非青光眼性大视杯临床分析

病理性大视杯多见于慢性或正常眼压性青光眼,但病理性大视杯并非仪见于青光眼,许多非菏光眼疾病最终出现视神经萎缩,也可导敛痫理性视杯扩大,     

青光眼性视杯逆转研究进展

视杯的进行性扩大和加深是评价青光眼视神经损害和监测青光眼进展的一个重要指标。在先天性及青少年青光眼患者中,降低眼内压后视杯的可逆性改变已是公认现象[1,2],但成年青光眼患者的视杯改变是否具有可逆性改变目前尚无定论。随着计算机图像分析技术的迅猛发展及在青光眼诊断和随访中的成功应用,越来越多的研究发现降低眼内压能够成功逆转成年青光眼患者的视盘凹陷。本文主要对青光眼视杯逆转的机制及其影响因素作一概要综述。一、影响青光眼视杯逆转的因素1.眼内压降低的幅度:青光眼视杯能否发生逆转与眼内压的降低及降低的幅度密切相关…     

青光眼性与非青光眼性视神经病变的鉴别诊断

青光眼性与非青光眼性视神经病变的鉴别是临床上的重点和难点之一。鉴别要点包括病史、症状、体征、眼底检查、视野检查、眼科或神经影像学检查和其他特殊检查等方面。视盘形态学是两者鉴别的关键,也仍然是目前早期诊断的核心。非青光眼视物显大症(大视杯)的患者有20%被误诊为青光眼视神经损害。加强神经眼科基本知识的学习,重视交叉学科的协同合作,是解决临床实际问题和困惑的有效途径。     

如何鉴别青光眼与非青光眼性视神经病变

视乳头视杯扩大并非只见于青光眼,还可见于多种神经眼科疾病,其鉴别诊断是临床工作的重点与难点.据国外统计,非青光眼大视杯的患者有20％被误诊为青光眼视神经损害.因此,总结并准确地理解青光眼与非青光眼大视杯的鉴别要点显得非常重要.盘沿色泽以及视功能异常和视盘改变的相关性是视盘形态学上的重要鉴别点.另外,盘沿局限性丢失对于两者的鉴别具有重要的意义.现有的证据显示,其鉴别需详细地询问病史、仔细地观察视盘视杯形态和血管形态,综合视野、神经影像学检查等信息综合判断.     

降眼压后青光眼视杯回复性缩小的形态特征

根据Ｑｕｉｇｌｅｙ的学说视神经筛板上、下极区域的结缔组织少、筛孔大最容易导致视神经的青光眼特征性损害。为了获得此学说的临床证据，本研究对降低眼压后回复性缩小的视杯（此变化主要是由于原受压向后膨隆变形的筛板向前回弹致视杯变小）进行监测观察。视杯监测采用立体视下图象闪烁比较法，即交替显示两幅叠加好的立体象对，变化的部分呈跳动感。通过立体镜下的观察，可发现视杯三维的变化，还能鉴别有否照象角度不一致、血管搏动等所致的假阳性。观察对象为高眼压的青光眼，共３ｌ只眼。经服Ｄｉａｒｎｏｘ或行小梁切除术降低眼压，降眼压前后分别拍立体眼底象。结果减压后视杯回弹性缩小不匀称，尤以上、下极回复为主。经多元逐步回归法分析，其改变量仅与初始眼压相关。我们认为：由于视神经筛板结缔组织及筛孔分布上的特点，其耐压力因人而异，因部位而异。正是筛板薄弱区的扭曲、变形所致的剪切力造成青光眼性形态、功能上的损害。     

青光眼视杯逆转的研究进展

先天性青光眼当其眼压获得有效控制时，青光眼视杯可出现可逆性改变。但成年青光眼视杯治疗能否使其逆转目前尚无定论。近年来随着计算机图像分析技术在青光眼诊断中的成功应用，使视乳头测量的精确度大大提高，为青光眼视杯逆转研究提供了客观的先进手段。     

慢性青光眼和非青光眼视神经萎缩黄斑厚度的比较

目的 对比慢性青光眼和非青光眼视神经萎缩的黄斑厚度的差异,找出两者的异同.方法 选取2012年1月至2014年9月在我院门诊和住院治疗的患者为研究对象,其中慢性青光眼11例17眼为青光眼组,非青光眼视神经萎缩患者20例26眼为非青光眼组;选择同期正常老年女性23名44眼为对照组,对三组均进行黄斑区OCT 3D模式扫描,并对黄斑的平均及各方位厚度进行分析.结果 黄斑厚度青光眼组为(243.76±16.93)μm,非青光眼组为(245.45±12.80) μm,对照组为(273.06±14.86) μm,青光眼组较对照组黄斑厚度下降28.58 μm,非青光眼组较对照组黄斑厚度下降27.81 μm(均为P＜0.05);黄斑中央区厚度三组无明显差异(均为P＞0.05);青光眼组、非青光眼组与对照组相比,黄斑内环、外环各区均有变薄,差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜O.05).青光眼组与非青光眼组相比,黄斑厚度除颞外区存在差异外,其他各区数据对比差异均无统计学意义(均为P＞0.05).结论 慢性青光眼与非青光眼视神经萎缩患者黄斑厚度均变薄,黄斑厚度扫描并不能鉴别两者.     

