胰十二指肠切除手术流程及方法的改进

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除手术流程及技术的改进和效果。
方法:对22例胰十二指肠切除患者的手术流程及方法进行改进,并与传统术式患者的手术时间、并发症、术后住院时间、住院费用进行比较。
结果:所有患者均顺利施行根治性胰十二指肠切除术,改良组较传统组明显缩短了手术时间、减少了胰瘘的发生、术后住院时间及住院费用。
结论:改良的胰十二指肠切除术操作简便、省时,减少了手术并发症、术后住院时间及住院费用,是一种有效方法,值得推广。

     

胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔内迟发性出血的原因与处理

目的：探讨胰十二指肠切除术后迟发性腹腔内出血的原因与处理方法。
方法:回顾性分析168例施行胰十二指肠切除术的患者中术后腹腔内出血的情况。
结果:168例患者中有38例出现腹腔内迟发性出血,发生率为22.6%（38/168）;因大出血而再次手术止血11例,发生率6.5%（11/168）;再手术的病死率27.3%（3/11）;出血的主要原因是合并胰瘘或腹腔感染。
结论:胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔内出血与胰瘘或腹腔感染密切相关。完善围手术期的处理,预防与及时发现、积极处理胰瘘和腹腔感染可以减少腹腔内迟发性出血的发生。

     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的分析

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除治疗的胰头癌、十二脂肠乳状癌等疾病的治疗效果及并发症的发生的原因。
方法:回顾性分析胰十二指肠切除94例患者的临床资料,分析临床各并发症的可能原因及术中、术后处理措施。
结果:共23例发生并发症,并发症发生率为24.5%。其中胰瘘并腹腔感染9例,胆瘘并腹腔感染2例,消化道出血7例,肺部感染2例,胸腔积液1例,粘连性肠梗阻1例,胃排空障碍1例;死亡4例,病死率4.3%。其中3例死于胰瘘并腹腔严重感染,1例死于人造血管置换术后血栓形成。
结论:胰十二指肠切除仍有一定并发症发生率及病死率,正确评估患者病期的手术耐受力,规范术中操作,积极处理并发症是获得满意疗效的关键。

     

胰管空肠黏膜吻合胰十二指肠切除术

目的:胰十二指肠手术方式的改进以预防和减少术后胰瘘、胃瘫等相关并发症发生,提高手术安全性。
方法:回顾性分析68例标准胰十二指肠切除手术患者的临床资料。其中胰肠吻合采用胰管对空肠黏膜吻合,胰管内置支撑管经腹壁引出体外。术中常规放置鼻饲空肠营养管于胃空肠吻合口输出袢远侧。
结果:68例患者中有6例术后出现胰瘘,发生率为8.82%;通过持续腹腔引流管通畅引流而治愈。3例术后出现胃瘫,发生率为4.41%;经空肠鼻饲营养管行肠内营养支持待胃肠功能恢复后治愈。全组无1例死亡。
结论:该术式的改进能明显降低胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘胃瘫等并发症的发生率,提高手术的安全性。

     

不同胰管引流方式在胰肠吻合术后的疗效比较

目的:探讨不同胰管引流方式对胰肠吻合术后胰瘘发生的影响。
方法:回顾性地分析122例胰十二指肠切除患者的临床资料,122例中36例胰管内置管外引流,67例胰管内置管内引流,19例胰管内未置管引流。
结果:胰管内置管引流103例中21例（20.4%）发生胰瘘,胰管内置管外引流36例中4例(11.1%)发生胰瘘,胰管内置管内引流67例中17例（25.4%）发生胰瘘;而19例胰管内未置管引流病例中5例(26.3%)发生胰瘘。胰管引流组术后胰瘘发生率与胰管非引流组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。胰管内引流组术后胰瘘发生率与胰管外引流组比较无统计学差异（P＞005）。
结论:胰十二指肠切除术中胰肠吻合时胰管内安置引流与否似与术后胰瘘的发生率无明显关系。

     

Prolene线单层连续缝合加荷包捆绑套入式在胰肠吻合术中的应用

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除术（PD）术后胰瘘的预防方法。
方法:2004年4月—2009年7月对30例PD术行胰肠吻合时,先用4-0 Prolene线往返缝合胰腺断面,然后用单层连续缝合加荷包捆绑套入式胰肠吻合,主胰管外引流。并加强围手术期护理。
结果:全组吻合时间平均（15.0±1.7）min,均未出现胰肠吻合口瘘,无胰腺残端及空肠袢出血。
结论:以Prolene线单层连续缝合行胰肠吻合,并采用荷包捆绑套入式的胰肠吻合术,操作简便、省时、并发症少,是胰肠吻合术的一种有效改进。

