两种化合物抗小鼠Ⅱ型糖尿病模型的研究

目的：观察两种化合物抗C57BL／6J小鼠Ⅱ型糖尿病模型的作用。方法：用高脂肪饲料喂养小鼠，并注射一定量的链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立小鼠Ⅱ型糖尿病模型，借以评估两种试验化合物的抗糖尿病作用。结果：喂养高脂肪饲料的小鼠在血糖和胰岛素水平方面均较喂养正常饲料组的小鼠为高（P＜0．05和P＜0．01）。在注射STZ后，高脂STZ组的小鼠血糖值较高脂柠檬酸组和正常饲料组明显升高（P＜0．01）；胰岛素水平则显著降低（P＜0．001）。化合物118637和不同剂量的73911均有明显降低糖作用（P＜0．001）。结论：化合物73911，118637有降糖作用，值得进一步研究。     

脂糖舒对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的：观察脂糖舒(ZTS)对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的改善作用。方法 分别对2型糖尿病胰岛素抗性模型两组大鼠灌服不同剂量的ZTS(每日1次)，连续9周，同时以健康大鼠(正常对照组)、二甲双胍和格列齐特作对照，进行糖耐量试验，测定血浆葡萄糖(Glu)、胰岛素(Ins)、甘油三脂(TG)、游离脂肪酸(NEFA)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL—c)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL—c)含量并称体重和脂肪组织重量，计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)。结果 脂糖舒抑制病鼠体重和脂肪组织重量增长以及降糖降脂(TG、NEFA及LDL)和降IRI作用优于格列齐特(P＜0．01)。与二甲双胍比较，脂糖舒降NEFA作用较强(P＜0．05)，降IRI作用与二甲双胍相当(P＞0．05)，且脂糖舒降IRI作用呈剂量依赖关系。结论 脂糖舒明显改善2型糖尿病的胰岛素抗性。     

糖肝康对糖尿病慢性肝损伤模型大鼠肝脏结构和细胞色素P450的影响

目的：观察糖肝康对糖尿病慢性肝损伤大鼠肝脏组织光镜病理结构、电镜超微结构和肝功能、细胞色素P450（ CYP450）的影响。方法将50只大鼠分为正常组、模型组、糖肝康小剂量组、糖肝康大剂量组、降糖甲组5组,每组10只。用链脲佐菌素和四氯化碳腹腔注射建立糖尿病慢性肝损伤大鼠模型。干预12周后,应用光镜和电镜观察各组大鼠肝脏病理结构和超微结构改变,比较各组大鼠肝功能,比较各组大鼠CYP4501A1,CYP4502E1,CYP4503A1指标。结果光镜下,模型组大鼠肝细胞大量脂肪变性、增生有异型性,可见核分裂象,肝小叶间有少量纤维组织增生;糖肝康大剂量组肝脏结构基本正常。电镜下,模型组大鼠肝细胞体积小,核变形、皱缩,有切迹,核仁明显,常染色质团块状,异染色质边聚,线粒体肿胀,亦可见线粒体空泡化,线粒体嵴模糊;内质网肿胀;可见大量脂滴。糖肝康大剂量组肝细胞结构基本正常。糖肝康小剂量组与模型组相比,ALT明显降低（P＜0．05）;糖肝康大剂量组与模型组相比,ALT明显降低（P＜0．01）;降糖甲组与模型组相比,ALT明显降低（P＜0．01）;糖肝康大剂量组与降糖甲组相比,ALT明显降低（P＜0．05）。糖肝康小剂量组与模型组相比,AST明显降低（ P＜0．01）;糖肝康大剂量组与模型组相比,AST明显降低（P＜0．01）;降糖甲组与模型组相比,AST明显降低（P＜0．05）;糖肝康大剂量组与降糖甲组相比,AST明显降低（P＜0．01）。糖肝康小剂量组、糖肝康大剂量组分别与模型组相比,CYP4501A1,CYP4502E1,CYP4503A1的表达均降低（P＜0．05）;降糖甲组与模型组相比,CYP4501A1, CYP4502E1,CYP4503A1的表达均降低（P＜0．05）;糖肝康大剂量组与降糖甲组相比,CYP4501A1,CYP4502E1,CYP4503A1的表达均明显降低（ P＜0．05）。结论糖肝康对肝脏的病理改变起到一定改善作用,还可以通过调节肝功能,CYP4501A1,CYP4502E1,CYP4503A1的表达,起到对肝脏的保护作用。     

