UPLC-MS/MS测定大鼠血浆中8-O-乙酰山栀苷甲酯浓度

目的 建立超高效液相串联质谱法快速测定大鼠体内8-O-乙酰山栀苷甲酯的浓度。方法 用乙腈沉淀蛋白方法处理血浆,色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水,梯度洗脱,流速为0.4 mL·min^-1;用正离子多离子反应监测(MRM)扫描,内标为槲皮素。结果 血浆中8-O-乙酰山栀苷甲酯的线性范围为2.5~500 ng·mL^-1(r=0.997 9),最低定量限为0.5 ng·mL^-1。低、中、高3个浓度(3, 45和450 ng·mL^-1)的质控样品的日内、日间精密度RSD均<10%,3个浓度的相对回收率分别为(103.59±4.75)%, (98.68±4.62)%和(97.06±5.64)%。结论 该方法操作简便、快捷,灵敏度高,适于大鼠血浆中8-O-乙酰山栀苷甲酯浓度的测定及其药代动力学研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大鼠血浆中的汉黄芩素

目的建立测定大鼠血浆中汉黄芩素浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法血浆样品经液-液萃取后,进行色谱分离,采用三重四极杆串联质谱检测,使用大气压化学电离源(APCI),在正离子条件下选择反应监测(SRM)方式进行扫描,用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z 284.8→m/z 269.5(汉黄芩素)和m/z 254.7→m/z 198.5(葛根黄豆苷元,内标)。结果线性范围为0.25～20 ng·mL^-1,最低定量浓度为0.25 ng·mL^-1。以质控样品(QC)计算,在各浓度水平下,此法的批内精密度(RSD)为2.2%～13.1%,批间精密度为5.9%～7.3%;准确度(RE)为-0.3%～1.3%。结论 此法灵敏、快速、准确,可用于大鼠血浆中汉黄芩素浓度测定及临床前药动学研究。     

中国沙棘果实中的黄酮苷类成分

目的 研究中国沙棘果实中的黄酮苷类化学成分.方法 采用95%乙醇渗滤提取得总浸膏,经溶剂萃取及柱层析分离,采用化学及光谱方法进行结构鉴定.结果 分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为异鼠李素-3-O-槐二糖-7-O-鼠李糖苷(Ⅰ)、异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷(Ⅱ)、异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖-7-O-鼠李糖苷(Ⅲ)、丁香亭-3-O-芸香糖苷(Ⅳ)、山柰酚-3-O-槐二糖-7-O-鼠李糖苷(Ⅴ)、山柰酚-7-O-鼠李糖苷(Ⅵ)、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(Ⅶ)和槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖(Ⅷ).结论 化合物Ⅰ、Ⅴ为首次从中国沙棘果实中分离得到,化合物Ⅳ、Ⅵ为首次从胡颓子科植物中分离得到.     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中十肽化合物LXT-101及Beagle犬药代动力学研究

建立HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中十肽化合物(LXT-101)的浓度，并应用于Beagle犬的药代动力学研究。血浆样品采用乙腈直接沉淀蛋白的方法，内标(IS)选用¹²⁷I-LXT-101，采用ESI-MS/MS二极质谱，选择反应监测(SRM)方式进行检测。LXT-101的线性范围为0.5～500.0 ng·mL^-1(r²>0.993 0)，绝对回收率为85.2%～90.7%，日内、日间精密度(RSD%)均小于10.9%，准确度(RE)在±1.8%之内。血浆中的最低检测限(LOQ)为0.5 ng·mL^-1。该法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高。可检测出低剂量肌注(im)给药后犬体内的血药浓度，适于临床前药代动力学研究。     

HPLC-ECD法测定大鼠血浆中银杏叶黄酮成分及药代动力学研究

目的:建立大鼠灌胃银杏叶提取物后血浆中黄酮类成分的灵敏分析方法,并进行药代动力学研究。方法:血浆样品经葡萄糖醛酸苷水解酶水解后,采用高效液相色谱分离及电化学检测,同时分析大鼠血浆样品中槲皮素、异鼠李素和山柰酚。色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax Ec lipse XDB-C8(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-异丙醇-磷酸盐缓冲液(磷酸二氢钠-磷酸,pH=2)(15?15?70),流速0.8 mL.m in-1,检测电压为200 mV,柱温30℃。结果:槲皮素、异鼠李素和山柰酚与其他内源性和药源性成分达到良好分离;最低检测浓度达到0.5 ng.mL-1;平均提取回收率分别为88.7%,86.2%,87.0%;准确度在92.7%~105.3%之间,日内精密度RSD小于6.6%,日间精密度RSD小于14.1%,样品分析时间为20 m in。大鼠灌胃给予银杏叶提取物10 mg.kg-1后,酶水解血浆中槲皮素、异鼠李素和山柰酚的半衰期分别为(3.53±1.88)h,(6.94±4.05)h,(3.97±2.30)h;3个黄酮类成分在大鼠血浆中都显示明显的二次达峰现象。结论:建立的检测方法能灵敏、特...     

