慢性精神分裂症照料者生命质量的调查

目的:调查慢性精神分裂症患者照料者的生命质量状况。方法:纳入符合ICD-10慢性精神分裂症患者照料者60例和与之匹配的健康对照组60例,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI-74)和领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)分别对两组进行评估。结果:慢性精神分裂症患者照料者的HAMD、HAMA评分高于健康对照组(t=8.218,6.144;P0.001),PSSS总分(t=6.242,P=0.000)和GQOLI-74各维度分(t=2.622,4.983,2.983,4.184,6.137;P0.05)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。生活质量的心理功能维度与心理健康状况(HAMD,HAMA)呈负相关(r=-0.288,-0.312;P0.01),与家庭支持呈正相关(r=0.457,P0.01),总体生活质量因子分与抑郁情绪呈负相关(r=-0.167,P0.05),GQOLI-74的4个维度与社会支持总分呈正相关(r=0.157,0.281,0.414,0.164;P0.05或0.01)。结论:慢性精神分裂症患者照料者的心理健康状态、社会支持度、生活质量较健康对照组差,应引起重视。     

腔隙性服梗塞病人的焦虑和抑郁评定

目的　评定腔隙性脑梗塞病人的焦虑和抑郁。方法　病人于住院 1周时评定抑郁量表 ( HAMD)、抑郁自评量表( CES-D)和焦虑量表 ( HAMA) ,并与正常对照比较。结果　病人 HAMD总分 ( 8.2 3± 5.58分 )与对照组 ( 7.63± 3.4 2分 )无显著差异 ;CES-D总分 ( 1 6.2± 9.67分 )比对照组 ( 8.2 3± 7.75分 )显著为高 ;HAMA总分 ( 5.93± 3.83分 )与对照组( 5.94± 4 .1 1分 )无显著差异。结论　腔隙性脑梗塞病人存在不足综合征的抑郁 ;用 CES-D比用 HAMD更易检出不足综合征的抑郁 ;腔隙性脑梗塞病人在住院 1周时未检出明显焦虑。     

抑郁症患者的家庭暴力及因素分析

目的:研究家庭暴力与抑郁症个性特点、社会支持、应对方式的关系,针对心理十预提供理论依据。方法:采用自行设计的家庭暴力调查表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、社会支持评定量表、特质应对方式问卷和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ),对72例抑郁症患者进行评定和比较。结果:有家庭内暴力者38例(男16例,女22例),家庭暴力与抑郁症患者HAMD 抑郁总分呈正相关;有家庭暴力组男性的主观支持分、总社会支持分低于无家庭暴力组(18.8±4.9,22.6±3.4;33.7±8.2,39.6±6.4,P<0.05),消极应对分高于无家庭暴力组(34.9±4.7,30.1±6.5,P<0.05);有家庭暴力组女性的支持利用度分低于无家庭暴力组(6.1±2.0,8.1±2.0,P<0.05), EPQ的神经质评分高于无家庭暴力组(64.2±7.4,56.5±10.3,P<0.05)。结论:抑郁症患者的家庭暴力事件应予以重视,家庭暴力与男性抑郁症患者的绝望感、主观支持、总社会支持及消极应对方式相关;家庭暴力与女性的支持利用度和神经质个性相关。     

驻海岛官兵睡眠障碍、急性应激障碍及社会支持关系

目的探讨驻海岛官兵睡眠障碍、急性应激反应与社会支持状况的相关因素。方法采用随机整群抽样法,抽取883名驻海岛官兵作为研究组和1184名非海岛某部队官兵作为对照组,采用军人睡眠问题测量问卷、军人急性应激反应量表与军人社会支持量表进行调查,数据应用t检验、Pearson相关分析、回归分析。结果①驻海岛官兵睡眠障碍总分及各因子分均高于对照组(睡眠障碍总分t=-7.65,各因子分t=1.60~12.91,P0.05);②驻海岛官兵急性应激障碍总分及各因子分高于对照组(急性应激障碍总分t=3.79,各因子t=2.70~5.37,其中除睡眠情况因子外,其余各因子P0.05);③驻海岛官兵睡眠障碍总分与社会支持总分(r=-0.52,P0.01)及一般情况均呈负相关(r=-0.05~-0.52,P0.05);④驻海岛官兵睡眠障碍总分及各因子与急性应激障碍总分及各因子呈正相关(r=0.19~0.60,P0.01);⑤社会支持和性别是影响海岛官兵睡眠障碍的主要因素(t=-13.389,2.199;P0.05)。结论驻海岛官兵睡眠质量及应激反应均较差,应有针对性的为驻海岛官兵开展心理干预。     

