免穿刺架超声引导下微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石

目的探讨免穿刺架超声引导下微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾、输尿管上段结石的可行性。方法2009年7月～2011年8月,采用免穿刺架超声引导下微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗36例上尿路结石。肾结石26例,输尿管上段结石6例,肾结石合并同侧输尿管上段结石4例。输尿管上段结石0.8～2.5 cm,平均1.7 cm;肾结石1.5～4.0 cm,平均2.2 cm。在肩胛下角线与腋后线第11肋间或第12肋下区域,用无穿刺架的超声探头纵切横切十字交叉检查肾脏,确定目标肾盏、穿刺点以及穿刺角度和深度。依据经皮肾通道入路要求,选择在探头下方沿探头面纵轴线或探头内侧中线处穿刺。一手持探头,一手持穿刺针,在超声引导下将18G穿刺针先穿刺到肾包膜外,再调整角度穿刺目标肾盏,建立F16或F18碎石通道。F8/9.8输尿管镜下钬激光粉碎结石。结果所有患者成功建立F16～F18通道并进行钬激光碎石取石,均为单通道。手术时间45～195 min,平均84.8 min,出血20～400 ml,平均50.2 ml。34例一期碎石成功,2例因术中出血和肾周积液,于术后5～7 d行二期碎石。术后4周复查KUB、超声,结石排净率88.9%(32/36)。未出现严重出血、液气胸、腹腔脏器损伤等并发症。结论免穿刺架超声引导下微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾、输尿管上段结石可行,安全、有效,定位准确。     

Treatment options for ureteral calculi: endourology or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Two therapeutic methods, endourology and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), can be used in the treatment of ureteral calculi. In a retrospective analysis during a 2-year period 236 patients treated with endourological procedures and 71 who underwent ESWL with a Siemens Lithostar were analyzed as to the success rate, effectiveness quotient, complication rate and hospitalization. The mean stone size was 1.12 cm. in the endourology group and 1.03 cm. in the ESWL group. Complete removal of all stone fragments was achieved in 93.6% of the patients treated endourologically and without retreatment. In the ESWL group success was obtained in 90.1%, with an 11.2% retreatment rate. The retreatment rate was higher (25.0%) for calculi in the mid ureter. The group treated endourologically had a better success rate and no retreatment was necessary. On the other hand, the group treated with ESWL had a shorter hospitalization and a lower complication rate. Followup ranged from 11 to 60 months (mean 48 months) in the endourology group and 7 to 29 months (mean 11 months) in the ESWL group. These observations showed that in situ ESWL therapy with the Siemens Lithostar device is the method of choice for upper ureteral stones. Lower ureteral calculi should be treated endoscopically. Mid ureteral stones larger than 1 cm. had better results with endoscopic procedures and those smaller than 1 cm. had better results with ESWL.     

经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜一期治疗输尿管结石合并肾结石(附78例报告)

目的探讨经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜一期治疗输尿管结石合并肾结石的安全性和有效性。方法 2007年8月～2009年3月,采用经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜一期治疗78例输尿管结石合并肾结石。其中一侧输尿管结石合并另一侧肾结石24例,双侧输尿管结石合并一侧肾结石8例,单侧输尿管结石合并同侧肾结石46例。结果 78例均一期成功碎石。无严重并发症发生。手术时间40～200min(平均105min),术中出血30～400ml(平均90ml),术后住院时间6～10d(平均7d)。结石清除率91.1%(71/78),3例残余结石直径≥0.6cm,体外冲击波碎石治疗,4例残余结石直径0.6cm,口服药物排石。78例均随访3个月,复查彩超无明显结石残留。结论经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜一期治疗输尿管结石合并肾结石效率高,创伤小,残石率低,并发症少,安全可行。     

Experience in 3,500 patients with urinary stones treated with the Dornier HM-4 bath-free lithotriptor

During a 3-year period, hundreds of patients underwent ESWL treatment with the Dornier HM-3 and HM-4 lithotriptors operating at our institution. Our experience in 3,500 patients treated with the HM-4 bath-free lithotriptor is reported. Patients with radiolucent or cystine stones, stones larger than 3 cm or staghorn calculi, multiple stones with a total burden of more than 3 cm and those not amenable to follow-up were excluded from the study. The overall stone-free rate was 70.7% and 81% at 1 and 3 months, respectively. The stone-free rates at 1 and 3 months were further determined by the exact location of each stone within the urinary tract. Stone-free rates at 3 months ranged from 90.84% for renal pelvic stones to 71.08% for lower calyceal stones, while the stone-free rates for ureteral calculi ranged from 80.85% for upper third unstented ureteral stones to 92.92% for lower ureteral stones. The overall complication rate was 6.02% with a 1.2% post-ESWL intervention rate (ureteroscopy or placement of percutaneous nephrostomy or stent).     