 

     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的多因素分析

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除术(PD)术后胰瘘（PF）发生的危险因素。
方法:回顾性分析5年间在湘雅二医院行PD的137例患者的临床资料,并对围手术期可能与PF有关的18个因素进行单因素及逐步Logistic多因素分析。
结果:全组术后并发症发生率为32.1%（44/137）,病死率6.57%（9/137）;其中,胰瘘18例,发生率为13.1%,占总并发症的41.0%;死亡4例,占胰瘘病例的22.2%(4/8),占总死亡病例的44.4%(4/9)。PE组的并发症发生率及病死率均显著高于非PE组(均P＜0.05)。Logistic多因素分析表明,胰瘘发生的独立危险因素为上腹部手术史(OR=6.741),术前TIBL≥171 μmol/L(OR=3.308),胰腺质地软(OR=3.556)及胰管直径＜3mm(OR=6.106)。
结论:术前重度黄疸（TIBL≥171 μmol/L）、上腹部手术史及胰管直径细小和胰腺质地软预示着较高的胰瘘发生率。

     

保留十二指肠胰头切除术治疗胰头良性肿瘤1例

<正>保留十二指肠胰头切除术(duodenum preserving resection of head of pancreas,DPRHP)由Beger 1972年首先提出并应用于临床,该术主要用以治疗胰头部良性肿瘤及慢性胰腺炎。近期我院行本手术1例,为胰头良性肿瘤,现报告如下。     

胰源性门静脉高压症7例诊治分析

目的:探讨胰源性门静脉高压症的临床诊断和治疗方法。
方法:回顾分析收治的7例胰源性门静脉高压症患者的临床资料。6例有慢性胰腺炎病史，其中4例合并假性囊肿，1例为胰体尾部癌。术前肝功能检查均正常。5例出现上消化道出血，胃镜检查发现胃底静脉曲张。
结果:7例均行手术治疗，单纯脾切除2例，胰周坏死组织清除+脾切除+门奇静脉断流术1例，胰尾囊肿切除+脾切除术1例，假性囊肿内引流+脾切除术2例，胰体尾切除+脾切除术1例。术后随访胃底静脉曲张消失，均未再发生出血。
结论:胰源性门静脉高压症手术治疗效果令人满意，对有症状的患者，在治疗胰腺疾病的同时应附加脾切除术。

     

保留十二指肠胰头切除术

保留十二指肠胰头切除术主要运用于慢性胰头肿块性胰腺炎和胰头部良性肿瘤及低度恶性肿瘤,主要包括Beger、Frey、Bern和保留十二指肠胰头全切术4种术式,对比传统的Whipple术与保留幽门胰头十二指肠切除术创伤小、并发症少。现就保留十二指肠胰头切除术本身作一系统综述。     

胰腺内分泌肿瘤的外科治疗

目的:探讨胰腺内分泌肿瘤的临床特点和外科治疗方法。
方法:对收治的胰腺内分泌肿瘤33例患者的临床资料进行回顾性。
结果:33例中胰岛素瘤18例,无功能性胰岛细胞瘤9例,胃泌素瘤4例,胰高血糖素瘤2例。其中29例进行根治行切除,4例因肿瘤无法切除而放弃手术,总手术切除率为87.8%,术后发生胰瘘5例,肠梗阻2例,无住院期间死亡病例。26例平均随访时间为（4.7±3.5）年（9个月至14年）,其中恶性14例患者总的1年和3年生存率为71.4%和50.0%,在随访期间19例良性患者全部存活。
结论:手术切除是胰腺内分泌肿瘤最为理想的治疗方法。术前定性及术中定位尤为重要,术中胰腺探查结合术中B超是定位的关键。选择合适的术式有助于避免术后并发症的发生。

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保留胰腺功能的局部切除治疗胰头部良性肿瘤：附11例报告

目的　探讨对胰头部较大的良性肿瘤采用局部切除的可行性及手术方法。方法　通过对一组１１ 例胰头部良性占位性病变病例治疗的回顾性分析,说明局部切除术治疗该病例的优点及术中应注意的问题。结果　（１）该术式是可行的,与以往通常采用的Ｗｈｉｐｐｌｅ 手术相比,该术式操作简单对机体的侵袭性小,术后并发症发生率低,恢复快,消化功能保持良好;（２）对肿瘤与胆管关系密切者,先行胆管切开探查放置指引管可防止误伤胆管;（３） 采用胰腺创面与空肠行侧侧吻合术可有助于降低术后胰漏的发生。结论　该方法可作为治疗胰头部良性肿瘤的首选术式。     

Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection in patients with benign and borderline tumors of the pancreatic head

Background: Benign tumors of the pancreas are rare, accounting for only 1–2% of primary pancreatic lesions. Up to now, partial duodenopancreatectomy is still one of the established forms of treatment of benign tumors of the pancreas. We applied duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection in 12 patients with benign pancreatic tumors to evaluate the feasibility, morbidity and recurrence rates after this less aggressive method. Methods: Between April 1984 and December 1999, 12 patients with benign and borderline tumors of the pancreatic head were operated on by duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection. Results: All five patients with serous cystadenoma are free of recurrence 4.4 years after primary resection. One of two patients with mucinous cystadenoma and one of three patients with intraductal papillary mucinous tumor developed recurrent tumor within the former pancreatic head 5 years and 6 years, respectively, after the primary operation. Both patients were resected a second time. One of two patients with gastrinoma still has elevated serum gastrin levels. There was no hospital or long-term mortality. Conclusion: For a symptomatic serous cystadenoma, duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection is a good alternative to partial duodenopancreatectomy. In borderline tumors with malignant potential, we would rather suggest a more radical duodenum-preserving segmental resection. A video clip (3 min) is attached demonstrating the basic steps of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection. Received: 1 March 2000 Accepted: 15 March 2000     

Vater壶腹部肿瘤的局部切除治疗：附28例报告

目的:探讨局部切除治疗Vater壶腹部肿瘤的手术效果。
方法:对28例Vater壶腹部肿瘤患者实施局部切除治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。
结果:无手术死亡病例。术后并发十二指肠瘘1例,胰瘘1例,切口感染1例,经相应治疗均痊愈,并发症发生率10.7%。对25例随访1~9年,1,5年存活率分别为92%和32%。
结论:局部切除可使部分壶腹部肿瘤患者获得根治性切除的效果。其创伤小、恢复快、对高龄、一般情况差、有严重合并症等高危因素患者是一种较好的治疗方法。

     

Pancreatic head resection with segmental duodenectomy for intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas

Various modifications of organ-preserving pancreatic resections have been performed for intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) of the pancreas. The aim of this study was to evaluate usefulness of pancreatic head resection with duodenal segmentectomy (PHRSD), which is one of the organpreserving pancreatic resections for IPMT. Pancreatic head resection with duodenal segmentectomy was indicated for the branch duct type of IPMT. Eight patients underwent PHRSD. The mean operative time was 390 minutes, and the mean blood loss was 1270 ml. Duodenal ischemia was prevented by preserving the duodenal branches of the gastroduodenal artery and the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Complications occurred in four patients: one with pancreatic leak, one with choledochoduodenal anastomotic stenosis, and two with delayed gastric emptying. However, no deaths occurred. The final pathologic diagnosis was adenoma in seven patients and carcinoma in situ in one patient. Six of eight patients had an adenoma with papillary growth in the main pancreatic duct. Postoperative pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions were satisfactory. All patients were alive without recurrent disease at a median follow-up of 30 months. Pancreatic head resection with duodenal segmentectomy appears to be a useful procedure as an organ-preserving pancreatic resection for the branch duct type of IPMT, because this procedure allows a safe and complete resection of the pancreatic head without ischemia of the common bile duct and the duodenum.     

Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting for prophylaxis of pancreatic duct disruption during extirpation of a pancreatic head tumor

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic fistula is a major problem in minimal invasive surgery of the pancreas. To prevent the disruption of the pancreatic duct, the surgeon must recognize the site of the pancreatic duct exactly. METHODS: We reviewed the cases of 7 patients who underwent preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting for the prophylaxis of pancreatic fistula development after enucleation of a benign pancreatic head tumor. RESULTS: Preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stenting was successfully performed in all 7 patients. The level of serum amylase increased to 1500 IU/L on postoperative day 1, but levels recovered to normal within 3 days. None of the patients developed a pancreatic fistula. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative pancreatic duct stenting is a feasible, effective, and safe technique to prevent pancreatic duct disruption during enucleation of a benign tumor of the pancreatic head.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的治疗：附17例报告

目的：探讨CT检查和术中探查在胰腺实性假乳头肿瘤(SPTP)手术方式选择中的应用价值。
方法：回顾性分析10年间福建医科大学附属第一医院等4所医院手术所治17例SPTP患者的临床资料,分析术前CT判断、术中探查发现与术后病理学结果的关系。
结果：术前CT检查和术中探查能够较准确地判断肿瘤的大小、位置、侵袭生长情况;所有患者均接受了手术治疗,其中局部肿瘤切除术8例、胰尾切除术1例、胰体尾切除加脾切除术6例以及胰十二指肠切除术2例,17.6%的患者发生胰瘘等术后并发症,平均随访19.3个月未发现肿瘤复发。
结论：胰腺实性假乳头肿瘤手术切除率高,手术术式的选择应依据术前CT等影像检查和术中探查对肿瘤性质、大小、部位、包膜是否完整和是否侵及周围组织的判断,完整的肿瘤切除治疗能够获得良好预后。     

Pancreatic head resection with second-portion duodenectomy for benign lesions, low-grade malignancies, and early stage carcinomas involving the pancreatic head region.