三精锐普降糖仪在糖尿病治疗过程中胰岛素水平的变化

目的：研究糖尿病患者及大鼠在使用三精锐普降糖仪治疗前后胰岛素水平及作用效果的变化。方法：（1）临床实验：观察了12例非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（NIDDM）患者治疗前后空腹血糖（FBS），胰岛素（INS），胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）的变化；（2）动物实验：取32只Wistar大鼠分为4组：A：正常对照组，B：糖尿病对照组，C：糖尿病大鼠治疗1次组，D：糖尿病大鼠治疗10次组。在治疗前后分别测FBS作自身对照，同时在治疗前后测INS作组间对照。结果：（1）临床实验：FBS在治疗后显著降低（P＜0．05），INS变化无显著性差异（P＞0．05），ISI在治疗后上升（P＜0．05）。（2）动物实验：A，B，C组FBS无显著性改变（P＞0．05），D组在治疗后FBS下降（P＜0．05），INS与B组相比上升（P＜0．05）。结论：三精锐普降糖仪有可能通过改善胰岛功能及胰岛素与受体的亲合力来达到治疗糖尿病的目的。     

白胡椒煨猪肚治疗糖尿病14例临床观察

笔者临床以白胡椒煨猪肚配合饮食控制、消渴丸、降糖舒治疗１４例糖尿病,取得较好疗效,现报道如下。１一般资料 １４例糖尿病患者中男 ６例,女 ８例。年龄４８～６７岁,病程 ２～１１年,尿糖（＋＋）３例,尿糖（＋＋＋）６例,尿糖（＋＋＋＋）５例,尿酮定性均为阴性。所有病例均未使用过胰岛素治疗。９例一直单纯以中药、中成药治疗,５例曾服用降糖灵、Ｄ８６０,优降糖等,因其副作用影响而停用,改服中成药消渴丸或（和）降糖舒,个别病例间断加服中药汤剂。１４例患者病程中尿糖均在＋＋～＋＋＋＋。２治疗方法 以白胡椒３０粒…     

柴葛通脉口服液对实验性高脂血症小鼠血脂的干预作用

目的：观察柴葛通脉口服液对实验性高脂血症小鼠血脂的干预作用。方法：取健康昆明系小鼠制成高脂血症模型，同时给邓不同剂量的柴葛通脉口服液或烟酸4wk，眼眶取血测定血脂，观察胆固醇（TC）和甘油三酯（TG）的变化。结果：高脂模型组TC、TG明显高于正常对照组（P＜0．05），烟酸组TC降低不明显（P＞0．05），TG降低明显（P＜0．05）、而柴葛通脉口服液TC、TG降低均很明显（P＜0．05或0．01），且随剂量增加而增强，有明显的量效关系。结论：柴葛通脉口服液具有预防小鼠高脂血症发生发展的作用。     

补中益气丸治疗气虚型2型糖尿病56例疗效观察

目的探讨补中益气丸治疗气虚型2型糖尿病的疗效及不良反应,用于指导,临床用药。方法选取气虚型2型糖尿病患者112例,随机分为对照组和治疗组患者各56例,对照组应用降糖药物优降糖治疗,治疗组在应用降糖药物优降糖治疗的基础上,联合补中益气丸治疗,进行疗效比较观察。结果治疗组显效33例（58．93％）,总有效率91．07％;对照组显效23例（41．07％）,总有效率71．43％。治疗组明显优于对照组,经统计学处理差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论应用补中益气丸治疗气虚型2型糖尿病的疗效明确,且补中益气丸的不良反应少,值得临床推广。     

二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者血脂代谢的临床研究

目的：探讨二甲双胍对伴高脂血症的2型糖尿病患者血脂的影响。方法：将60例伴高脂血症的2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组,试验组（n=30）服用二甲双胍加优降糖,对照组（n=30)单用优降糖,治疗半年。结果：在血糖控制满意的情况下,试验组治疗后TC、TG、LDL－C较治疗前明显下降（P＜0．001）,HDL－C较治疗前明显升高（P＜0．05）,而对照组治疗前后TC、TG、LDL－C、HDL－C变化不明显（P＞0．05）。结论：二甲双胍可改善2型糖尿病患者的血脂代谢。     