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法快速分析血浆中特布他林

目的　建立快速、高灵敏度(50pg·mL^-1 )分析血浆中特布他林浓度的液相色谱 串联质谱法。方法　以沙丁胺醇为内标,血浆样品经固相萃取后,进行色谱分离,电喷雾离子化四极串联质谱检测,采用选择离子反应监测(SRM)方式进行定量分析,用于监测的离子为m/z 226→151(特布他林)和m/z 240→148(沙丁胺醇,内标)。结果　特布他林的线性范围为0.05 - 8.0ng·mL^-1 ;以质控样品(0.1,0.4和4.0ng·mL^-1 )计算,该法的批间精密度(RSD)为2.5% - 7.1% ,准确度(RE)为- 3.1% - 5.7% ;批内精密度为4.2% - 6.6% ;每个样品测试时间仅3.8min。结论　该法操作简便、快速,灵敏度高于文献报道的结果,可检测出受试者单剂量口服10mg盐酸班布特罗6 0h后特布他林的血浆浓度,适用于临床药物动力学研究。     

HPLC法同时测定覆盆子中7个成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立同时测定覆盆子中鞣花酸、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、椴树苷、山柰酚、槲皮素、芦丁和齐墩果酸含量的方法。方法:采用HPLC色谱法,色谱柱为Thermo ODS C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以乙腈-0.2%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长:254 nm（鞣花酸、槲皮素、山柰酚）、340 nm（山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、芦丁）、360 nm （齐墩果酸）、316 nm（椴树苷）,柱温:30℃,进样量:20μl。结果:鞣花酸、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、椴树苷、山柰酚、槲皮素、芦丁和齐墩果酸检测质量浓度的线性范围分别为14.412～172.944μg·ml-1,5.042～60.504μg·ml-1,0.605～7.260μg·ml-1,1.151～13.812μg·ml-1,2.562～30.744μg·ml-1,4.451～53.412μg·ml-1,0.507～6.084μg·ml-1（r为0.999 4～0.999 9）;平均加样回收率分别为101.3%,99.6%,100.5%,100.8%,101.0%,99.7%,100.3%（RSD<2.0%,n=6）。结论:该方法操作简便、结果准确、重复性好,可用于覆盆子的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定三叶青块根中6个黄酮类成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定三叶青块根中芦丁、异槲皮苷、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、紫云英苷、槲皮素和山柰酚含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。色谱柱为Alliance SilGreen C18,流动相为0.2%磷酸水溶液-乙腈溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0mL/min,柱温为35℃,检测波长为360 nm,进样量为15μL。结果:芦丁、异槲皮苷、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、紫云英苷、槲皮素和山柰酚的检测质量浓度线性范围分别为21.77～217.77、12.37～123.75、13.23～132.31、4.63～46.30、5.75～57.50、3.36～33.66μg/mL(r均=0.999 9);检测限分别为0.217 8、0.123 8、0.066 2、0.046 3、0.191 7、0.112 3μg/mL;定量限分别为0.435 6、0.247 5、0.165 4、0.154 3、0.575 0、0.421 2μg/mL;精密度(n=6)、稳定性(24 h,n=7)、重复性(n=6)试验的RSD均≤3.20%;平均加样回收率分别为96.23%、86.88%、97.51%、97.67%、97.50%、87.46%,RSD分别为1.85%、1.90%、1.84%、1.87%、1.25%、2.01%(n=9)。结论:该方法快速、简便,可用于同时测定三叶青块根中芦丁、异槲皮苷、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、紫云英苷、槲皮素和山柰酚的含量。     