BACKGROUND: Preservation of arterial blood supply to the duodenum and common bile duct during duodenum-preserving total resection of the pancreatic head is a major problem. We describe here a new procedure comprising pancreatic head resection with second-portion duodenectomy to overcome it. METHODS: The procedure was performed in 18 patients with benign lesions, low-grade malignancies, or early stage carcinomas involving the pancreatic head and with carcinoma of the middle bile duct or the gallbladder. The technique preserves the third portion of the duodenum by conserving the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. The second portion of the duodenum is divided, followed by division of the lower bile duct and pancreatic neck. After resection followed by duodenoduodenostomy, there is a choice of two procedures: type A, pancreaticoduodenostomy and choledochoduodenostomy; or type B, pancreaticojejunostomy and hepatodochojejunostomy. RESULTS: There were no operative or hospital deaths (type A, 6; type B, 12). Postoperative complications occurred in 2 patients, but the others had an uneventful postoperative course. The quality of life of all patients has been satisfactory up to 36 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This procedure is a reliable option as an organ-preserving procedure for benign lesions, low-grade malignancies, and early stage carcinomas involving the pancreatic head.     

内镜微创保胆取石术与胆囊切除术后综合征

目的:探讨胆囊切除术后综合征的病因、预防及处理。
方法:对收治的胆石症患者进行随机抽样调查,共调查253例,其中微创保胆取石术133例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术25例,开腹胆囊切除术95例。
结果:120例胆囊切除术后发生非器质性胆囊切除后综合征11例（9.2%）,133例保胆术后发生非器质性保胆术后综合征11例（8.3%）。
结论:胆囊是否切除与胆囊手术后综合征的发生无直接关系,胆道压力变化及长期清淡饮食导致的胆道顺应性下降可能是发生胆囊切除或保胆术后综合征的病因;胆囊功能的保留对缓冲与维持正常的胆道压力至关重要;胆道功能康复训练将有效降低上述症状的发生率。

     

Duodenal-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas and pancreatic head resection with second-portion duodenectomy for benign lesions,low-grade malignancies,and early carcinoma involving the periampullary region

HYPOTHESIS: Duodenal-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas (DPRHP) and pancreas head resection with segmental duodenectomy (PHRSD) can be alternatives to standard pancreaticoduodenectomy for benign periampullary lesions. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of patients requiring surgery for benign and borderline malignant tumors of the periampullary region. SETTING: Tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS: Duodenal-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas (n = 8) and PHRSD (n = 7) were performed in 15 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of benign and borderline malignant tumors of the periampullary region (ie, 11 pancreas head lesions [2 intraductal papillary mucinous tumors, 4 serous cystadenomas, 2 insulinomas, 1 epidermal cyst, 1 metastatic renal cell carcinoma, 1 nonfunctioning islet cell tumor/parapaillary] and 4 duodenal lesions [3 adenomas and 1 adenocarcinoma]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surgical factors (operation time and blood loss), postoperative complication, postoperative pancreatic insufficiency (eg, development of diabetes mellitus and steatorrhea or elevated stool elastase values), weight change, and recurrence of disease. RESULTS: No differences were noted in the mean operation time and estimated blood loss between the 2 procedures. Major postoperative complication constituted the following: bile duct stricture (n = 1) in DPRHP and delayed gastric emptying (n = 1) and postoperative bleeding (n = 1) in PHRSD. Newly developed diabetes mellitus occurred in 1 patient. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (steatorrhea) was observed in 1 patient after PHRSD. Patients with early duodenal carcinoma and intraductal papillary mucinous tumors with a borderline malignancy are still alive without evidence of recurrence. There was no hospital or long-term mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Duodenal-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas is recommended first for a benign or low-grade, early malignant pancreatic head lesion; PHRSD can be an option for a lesion of the ampullary-parapapillary duodenal area as well as the pancreatic head. Duodenal-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas can be converted to PHRSD if ischemia of the second portion of the duodenum occurs. We found benign periampullary lesions could be conservatively treated with DPRHP and PHRSD, which could substitute for classic pancreaticoduodenectomy.