加味补阳还五汤对动脉硬化模型家兔血脂、CRP 变化的影响

目的：评价加味补阳还五汤对动脉硬化模型家兔血脂、CRP变化的影响。方法健康新西兰兔68只随机分为：正常对照组,高脂对照组、阿托伐他汀组、加味补阳还五汤组,共4组;除正常对照组外,其余新西兰兔采用高胆固醇饲料并免疫损伤诱发的动脉粥样硬化斑块模型,观察各组血脂和C-反应蛋白（CRP）变化并比较。结果对血脂的影响：高脂对照组与正常对照组比较,血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）均升高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;阿托伐他汀组及加味补阳还五汤组TC、LDL-C均明显低于高脂对照组（P＜0．05）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）高于正常对照组和高脂对照组（P＜0．05）,阿托伐他汀组与加味补阳还五汤组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;对CRP的影响：高脂对照组明显高于正常对照组（P＜0．05）,加味补阳还五汤、正常对照组、阿托伐他汀组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论加味补阳还五汤具有抑制动脉粥样硬化的作用,可能是通过调脂、抗炎作用来完成。     

三精锐普降糖仪在糖尿病治疗过程中胰高血糖素水平的变化

目的：观察三精锐普降糖仪在治疗糖尿病过程中血胰高血糖素的变化；方法：（1）临床实验观察了12名非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（NIDDM）患者治疗前后空腹血糖（FBS），胰高血糖素水平的变化；（2）动物实验：取32只Wistar大鼠分为4组：A正常对照组，B糖尿病对照组，C糖尿病大鼠治疗一次组，D糖尿病大鼠治疗10次组，在治疗前后分别测FBS作自身对照，同时在治疗前后测胰高血糖素作组间对照；结果：（1）临床经验：FBS在治疗后显著降低（P＜0．05），胰高血糖素在治疗后下降（P＜0．05），（2）动物实验：A，B，C组FBS无显著性改变（P＜0．05），D组在治疗后FBS下降（P＜0．05），胰高血糖与B组比较上升（P＜0．05）；结论：三精锐普降糖仪通过降低胰高血糖的水平对血糖素的水平对糖尿病患者及大鼠有一定的治疗作用。     

腋汗对腋温测量值影响的临床护理观察

目的 观察腋下有汗液和无汗液对体温测量值的影响,以指导临床护理工作.方法 对新入院患者80例进行体温测量,并进行同体自身对照观察,同时测定左(有汗液)、右(无汗液)两侧腋温,时间为10min.结果 80例患者同体腋温测量观察显示,左侧腋下(有汗液)温度低于右侧腋下(无汗液)温度,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 由于腋汗对腋温测量值的准确性影响较大,护士在临床测量腋温前必须将患者腋下汗液擦干.     

Key considerations for optimization of formulation and melt-extrusion process parameters for developing thermosensitive compound

The melt-extrusion process is currently applied in the pharmaceutical field in the manufacturing of a variety of dosage forms and formulations, including solid dispersions. Though this technology is considered efficient and continuous, there are potential challenges of which, additional thermal degradation of drug substance because heat stress and shear forces are of a primary concern. This paper attempts to understand the impact of thermal and/or mechanical components of the melt-extrusion process on the stability of a thermosensitive drug substance during scale-up. The overall degradation profile of the drug substance was correlated with the various physical changes made to the extruder as well as the process temperature. The results suggested that the degradation profile of a thermosensitive drug substance could be controlled by proper design of screw assemblies and by optimization of screw rotations per minute, process temperature, and feed rate during development and scale-up.     

Endorphin-induced hyperthermia: Characterization of the exogenously and endogenously induced effects

Summary Endorphins-like opiates-were found to increase temperature at very low doses and to decrease temperature at high doses. Not only the decreasing, but also the increasing effect on temperature, seems to be mediated through opiate receptors, since it proved to be antagonizable by naloxone and to be diminished in morphine-tolerant and-dependent animals. Like opiate-induced hyperthermia, both the pharmacological as well as the supposedly physiological increase in temperature induced by endorphins were strongly diminished in restrained animals. Hyperthermia induced by pyrogens, however, was not antagonizable by either naloxone or restraining of the animals. Maintenance of normal body temperature in animals being exposed to acute cold could not be disturbed by administration of naloxone. As a whole, such findings support the suggestion derived from our previous observation that physiologically induced naloxone-antagonizable hyperthermia may be a sensitive measure for endorphin release. However, endorphins although being potent hyperthermic modulators of temperature, do not seem to be directly involved in the central regulation of temperature. Instead, the physiologically induced increase in temperature by endorphins seems to represent some epiphenomenon of physiological events primarily initiated for physiological requirements other than the support of thermostability.     

