含糖透析液对维持性血透患者血透中血压血糖的影响

目的对比含糖透析液与无糖透析液对维持性血透(MHD)患者透析中血压及血糖的影响。方法选择非糖尿病肾病的慢性血透患者42例,按随机化原则分为含糖透析液组21例和无糖透析液组21例,在透析前及透析1、2、3、4h进行血压和血糖的监测,观察含糖透析液和无糖透析液对透析中血压、血糖的影响。结果含糖透析液组与无糖透析液组透析前血压和血糖的基线值具有可比性,透析过程中,无糖透析液组的平均收缩压较含糖透析液组明显升高,第4小时的平均收缩压2组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),无糖透析液组较易发生低血糖反应。结论透析过程中使用含糖透析液可改善自主神经系统功能失调,抑制交感神经过度兴奋,诱导胰岛素释放,舒张血管,减少高血压及低血糖反应的发生。     

糖尿病肾病尿毒症应用无糖及含糖透析液血液透析特点及其对血糖的影响

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病尿毒症规律血液透析患者应用无糖及含糖透析液时血液透析的特点及其对血糖的影响。方法 观察首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院血液透析中心28例糖尿病肾病尿毒症规律血液透析患者应用无糖和含糖透析液（葡萄糖浓度5．5mmol／L）血液透析前后的临床和生化指标，并分别进行透析开始，透析2h及透析结束时血糖测定。结果 应用含糖透析液组在血压，透析间期体重增长，血红蛋白，血钾，透析充分性及营养状况，血脂等方面与应用无糖透析液组差异无显著性（P〉0．05），随着透析进行，血糖下降幅度明显低于无糖透析液组，在4h末基本回复到透析开始时水平。结论 糖尿病肾病尿毒症规律血液透析患者应用含糖透析液较为安全，且不影响透析效果。     

含糖透析液减少维持性血液透析患者低血压发生

目的探讨含糖透析液是否可以减少维持性血液透析患者低血压的发生。方法选取长期透析伴低血压患者25例。前4周采用常规无糖透析液透析,后4周采用含糖透析液[含糖桶装无菌透析液(5.5 mmol/L)]。检测使用含糖透析液前后血压,血糖,干体重,食欲等变化,低血压发生次数。结果使用含糖透析液治疗1个月后低血压的发生率从117次降低至77次。每例患者平均发生低血压次数明显减少(P<0.01)。使用无糖透析液,透析后有6例患者发生低血糖;而使用含糖透析液后无低血糖发生。结论含糖透析液能够减少在维持性血液透析中低血压的发生。对于透析中血压波动大的患者使用含糖透析液可以稳定血压,其作用机制有待进一步研究。     

含糖透析液对糖尿病肾病患者血液透析期间血糖影响的Meta分析

目的系统评价含糖透析液对糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)患者血液透析(hemodialysis,HD)期间血糖的影响。方法计算机检索Pub Med、Cochrane Library、EMbase、CNKI、VIP和Wan Fang Data,搜集不同浓度的含糖透析液对DN患者HD期间血糖影响的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),应用Rev Man 5.3软件根据透析液浓度分组进行Meta分析。结果共纳入10个RCT,其中3个自身对照研究,包括51例患者,其余7个RCT,共281例患者。Meta分析结果显示:(1)透析液葡萄糖浓度为0～3mmol/L组,纳入1个3mmol/L的研究,2组透析期间的血糖及低血糖发生率无统计学差异;(2)透析液浓度为3～6mmol/L组,共纳入5个5.5mmol/L和2个5mmol/L的研究,透析期间含糖组的低血糖发生率低于无糖组[MD=0.16,95%CI:0.06～0.48,P0.001],血糖高于无糖组,透析开始1h血糖(MD=3.04,95%CI:2.42～3.67,P0.001)、2h血糖(MD=3.50,95%CI:3.08～3.91,P0.001)、3h血糖(MD=5.59,95%CI:5.07～6.11,P0.001)和4h血糖(MD=3.94,95%CI:3.31～4.56,P0.001);(3)透析液浓度为9～12mmol/L组,包括2个11.1mmol/L的研究,透析期间含糖组的血糖明显高于无糖组,引起明显的高血糖和副交感神经活动增加。结论 5mmol/L或5.5mmol/L的含糖透析液既增加了透析期间DN患者的血糖,预防透析低血糖的发生,还避免了血糖过高和其引起的副交感神经的活动,建议条件允许的医疗单位使用与生理浓度相接近的5mmol/L或5.5mmol/L的葡萄糖透析液。受纳入文献数量和质量的限制,上述结论尚需开展更多高质量的RCT予以验证。     