社区人群抑郁障碍早期心理干预效果随访

目的 探索心理教育时社区抑郁障碍患者及高危人群的近期效果.方法 干预对象为社区抑郁障碍患者12例及阈下抑郁者40例.干预形式包括发放健康教育手册及讲座形式,内容包括抑郁障碍知识及认知行为治疗取向的心理教育.结果 干预后抑郁障碍知晓率显著提高,熟悉率由7.5％升至30.5％(x2=11.80,P=0.00).干预后汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)总分及应对方式消极应对分均显著降低(t=2.01,P=0.05;t=2.28,P=0.03).女性汉密尔顿抑郁(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑(HAMA)减分值均显著高于男性(P分别为0.01、0.00),内向者HAMD减分值亦显著低于性格外向及一般者(F=3.38,P=0.04),女性特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)消极应对分减分值亦显著高于男性(F=9.77,P=0.00).年龄与HAMD减分值呈显著负相关(r=-0.27,P=0.05).干预1年后随访,HAMD、HAMA总分均显著低于基线(t=3.82,2.97;P＜0.01).结论 心理教育能提高社区抑郁症患者及高危人群抑郁症知晓率,改善抑郁症状及应对方式,女性改善较佳.     

产后抑郁症患者认知模式与人格特质

目的探讨产后抑郁症患者(PPD)认知模式、人格特质的特点及两者之间的关系。方法采用自动思维问卷(ATQ)、功能失调性态度问卷(DAS)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)对389名产后3～7天的产妇进行测查。结果①在389名调查者中,产后抑郁症患者147例(37.8%);②产后抑郁症患者与产后非抑郁产妇的ATQ总分和DAS总分差异有统计学意义(t=10.271,4.993;P<0.001);产后抑郁症患者与产后非抑郁产妇DAS的7个因子脆弱性、完美化、强制性、寻求赞许、依赖性、自主性态度、认知哲学得分差异均有统计学意义(t=2.736,4.082,2.826,3.736,3.321,2.649,2.924;P<0.01);③产后抑郁症患者和产后非抑郁产妇的精神质(P)、内外倾(E)、神经质(N)、和说谎(L)4个量表的得分差异均有统计学意义(t=3.990,2.052,11.154,4.038;P<0.01);④产后抑郁症患者的精神质与ATQ总分,认知哲学呈正相关(r=0.276,0.223;P<0.01);说谎与ATQ总分呈负相关(r=-0.252,P<0.01);内外倾与脆弱性、自主性态度呈负相关(r=-0.144,-0.167;P<0.05),神经质与ATQ总分、吸引/排斥呈正相关(r=0.369,0.183;P<0.05);⑤精神质和神经质可以预测产后抑郁症患者的自动思维,建立的回归方程为:ATQ=3.959+0.705×TN+0.329×TP。结论产后抑郁症患者存在歪曲认知;产妇的人格特质与抑郁的发生关系密切,对自动思维具有预测作用。     

支持性心理干预和综合干预方法对PTSD患者的疗效观察

目的:观察支持性心理干预、综合干预方法对PTSD患者的创伤后应激症状、焦虑及抑郁的疗效。方法:对符合入选标准的120名患者,随机分对照组、支持性心理干预组和综合干预组(认知行为疗法+药物治疗)。对照组不给予任何干预措施,认知行为疗法及支持性心理干预均进行12周,药物治疗由临床医师根据患者病情进行给药治疗。所有患者均在入组时及12周后用创伤后应激障碍量表(PCL-C)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)进行评估。结果:3组的各量表在组间整体、时间整体和交互作用整体上均有统计学差异。干预后,3组在PCL-C总分(F=40.140,P0.05)、HAMA总分(F=22.464,P0.05)和HAMD总分(F=10.201,P0.05)均有统计学差异;两干预组的PCL-C总分、HAMA总分和HAMD总分与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);综合干预组PCL-C总分和HAMD总分低于支持性心理干预组,有统计学差异(P0.05);支持性心理干预组和综合干预组干预前后组内比较,PCL-C、HAMA和HAMD均有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:两种干预方法对减轻PTSD患者创伤后应激症状,缓解其焦虑及抑郁情绪均是有效的,而综合干预方法对缓解PTSD患者创伤后应激症状和抑郁情绪更有效,但未进行干预措施的患者,并不随时间的延长,其不良症状能够减轻。     