背部测温法在儿科重症监护病房体温监测中的应用

目的比较儿科重症监护病房(PICU)患儿腋下体温与背部体温的差异性,探讨背温测量的可行性及意义。方法采用随机抽样法对2009年1月至2009年8月入住PICU的不同年龄的患儿110例进行体温测量试验。每例患儿分别测量10min腋下体温与背部体温。记录并进行比较。结果腋下体温与背部体温差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论背温监测具有较腋温测量准确性高、护理工作量小的优点,可作为PICU体温测量的常规方法之一,测量时间应为10min。     

The function of dopamine receptors in the central thermoregulatory pathways of the rat

At neutral (25°C) and low (17°C) ambient temperatures apomorphine exerted a hypothermic effect in the rat, apparently through an action on dopamine receptors in the hypothalamic thermoregulatory pathways. This fall in core temperature was brought about by a co-ordinated response of thermoregulatory effectors including; vasodilation, reduced heat production, as indicated by decreased oxygen consumption, and an increase in evaporative water loss. At high ambient temperatures (35 C), when vasodilation was already maximal, apomorphine increased core temperature apparently through an increase in metabolic heat production. At this elevated ambient temperature the rat attempted to compensate for the apomorphine-induced hyperthermia by an increase in evaporative water loss. These results support the hypothesis that dopamine receptors play an important physiological role in the heat loss pathways, but provide no evidence for such a role in heat gain pathways.     

我院药库药品贮藏温度的调查分析

目的:为药品保管工作提供参考。方法:对我院药库所有药品说明书中贮藏项下有温度要求的药品进行分类调查分析。结果:库存药品1254种,贮藏项下有温度要求的483种(38.52%),在常温贮藏注明具体温度的158种,在冷处贮藏注明温度的61种。结论:药品在贮藏时要根据其不同性质选择适当的温度,从而保证药品质量的稳定性,建议药品说明书中贮藏项下最好注明具体温度。     

Temporal and environmental cues in conditioned hypothermia and hyperthermia associated with morphine

The effectiveness of temporal and environmental cues in eliciting conditioned hypothermia and hyperthermia was studied in male Wistar rats using as an unconditioned stimulus an IP injection of 20 mg/kg of morphine sulfate. The relevance of temporal stimuli was minimized in Experiment 1 by administering morphine at irregular times on alternate days. For one group (Cond) morphine injections were preceded and followed by periods in distinctive environments. Group Pseudo animals, though exposed to the environments, received morphine on the intervening days in the home cage; group Saline received only saline. All animals receiving morphine showed a non-specific hypothermia when not under the direct influence of morphine. A conditioned hyperthermia was evident in group Cond animals in the distinctive environments. In Experiment 2, in which animals remained in their home cages at all times, the releavance of temporal cues was emphasized by administering morphine at exactly 24 h intervals. These animals became hypothermic only around the time of the expected injection. Animals in another group that received morphine at irregular times showed the non-specific hypothermia seen previously. There was no evidence for a conditioned hyperthermia in this second experiment.     

安乃近的台阶型变温变湿稳定性试验

目的 研究湿度对固体药物稳定性影响的台阶型程序变温变湿法.方法 作者以安乃近为模型药物,采用台阶型程序变湿法和台阶型程序变温法进行试验.结果 求得了Ea、m、A和t0.9,等动力学参数.结论 新方法测定结果较好,操作简单,对仪器要求较低.     

Ethanol induces hyper and hypoglycemia in both fasted and nonfasted rats dependent on the ambient temperature

An experiment was undertaken to characterize the influence of ambient temperature on ethanol-induced glycemic alterations in rats. Animals under two different feeding conditions (nonfasted or 48-hr fasted) were IP injected with 4.0 g/kg of ethanol. Blood glucose and body temperature were measured before, 90 and 180 min after drug administration. The rats were tested under ambient temperatures of 16, 21 and 32 degrees C. Fed animals with a mean pre-drug glycemia of near 105 mg/100 ml presented a variation of blood glucose ranging from 50 mg/100 ml at 16 degrees C to 140 mg/100 ml at 32 degrees C. The glycemia from fasted rats, with a starting value of 70 mg/100 ml ranged from 20 to 115 mg/100 ml at 16 and 32 degrees C, respectively. It was concluded that the administration of ethanol can render nonfasted as well as fasted rats hypo or hyperglycemic, depending upon the environmental temperature.     

螺旋藻的抗疲劳作用研究

通过小鼠游泳力竭实验、耐高温实验和耐寒实验,观察螺旋藻混悬液的抗疲劳作用。结果显示：螺旋藻混悬液可以显著延长小鼠游泳时间,提高高温、寒冷条件下小鼠存活率。提示螺旋藻混悬液可提高小鼠在应激状态下的生存能力,对疲劳恢复、抗疲劳能力提高具有促进作用。