青光眼视神经病变的视乳头改变

原发性开角型青光眼是青光眼最常见的类型，其特征为视神经轴突的不可逆性的丧失，以前对人和猴青光眼的研究提示，轴突的损害部位在视乳头内的筛板水平，在青光眼性视乳头，视盘上视杯的进行性扩大来自筛板结缔组织（细胞外间质）的压缩，牵张和重构。星形细胞是视神经中的主要细胞类型，并且可能主动参与了细胞外间质的重构，神经神经轴突支持组的构成，结构或者反应过程可能存在着个体差异，这或许解释了在眼压反应和神经病变进展     

视盘旁萎缩与青光眼临床分析

多年来，临床医生观察到在进展期青光眼视神经病变患眼中，视乳头周围脉络膜萎缩(peripapillery chororidal atrophy，PPCA)越来越明显，有许多不精确的名词被提出来，如巩膜唇(scleral lip)、视乳头周围晕(peripapollary halo)、青光眼晕(halo glaucomatous)等，目前，最多的是视乳头周围萎缩(PPA)。     

Quantitation of optic disc cupping

In population-based studies and in clinical practice a reliable, objective measure of optic disc cupping is needed. This measure is of special importance when following patients with diagnosed or suspected glaucoma. We have developed a new system using stereoscopic fundus photographs for quantitating optic disc cupping from these photographs. Measurements of the cup are based on cup contour. For this system, measurements of longest and shortest cup and longest and shortest disc diameters by two observers were highly correlated, with correlation coefficients of 0.88, 0.88, 0.77, and 0.82, respectively. Mean cup to disc ratios for long and short disc diameters were within 0.04 (n = 330) between the two observers. The measurements show a high degree of inter- and intra-observer reliability, and are inexpensive in time and materials to perform. This method is well suited to population-based studies.     

Reversal of optic disc cupping after trabeculotomy in primary congenital glaucoma

BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of reversal of glaucomatous cupping of the optic disc following lowering of the intraocular pressure (IOP) was originally recognized in infants. We evaluated the change in optic disc cupping with normalization of the IOP after trabeculotomy in primary congenital glaucoma and assessed the factors associated with reversal of cupping. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 17 patients (24 eyes) who underwent trabeculotomy between July 1993 and June 1999 and who had been followed for at least 1 year. Surgical success was defined as IOP less than 22 mm Hg without anti-glaucoma medication, stable or reduced optic disc cupping, and lack of further corneal enlargement disproportionate to normal growth. Patients who required more than one surgical procedure to control the IOP and those with cloudy media that precluded documentation of cupping were excluded from analysis. Optic disc cupping was assessed independently before and after surgery by two clinicians. The cup:disc ratio was estimated as the percentage of surface area of the optic disc occupied by cupping in the vertical axis. We accepted a difference of 0.1 or 0.2 in the cup:disc ratio between the two observers in each subjective assessment and used the mean value of the two results for data analysis. If the difference was more than 0.2, the eye was excluded from further study. RESULTS: Of the 17 patients 4 were excluded: 2 because they received antiglaucoma medication to control the IOP postoperatively, 1 because he underwent more than one surgical procedure to control the IOP during follow-up, and 1 owing to disagreement in the assessment of the cup:disc ratio between the two observers. Eighteen eyes of 13 patients were thus included in the analysis. Twelve eyes were from boys and six, from girls. The patients were followed for a mean of 43.2 (standard deviation [SD] 30.4) months (range 12 to 90 months). The mean cup:disc ratios pre- and postoperatively were 0.74 (SD 0.20) and 0.60 (SD 0.21) respectively (p = 0.003). Of the 18 eyes 11 (61.1%) had documented reduction in optic disc cupping. The mean time to stabilization of cupping reversal was 4.8 (SD 2.8) months (range 2 to 12 months). In multivariable analysis the age of the patient at surgery was the only variable significantly associated with reversal of cupping (p = 0.027). The mean age at surgery for the 11 eyes with reduction in cupping was 6.9 (range 3 to 15) months, compared with 23.4 (range 12 to 42) months for the 7 eyes with unchanged cupping. The mean preoperative cup:disc ratio was 0.67 (SD 0.17) in the former group and 0.83 (SD 0.17) in the latter group. Six of the seven eyes with unchanged cupping had advanced cupping. INTERPRETATION: Optic disc cupping can be reversed at an early stage of primary congenital glaucoma following successful reduction of IOP. Younger age at surgery was associated with reversal of cupping.     

Pallor of the optic disc in children

This report discusses the subject of pallor of the optic disc from the viewpoint of a paediatric neurologist. The paper is divided into two sections, one on optic atrophy in childhood and the second on optic nerve hypoplasia. Optic atrophy in children is a topic which is very poorly covered in standard textbooks either of neurology or ophthalmology. This review attempts to develop a working approach to the management of children who present with optic nerve atrophy as their primary neurological finding.     