Clinical experiences of 35 cases with upper urinary tract stones by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter (MEDSTONE 1000)

We made clinical trials of the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter (MEDSTONE-1000) in patients with upper urinary tract stones. Thirty-five cases (total 40 trials) treated during the period of October 1987 through March 1988 were enrolled in this study. The ages of the cases ranged from 22 to 65 (average 43.9) years old, comprising 23 men and 12 women. The site of presence of urinary tract stones was the renal pelvis and calyx in 28 cases and the upper ureter in 7 cases. The size of the stone was smaller than 1 cm in 15 cases, 1 to 2 cm in 12 cases, 2 to 3 cm in 7 cases and larger than 3 cm in 1 case. 13 patients with renal stones were treated with double-J stent catheter and all patients with ureteral stones were treated with the ureteral balloon catheter or flexible-tip ureteral catheter as preoperative manipulation. In 26 cases epidural anesthesia was used and the others were treated under general anesthesia. Stone targetting was determined by two oblique radiographs from separate axes. The intensity of shock waves was mainly 24 KV and the maximum shock wave counts to break up stones were 6800 shots. The size of the broken stone fragments was less than 2 mm in 24 cases (68.5%) and 2 to 5 mm in 10 cases (28.6%), which indicated that the procedure was very effective. However, one case in whom the stone could not be broken was with cystinuria. After three months the fragments completely passed in 22 cases (64.7%) and the residual fragments larger than 5 mm were left in 2 cases (5.9%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

输尿管管路封堵器在输尿管镜钬激光碎石术中的价值探讨

目的：探讨应用输尿管管路封堵器配合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的安全性及有效性。方法：回顾性分析2011年5月-2011年9月应用输尿管管路封堵器配合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗28例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料：结石位于第2腰椎水平7例,第3腰椎水平9例,第4腰椎水平12例,结石大小为（0．8cm×1．0cm）-（1．3cm×1．7cm）,平均1．0cm×1．2cm。合并孤立肾5例．脊柱侧弯1例,糖尿病3例,肾功能不全11例。结果：术中出现4例部分结石移位至肾盏,均未出现输尿管穿孔或输尿管黏膜撕脱。术后2例出现高热,经抗感染对症治疗好转。术后1个月复查KUB平片．仅2例结石残留于肾下盏,结石取净率为92．8％。结论：输尿管管路封堵器是一种安全、有效的工具,能显著减少输尿管镜碎石术中结石移位,提高结石清除率,缩短手术时间,并可将结石碎片拖出输尿管腔道,以减少术后排石引起的疼痛。     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for ureteral stones and cystine stones]

We report our experience with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the treatment of ureteral and cystine stones, which are known to be difficult to treat by this method. First, in order to determine the effectiveness of the ureteral catheter in the destruction of ureteral stones, we compared the clinical results of 121 patients treated without the catheter and 141 patients inserted with the catheter. There was no significant difference in the success rate between the two groups regardless of stone size, which indicates that the use of the ureteral catheter had no effect on the outcome of treatment. We then studied the clinical results of impacted ureteral stones which are especially difficult to destroy. Excretory urography was performed to non-invasively diagnose these stones, and those without visualization in the ureter below the stone were diagnosed as impacted stones and treated by ESWL without the ureteral catheter. Among the stones with a diameter of 1 to 2 cm, the success rate was significantly lower in impacted stones compared to non-impacted stone. These findings suggest that ESWL treatment without the ureteral catheter may be effective for ureteral stones with a diameter of less than 1 cm and non-impacted stones with a diameter of 1 to 2 cm, while combination therapy with other methods such as TUL may be better for other stones. We also performed ESWL on 6 patients with renal stones and 2 patients with ureteral stones which were cystine stones. Renal stones required an average 4.1 treatment with an average of 1,875 shocks per treatment, and ureteral stones required 1.5 treatment with an average of 1,833 shocks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of urinary stone and stent encrustation: biochemical analysis

PURPOSE: To compare biochemical analysis of stent encrustation with that of urinary stones from the same patient. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Any patient presenting from February to December 2000 with a symptomatic ureteral or renal calculus that necessitated stenting and delayed calculus retrieval was enrolled in the study. The stent and stone were sent to the same laboratory for qualitative and semiquantitative chemical analysis. A total of 50 stents and matched calculi were available for comparison; four stents were excluded because they had insufficient encrustation for analysis. RESULTS: Two patients had open ureterolithotomy; the remainder were treated by endoscopic or percutaneous means. Every stone containing calcium oxalate had a stent that was positive for calcium oxalate. Four uric acid stones were available for comparison, and three of the four matched stents tested positive for uric acid. CONCLUSION: Biochemical analysis of urinary stent encrustation is a good predictor of urinary stone composition, especially for calcium oxalate-containing stones. Uric acid stent encrustation is likely to occur in patients with uric acid stones.     