沙葱化学成分的分离与结构鉴定Ⅰ

目的对产自内蒙古阿拉善盟的百合科葱属植物沙葱的化学成分进行研究,为其在食品营养和药理活性方面的研究提供依据。方法采用大孔吸附树脂、Sephadex LH-20等柱色谱及制备型高效液相色谱法等手段对其化学成分进行分离、纯化,并结合化合物的理化性质与波谱学数据鉴定结构。结果从沙葱中分离鉴定了7个单体成分,分别为山柰酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(2)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、山柰酚-3-芸香糖苷-4'-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷(5)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→4)[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→6)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、山柰酚-3-O-龙胆二糖苷-4'-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)。结论化合物4、6、7为从葱属植物中首次分离得到,化合物1、2、3和5为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

RP-HPLC法研究塔斯品碱在大鼠体内的药代动力学

目的:建立大鼠血浆中塔斯品碱浓度的 RP-HPLC 分析方法,并研究其药代动力学特性。方法:用液液萃取技术对血浆中的塔斯品碱进行纯化、浓集,用 RP-HPLC 法进行测定。色谱柱:Kromsil C_(18)ODS 柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-60 mmol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠-20 mmol·L~(-1)SDS(70:30);流速:1.0 mL(min~(-1);检测波长:245nm;柱温:室温。结果:方法线性范围为15.63～903.7 ng·mL~(-1)(r=0.994 0),日内、日间精密度的 RSD 分别为3.8%～4.9%和4.2%～7.6%,平均回收率为(107.33±7.3)%～(97.30±4.8)%。塔斯品碱在大鼠体内的达峰时间约2.84 h,平均峰浓度为64.15 ng·mL~(-1),药时曲线下面积为1214.98 ng·mL~(-1)·h,消除半衰期为10.96 h。结论:分析方法灵敏、准确,适合于塔斯品碱的药代动力学研究。塔斯品碱经大鼠口服吸收较慢,而消除很慢。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Pradigastat disposition in humans: in vivo and in vitro investigations

1.?Pradigastat is a potent and specific diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) inhibitor effective in lowering postprandial triglycerides (TG) in healthy human subjects and fasting TG in familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) patients.

2.?Here we present the results of human oral absorption, metabolism and excretion (AME), intravenous pharmacokinetic (PK), and in vitro studies which together provide an overall understanding of the disposition of pradigastat in humans.

3.?In human in vitro systems, pradigastat is metabolized slowly to a stable acyl glucuronide (M18.4), catalyzed mainly by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) 1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT2B7. M18.4 was observed at very low levels in human plasma.

4.?In the human AME study, pradigastat was recovered in the feces as parent drug, confounding the assessment of pradigastat absorption and the important routes of elimination. However, considering pradigastat exposure after oral and intravenous dosing, this data suggests that pradigastat was completely bioavailable in the radiolabeled AME study and therefore completely absorbed.

5.?Pradigastat is eliminated very slowly into the feces, presumably via the bile. Renal excretion is negligible. Oxidative metabolism is minimal. The extent to which pradigastat is eliminated via metabolism to M18.4 could not be established from these studies due to the inherent instability of glucuronides in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Changes in immunoreactive somatostatin in brain following lidocaine-induced kindling in rat

The kindling phenomenon has become a useful model for studying epileptogenesis. The present authors have previously reported increased levels of immunoreactive somatostatin (IR-SRIF) in various regions of the brain of electrically-amygdaloid kindled (EAK) rats. In this study, an examination was made of immunoreactive somatostatin in pharmacologically-kindled (PK) rats. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a subthreshold dose of lidocaine (60 mg/kg), once daily. Once the kindling phenomenon was established, kindled rats (7), non-kindled rats (9) and controls (6) were sacrificed by microwave irradiation. Another group of 5 rats was injected with a single suprathreshold dose of lidocaine (110 mg/kg) and killed 10 min after the resultant seizure. Various brain areas were removed and assayed for immunoreactive somatostatin in kindled rats. Immunoreactive somatostatin was significantly greater than in controls in the amygdala (56%; P less than 0.02), entorhinal + piriform cortex (50%; P less than 0.05) and hypothalamus (29%; P less than 0.02). In non-kindled rats, immunoreactive somatostatin increased only in the amygdala (58%; P less than 0.02). No difference was found in the immunoreactive somatostatin content of rats injected with an suprathreshold dose of lidocaine compared to controls. The alteration of immunoreactive somatostatin, in both lidocaine-kindled and electrically-amygdaloid kindled rats suggests a possible role of this neuropeptide in kindling.