic neighborhoods may depend upon sociocultural consonance between individuals and neighborhood residents. The authors call for additional research that sheds light on the sociocultural dynamics of maternal and infant health at multiple levels.     

长春市城区居民吸烟及二手烟暴露状况调查

目的了解长春市城区居民吸烟及二手烟暴露相关情况,为制定控烟政策提供依据。方法采用多阶段整群抽样法,抽取长春市2 233户家庭,从每户家庭中抽取1名成员进行家庭问卷,共访谈2 213人。结果长春市成人总体吸烟率为23.5%,男性吸烟率(43.2%)明显高于女性(3.8%),45～64岁年龄组人群吸烟率最高为26.9%,不同性别、年龄的成年人吸烟率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);现在每日吸烟者日均吸烟量为(14.9±8.3)支,男性(15.3±8.4)支高于女性(10.7±6.5)支,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);公共场所二手烟暴露率酒吧最高为78.9%,其次为餐馆72.7% ;室内工作场所二手烟暴露率为48.9%,男性(47.6%)非吸烟者高于女性(38.1%)(P<0.05);家庭二手烟暴露率为45.8%,女性(40.8%)非吸烟者高于男性(22.8%),(P<0.05)。结论长春市总体吸烟率与二手烟暴露率低于全国平均水平;公共场所酒吧、餐馆,室内工作场所和家里是二手烟暴露的主要场所;男性吸烟者是控烟重点人群。     

上海市育龄人群VCT和VCR知识及服务利用调查

目的 了解上海市育龄人群艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCR)及自愿咨询转诊(VCR)知识及服务利用现况,为进一步进行社区干预服务提供依据.方法 采取多阶段抽样方法,对上海市3个社区的育龄居民进行流行病学问卷调查.结果 共调查1 500名育龄居民综合VCT及VCR知识得分为(45.72±24.55)分,多因素分析结果显示,学历和性病/艾滋病知识是主要影响因素;曾经接受过VCT服务的占5.53%,接受过VCR服务的占6.00%;55.87%的人愿意接受免费的自愿咨询检测服务,53.73%的人愿意接受免费的自愿咨询转诊服务.结论 育龄居民对VCT及VCR知识掌握及利用现况不容乐观,应采取灵活多样的有针对性地干预方式,多部门合作,进行宣传教育.     

2012年北京市顺义区居民吸烟与被动吸烟状况调查

目的了解北京市顺义区居民吸烟与被动吸烟情况,为采取有针对性的健康教育提供科学依据。方法通过等比例多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,对顺义区12个社区1434户常住居民进行问卷调查,每户通过KISH表随机调查15～79岁居民1人。结果顺义区居民现在吸烟率为27．5％,男性（55．9％）显著高于女性（2．0％）,随着月收入增长,吸烟率上升趋势（P〈0．01）。吸第1支烟的平均年龄为（21．1±6．3）岁。41．1％的居民有被动吸烟,不同性别、年龄、文化程度、收入水平的居民被动吸烟报告率的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。平均每周有5．5d被动吸烟,被动吸烟场所主要为家庭和工作场所。22．3％的吸烟居民有戒烟意愿,戒烟主要原因为“意识到吸烟的危害”（73．9％）。结论该区居民吸烟和被动吸烟比例较高,需要加强健康教育和控烟工作,促进居民健康。     

Maternal and infant health of Mexican immigrants in the USA: the effects of acculturation,duration, and selective return migration

Background. A significant body of research on minority health shows that while Hispanic immigrants experience unexpectedly favorable outcomes in maternal and infant health, their advantage deteriorates with increased time of residence in the USA. This is referred to as the ‘acculturation paradox.’

Objective. We assess the ‘acculturation paradox’ hypothesis that attributes this deterioration in birth and child health outcomes to negative effects of acculturation and behavioral adjustments made by immigrants while living in the USA, and investigate the potential for the existence of a selective return migration.

Design. We use a sample of Mexican immigrant women living in two Midwestern communities in the USA to analyze the effects of immigrant duration and acculturation on birth outcomes once controlling for social, behavioral, and environmental determinants of health status. These results are verified by conducting a similar analysis with a nationally representative sample of Mexican immigrants.

Results. We find duration of residence to have a significant and nonlinear relationship with birth outcomes and acculturation to not be statistically significant. The effect of mediators is minimal.

Conclusion. The analyses of birth outcomes of Mexican immigrant women shows little evidence of an acculturation effect and indirectly suggest the existence of a selective return migration mechanism.