Ureteral expanding stent: a new device for urolithiasis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We investigate a ureteral stent with radially expanding baskets producing passive dilation of the ureter for passage, capture, and removal of small ureteral stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Polyurethane ureteral stents were slit to open 15 to 17 baskets along the length. The baskets are designed to dilate the ureter passively and capture stones 相似文献   

经腹腹腔镜治疗输尿管下段结石35例临床分析

目的总结腹腔镜治疗输尿管下段结石的经验。方法输尿管下段嵌顿性结石患者35例,左侧16例,右侧19例,单侧输尿管多发性结石2例,结石最大直径1.3~2.5 cm,平均直径(1.85±0.50)cm,均采用经腹腔途径完成腹腔镜输尿管切开取术,术中留置输尿管支架管及手术部位引流管,其中5例输尿管下段狭窄,取石并切除狭窄段后施行输尿管膀胱再接术。结果35例输尿管下段结石经腹腹腔镜切开取石和5例兼行输尿管膀胱再植术,全部成功,效果满意。手术时间30~130分钟,平均(65.30±28.14)分钟,术中出血量10~150 ml,平均(40.57±26.51)ml,术后住院时间5~10天,平均(6.92±1.15)天。术后引流管拔除时间2~4天,平均(3.80±1.33)天。术中均未见肠管及邻近脏器损伤,术后未发生感染、漏尿,输尿管膀胱再植术者未出现输尿管反流和输尿管下段再狭窄。结论经腹腔入路腹腔镜输尿管下段切开取石术,结石取净率高,创伤小,恢复快。     

患侧腰部抬高45°仰卧位经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肥胖及高危患者肾、输尿管上段结石（102例报告）

目的探讨肥胖及高危患者患侧腰部抬高45°仰卧位经皮肾镜碎石清石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL）的临床价值。方法总结2004年7月～2011年9月我院102例肥胖及高危肾输尿管上段结石患者患侧腰部抬高45°仰卧位PCNL的临床资料,肥胖25例,BMI 24～34;高危77例,合并中重度肺部疾患、高血压病、糖尿病及慢性肾功能不全等。肾结石77例,长径2.2～5.5 cm;输尿管上段结石25例,长径1.5～2.6 cm。PCNL时联合应用气压弹道以及超声碎石。结果 102例均顺利完成手术,无中转开放,无胸膜损伤及周围脏器损伤等并发症。术后4～10天复查X线、B超或CT,结石清除率89.2%（91/102）。11例肾盂或肾盏残余结石,最大径1.1～1.8 cm,行ESWL碎石。结论患侧腰部抬高45°仰卧位PCNL对肥胖及高危肾输尿管上段结石患者安全、可行。     

Comparison of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy in the treatment of ureteral calculi: a prospective study.

146 patients whose ureteral stones did not pass spontaneously participated in a prospective study on optimal management. Patients were offered two treatment options: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and ureteroscopy (URS). The stone was treated with the technique preferred by the patient. In case of treatment failure after first-line therapy, patients again could decide on how to proceed. Stone analysis could be obtained from 72.6% patients. ESWL was the primary treatment in 66.4% patients. In 2 patients, ESWL was the secondary treatment after failed URS. URS was the first-line therapy in 33.6% patients. In 29 patients URS was done after failed ESWL. For analgesia, sedoanalgesia or spinal anesthesia were used. Analgesia was required in 74.2% ESWL and 100% URS sessions. Following ESWL, 70.1% patients became stone free. In 29.9% ESWL failed. Distal stones had a higher failure rate than proximal or mid-ureteral calculi. Distal stones treated without success were significantly larger than those treated successfully. Failures were switched to URS. Stone analysis could be obtained in 26 patients with failed ESWL: 23/26 consisted of pure whewellite or mixed whewellite stones. Clinically relevant complications were not observed. After URS, 94.9% of the patients became stone free. In distal stones, the stone-free rate was 97.5%. There was only 1 relevant complication: a proximal ureteral lesion requiring surgical repair. Our study demonstrates that URS is a safe and highly effective treatment option for ureteral stones. In patients with distal ureteral stones, it should be offered as a first-line treatment. When whewellite is expected as the stone mineral, URS is the treatment of choice.     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石(附106例报告)