探究ICU机械通气患者心理状态及心理干预对预后的影响

目的:探究ICU机械通气患者的心理状态以及心理干预对患者预后的影响。方法:选取2016年2月-2017年2月于我院重症监护室行机械通气治疗的患者100例,所有患者均神志清楚。采用HAMA(汉密尔顿焦虑量表)和HAMD(汉密尔顿抑郁量表)评估患者的心理状态。将患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组50例。对照组给予ICU常规生命体征看护,观察组在此基础上给予个体化心理干预。对比两组患者干预后HAMA评分、HAMD评分、机械通气时间、住ICU时间,评估对比两组患者的治疗依从性及意外脱管发生率情况。结果:100例机械通气患者干预前HAMA评分为(24.5+3.7)分,HAMD评分为(31.7+4.9)分,平均分数处于中度焦虑/抑郁水平。93例(93.0%)患者均存在不同程度的焦虑/抑郁,其中,重度焦虑和抑郁分别占45.0%和52.0%,无焦虑/抑郁者占7.0%;干预后,观察组患者HAMA、HAMD评分较干预前显著降低,观察组干预后HAMA、HAMD评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.65,-3.08;P0.05);观察组与对照组患者总依从率分别为84.0%和58.0%,意外脱管发生率分别为4.0%和12.0%,平均机械通气时间分别为(8.4+3.8)天和(12.5+4.9)天,平均住ICU时间分别为(12.3+5.7)天和(18.4+5.5)天,差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=8.208,2.174;t=-8.34,-9.25;P0.05)。结论:多数ICU内行机械通气的患者合并不同程度的焦虑/抑郁,个体化心理干预治疗可以改善患者心理状态、提高治疗依从性、缩短机械通气时间和住ICU时间。     

老年急性缺血性卒中患者焦虑抑郁症状与认知功能障碍的相关性

目的:研究老年急性缺血性卒中患者焦虑抑郁症状与认知功能障碍的相关性。方法:选取2016年12月-2017年12月本院收治的老年急性缺血性卒中患者200例作为研究对象,根据焦虑抑郁症状分为研究组(焦虑抑郁患者)和对照组(非焦虑抑郁患者)各100例。采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、简易精神状态评价量表(MMSE)及神经功能缺损程度评分量表(NIHSS)进行评分,并进行相关性分析。结果:①研究组患者HAMA评分、HAMD评分均显著高于对照组(t=36.90,47.205;P0.001);②研究组患者MMSE评分显著低于对照组(t=19.957,P0.001),NIHSS评分显著高于对照组(t=11.426,P0.001);③老年急性缺血性卒中患者MMSE评分与HAMA评分、HAMD评分呈负相关(r=-0.533,-0.568;P0.05),NIHSS评分与HAMA评分、HAMD评分呈正相关(r=0.761,0.724;P0.05)。结论:老年急性缺血性卒中患者焦虑抑郁症状与认知功能障碍呈显著的相关性,医护人员应对患者给予适当有效的心理干预,降低焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪的发生。     

精神分裂症患者缓解期社会支持状况

目的探讨精神分裂症患者缓解期社会支持状况。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)对某部医院住院精神分裂症缓解期患者36人及健康对照组32人进行测查。结果①精神分裂症缓解期患者的躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、精神病性因子分、总分、总均分均显著高于健康对照组(t=2.311~2.800,P均0.05)。精神分裂症缓解期患者的人际关系敏感和敌对因子分显著低于全国成人常模(t=-2.493,-3.705;P均0.05);②精神分裂症缓解期患者的家庭支持、朋友支持、其他人支持及社会支持总分均显著低于健康对照组(t=-3.819,-2.918,-3.547,-3.863;P均0.01);③全体研究对象的SCL-90总分和阳性项目数与PSSS的4个维度进行Pearson相关分析,均呈现为显著的负相关(r=-0.292~-0.458,P均0.05)。患者组的SCL-90总分和阳性项目数与PSSS的4个维度进行Pearson相关分析,除朋友支持与SCL-90总分未达到显著相关外,其它均呈显著的负相关(r=-0.330~-0.501,P均0.05)。结论缓解期精神分裂症患者心理健康状况仍然较差,缺乏社会支持。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.