A case of optic nerve atrophy with severe disc cupping after methanol poisoning

We report a rare case of optic nerve atrophy with severe disc cupping resulting from methanol poisoning. A 30-year-old man presented to the hospital complaining of decreased visual acuity in both eyes a day after drinking alcohol containing methanol. His initial visual acuity allowed for only visualizing hand motion and not corrected in either eye. Initial intraocular pressure was within normal limits in both eyes. Initial fundus examination showed optic disc swelling in both eyes. Four years later, he visited our hospital for an eye evaluation. Visual acuity in both eyes still only allowed for visualizing hand motion. No nystagmus was observed in either eye during the optokinetic nystagmus test, and no waves were found in a visual evoked potential test. No specific change was noted on brain magnetic resonance imaging. On fundus examination, there was disc pallor in both eyes and disc cupping with a high cup/disc (C/D) ratio above 0.9 in the left eye. C/D ratio of the right eye was 0.5. Methanol poisoning may induce glaucomatous disc cupping in the late stage as well as optic atrophy. One possible mechanism of disc cupping is ganglion cell loss due to acute demyelination of the retrobulbar optic nerve. This report is the first photographic evidence of methanol induced optic disc cupping in Korea.     

先天性视盘占位病变继发非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变的临床特征分析

目的 探讨先天性视盘占位病变相关的非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变（NAION）的临床特征。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 2010年1月-2019年6月北京同仁医院先天性视盘占位病变继发NAION患者9例（11眼）。方法 回顾及分析患者的眼科及头颅神经影像学资料。所有患者均经半年以上随访。主要指标 性别、年龄、发病眼别、视盘病变特征及与视野改变关系、头颅神经影像学表现。结果 9例继发NAION的先天性视盘占位病变中4例视盘黑色素细胞瘤,3例视盘内玻璃膜疣,2例视盘区残存有髓纤维。年龄26~65岁（中位数39岁）。7例单眼发生NAION,2例视盘内玻璃膜疣患者双眼先后发生NAION。发生NAION时患眼矫正视力0.05~1.0。可行视野检查的4例患者表现为水平下半缺损及向心性缩小。最后随访时均无视功能进行性损伤和病情复发。结论 先天性视盘占位性病变可继发NAION而出现视功能损伤。（眼科, 2020, 29： 141-146）     

视盘水肿

视盘水肿(或称视乳头水肿)不是一种独立的疾病,而是一个典型体征,与颅内压力升高密切相关。本文介绍了视盘 水肿的病因、病理学、发病机制、临床表现、诊断和鉴别诊断、预后和治疗,强调对怀疑视盘水肿的患者应立即查找潜在的原 因。此外还介绍了视神经鞘减压术治疗视盘水肿的适应证、手术方法、效果以及并发症等。     

视神经炎的临床特征分析及早期视盘和黄斑的改变

目的　研究视神经炎患者的临床特征及早期视盘和黄斑的改变。方法　回顾性分析山西省眼科医院视神经炎患者67例85眼。分析患者基本情况、眼科检查结果及OCT检查结果。结果　67例85眼中，男24例，女43例；28例（41.8%）发生于冬季；49眼（57.6%）入院时最佳矫正视力小于1.7 logMAR。视神经脊髓炎抗体阳性者出院和入院时的最佳矫正视力均较髓鞘少突胶质糖蛋白抗体阳性者差。患眼较健眼视盘周围神经纤维层增厚，杯盘面积比、杯盘垂直比、杯盘水平比、杯容积减小，盘沿面积、视盘面积增大（均为P=0.000）；与健眼相比，患眼早期上方、下方和平均黄斑区神经节细胞层厚度及黄斑区神经节细胞复合体的局部丢失体积、整体丢失体积均未发生明显改变（均为P＞0.05）。视盘水肿与患眼平均视盘周围神经纤维层厚度存在正相关（r=0.728，P=0.000）。结论　视神经炎多发生于女性，早期视力损害严重，视神经脊髓炎抗体阳性者视力预后差。早期由于视盘水肿，视盘周围神经纤维层增厚，盘沿面积、视盘面积增大；杯容积、杯盘比减小，早期病变未累及黄斑区。     

Comparison of stereo optic disc photographs from the Nidek 3-Dx and Zeiss retinal cameras

Objective: To compare the Zeiss retinal camera with the Nidek 3-Dx camera for photographic quality and stereo separation.
Subjects: Eleven subjects (22 eyes) were selected from patients referred for optic disc photography.
Methods: The subjects were photographed using the Nidek 3-Dx camera for simultaneous stereo photographs, and the 30° field and 15° field settings on the Zeiss retinal camera for sequential stereo photographs. Four ophthalmologists qualitatively scored the photographs on a five-point scale for stereo separation and photographic resolution and sharpness. The results from the four observers were averaged and the Friedman two-way analysis of variance used to analyse the results.
Conclusions: It was found that the stereo separation is significantly better using the Nidek camera when compared with both the 30° and 15° Zeiss results. There was no significant difference in photographic quality between the Nidek and Zeiss 30° photographs. It was also found that the Zeiss 30° images had a significantly higher quality than the Zeiss 15°, which contradicted previous results.