目的探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效。方法采用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石106例,结石大小0.8～1.6cm,平均1.2cm。经输尿管硬镜扩张后留置输尿管扩张鞘,寻及结石以200μm光纤、0.8～1.2J/5～10Hz功率钬激光碎石。结果106例共有结石122枚,结石寻及率96.7%(118/122),单次碎石成功率91.8%(112/122)。手术时间30～60min,平均45min。术后住院1～4d,平均3d。无脓肾、输尿管穿孔等并发症。91例随访3～12个月,平均6个月,无结石复发。结论输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石安全、有效,尤其适用于结石体积较小、肾盏无明显积水,以及因解剖特点预期体外震波碎石效果不佳的患者,疗效确切,并发症少。     

单发输尿管结石患者行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术后狭窄的危险因素分析

目的探讨单发输尿管结石患者行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石(URSL)后发生狭窄的危险因素,为患者的治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析2017年11月至2018年11月在本院行URSL术的单发输尿管结石患者230例,按照术后随访结果将其中输尿管狭窄患者26例作为观察组,输尿管非狭窄患者204例作为对照组,分析患者术后发生狭窄的危险因素。结果结石直径≥2 cm、严重肾积水、结石嵌顿、病程较长均是患者术后发生狭窄的危险因素,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);输尿管狭窄多因素logistic回归分析显示,大结石、严重肾积水、嵌顿结石以及长病程均是影响患者URSL术后输尿管狭窄的独立危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论严重肾积水、结石较大、结石嵌顿以及较长病程均是患者术后发生输尿管狭窄的高危因素,因此在对患者进行治疗的过程中应远离引起患者输尿管狭窄的高风险因素,提高患者治疗效果。     

Ureteral stone manipulation before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

We randomized 75 patients with solitary ureteral calculi that could not be dislodged by ureteral catheterization to receive instillation of saline, 2 per cent lidocaine viscous solution or dilute surgical lubricant before repeat stone manipulation with ureteral catheters. Of the stones irrigated with saline 76 per cent were returned to the pelvis along with 60 per cent of the lidocaine group and 48 per cent of the surgical lubricant treated stones. There was no statistical significance among the 3 groups. The success rates for upper, mid and lower ureteral stones were 80, 54 and 30 per cent, respectively. Of stones 0.5 cm. or less and between 0.6 and 1.0 cm. 77 and 72 per cent, respectively, were manipulated successfully but only 38 per cent of the stones larger than 1.0 cm. could be dislodged. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was successful in treating pelvic and ureteral stones, although higher kilovolt settings and additional shocks were necessary to fragment the ureteral stones completely. Percutaneous nephrostomy or ureteral meatotomy was required in 10 per cent of the patients with impacted ureteral stones following in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy but in only 4 per cent of the patients with stones successfully returned to the pelvis. Of the ureteral stones 17 per cent were treated with repeat extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. No patient with pelvic stones required repeat treatment. Retrograde manipulation of ureteral stones is an effective adjunctive procedure before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.     

Management of the impacted ureteral calculus

The management of 42 impacted ureteral calculi is reviewed. Impacted stones were defined by the inability to pass a guide wire or catheter on initial attempts. Stones were impacted in the upper ureter in 10 patients, mid ureter in 11 and lower ureter in 21. Upper ureteral stones were treated in 8 patients by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy after disimpaction by laser or other techniques. Mid ureteral stones were treated by laser alone in 7 patients and by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy after disimpaction in 4. Lower stones were treated by laser in 17 patients and ultrasound in 2. Complications included 3 major and 5 minor perforations, and 4 false passages. Treatment was successful without an open operation in 40 of 42 patients (95%). Our current approach to impacted ureteral calculi involves passing a rigid ureteroscope to the stone, with disimpaction performed by laser fragmentation or other dislodgement maneuvers. Proximal stones or large fragments then are treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Mid ureteral stones are treated similarly, unless they are so fragile that in situ fragmentation may be completed easily. Lower ureteral stones are fragmented in situ, with hard fragments extracted by basket. Alternative treatments for impacted calculi at all levels include unstented in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, antegrade ureteroscopy and, finally, an operation.     

Extracorporeal piezoelectric shockwave lithotripsy of ureteral stones: are second-generation lithotripters obsolete?

BACKGROUND: The role of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) for ureteral calculi is still being debated. We evaluated our results in a large series to clarify the role of this modality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 478 patients with solitary ureteral stones were treated by in situ piezoelectric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) using a Wolf Piezolith 2300 ultrasound-guided lithotripter. Two hundred fifty stones (52.3%) were located in the upper ureter and 228 (47.7%) in the distal ureter. Seventy of the upper ureteral stones were located in the ureteropelvic junction and 180 in the lumbar ureter. The diameter of the stones ranged from 5 to 30 mm. Four hundred sixty-seven patients were followed up for a mean of 4 months. RESULTS: Four hundred forty patients (94.2%) were stone free after in situ SWL alone. Complete removal of all stone fragments was achieved in 95.4% of the 216 patients with calculi of 5 to 10 mm in diameter, in 94.3% of the 229 with stones of 11 to 20 mm, and in 81.8% of the 22 with calculi of 21 to 30 mm. In situ treatment completely removed 61 of 69 ureteropelvic junction stones (88.4%), 166 of 175 lumbar stones (94.8%), and 213 of 223 distal ureteral stones (95.5%). In situ treatment failed in 27 stones (5.8%). After 4 months, 12 stone fragments and 15 unfragmented stones persisted despite retreatments and required endoscopic procedures. The mean number of sessions and shockwaves per patient was 1.8 and 4884, respectively. Morbidity was low. Renal colic in 57 patients (11.9%) was managed successfully by analgesics. In 36 patients, stone fragments obstructed the ureter; in 28 of these 36 (78%), the obstruction was resolved and the patients were stone free after in situ retreatments alone. All these results were achieved on an outpatient basis without sedation or local or general anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Piezoelectric SWL is an effective and noninvasive method for eliminating ureteral stones. Second-generation ultrasound-guided lithotripters are not yet obsolete.     

Ureteral stenting during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: help or hindrance?

We retrospectively reviewed the outcome of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in patients with renal calculi less than 3 cm. in size who were treated at a large multi-user lithotripsy center. Patients in whom indwelling ureteral stents were placed before lithotripsy treatment were subjected to higher levels of total power (shocks times voltage), yet the rate free of stones did not differ from those treated without a stent. In addition, the patients with internal ureteral stents experienced a significantly higher incidence of urinary urgency (43 versus 25 per cent) and hematuria (40 versus 23 per cent) than nonstented patients, respectively (p less than 0.05). Also, the duration of bladder discomfort was longer for stented patients (26 versus 13 per cent) as was the duration of urinary frequency (31 versus 16 per cent), compared to nonstented patients (p less than 0.05). The results suggest that use of an indwelling ureteral stent may not contribute to a higher rate free of stones for the treatment of small to medium sized renal calculi and, in fact, it may make the treatment more uncomfortable for the patient than performing lithotripsy without ureteral stenting. Of course, in selected cases (solitary kidney, large stone burden and aid in stone localization) ureteral stenting has a useful adjunctive role in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的临床分析

目的 探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗各段输尿管结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院2004年1月至2010年1月应用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗的317例单纯输尿管结石患者的临床资料.结果 一次性碎石成功率89.97％ (296/329),术中并发症发生率1.22％ (4/329),碎石成功患者术后结石排净率97.30％(288/296).结石横径≤1 cm和＞1 cm两个亚组在碎石成功率、术后1个月无石率方面差异比较均无统计学意义(P＞0.05) ;术中并发症方面,输尿管上段结石＞1 cm组高于≤1 cm 组(P＜0.05),而输尿管中、下段结石两亚组间无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术安全,有效,损伤小,可作为治疗输尿管中下段结石及体外冲击波碎石失败的输尿管上段结石的有效治疗方法之一.     

Current therapy of ureteral calculus

Since lithotripsy requiring no anesthesia recently became available, the discussion revolving around the treatment of choice for ureteral calculi has been renewed: is a preliminary retrograde manipulation still preferable for proximal calculi? Is ureteroscopy the better treatment for stones in the lower ureter? The retrospective evaluation of our patients with ureteral calculi (January to August 1988) failed to reveal a compromised efficiency with the modified HM3 Lithotripter (40 nF generator, 17 cm ellipsoid): 70% (including 11% with repeated sessions) of patients with proximal stones and 90% (including 28% with repeated sessions) of patients with distal calculi were successfully treated by in situ ESWL with no need for anesthesia, auxiliary measures, or ureteroscopy. These results do not significantly differ from those obtained with the old HM3, and they confirm that the majority of patients with ureteral calculi can bypass the discomfort of retrograde manipulation and the risks of ureteroscopy.