含糖透析液对非糖尿病透析相关低血压患者血压和舒适状况的影响

目的探讨含糖透析液对非糖尿病透析相关低血压患者血压和舒适状况的影响。方法采用前瞻性、交叉对照研究,对102例透析相关低血压患者应用无糖透析液和含糖透析液透析进行交叉透析。观察患者透析中血压(第1小时、第2小时、第3小时)和心率情况;并采用Kolcaba舒适度量表进行舒适度评价。结果在应用含糖透析液后,非糖尿病透析相关低血压患者透析中第1小时、第2小时、第3小时的收缩压明显升高,收缩压最小值明显升高,且收缩压下降最大值明显降低(P0.01或P0.05);透析中第1小时舒张压明显降低(P0.01)。应用含糖透析液时有43例患者未再发生透析中低血压,其缓解率为42.16%。应用含糖透析液的非糖尿病透析相关低血压患者透析中第1小时、第2小时、第3小时的心率减慢(P0.01或P0.05)。应用含糖透析液的非糖尿病透析相关低血压患者舒适度总分和其心理、生理维度得分均增加(P0.01或P0.05)。结论含糖透析液可以明显改善维持性血液透析患者透析相关低血压,且提高患者的舒适度。     

二种不同葡萄糖浓度透析液对终末期糖尿病肾病血液透析患者血糖水平的影响

目的 探讨终末期糖尿病肾病（end-stage diabetic nephropathy ESDN）血液透析患者透析液葡萄糖浓度的适合数值及临床意义.方法 选择中山大学附属第五医院肾内科血液净化中心ESDN患者42名分为对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组,血液透析（hemodialysis HD）时分别使用无糖透析液和葡萄糖浓度为4.5mmol/L、6.0mmol/L的含糖透析液,并检测患者每次透析1、2、3h的血糖浓度;之后所有患者改用葡萄糖浓度为6.0mmol/L的透析液透析,测定单次透析前后血清果糖胺（serum fructosamine FA）水平及透析2h血糖水平.透析前血清FA高于2.2mmol/L的患者为A组,血析前血清低于2.2mmol/L的为B组.结果 ①416次透析中对照组及Ⅰ组患者各时段低血糖的发生率均高于Ⅱ组并且差异有显著性（P＜0.05）;而对照组与Ⅰ组患者各时段低血糖的发生率比较差异没有显著性;②透析2h及3h各组低血糖的发生率均高于1h,差异亦有显著性（P＜0.01）;而各组透析2h与3h时低血糖的发生率比较差异没有显著性;③A、B两组透析2h时B组低血糖的发生率高于A组,差异具有显著性（P＜0.01）.④透析前后血清FA的变化差异没有显著性.结论 ①使用无糖透析液及透析液葡萄糖浓度为4.5mmol/L的患者低血糖的发生率高于使用透析液葡萄糖浓度为6.0mmol/L的患者差异有显著性;②透析前血清FA低于正常的患者血液透析中容易发生低血糖;③血液透析不能清除血清FA.     

不同透析液钙浓度对维持性血液透析患者心率变异性的影响

目的观察不同钙离子浓度的透析液对血液透析患者心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)的影响,为透析患者选择最适透析液钙离子浓度提供依据。方法选择血钙正常的稳定的维持性血液透析患者30例,分别使用钙离子浓度1.25mmol/L(DCa1.25)、1.50mmol/L(DCa1.5)和1.75mmol/L(DCa1.75)的透析液进行血液透析12次(透析液其他成分不变),每次透析4h,分别于最后一次血液透析开始前1h记录24h动态心电图,采用全部正常窦性心搏间期的标准差(SDNN)作为HRV的指标,应用HRV分析软件进行处理,同时监测透析前、中、后血压,检测透析前后血清总钙、磷、血浆尿素氮、肌酐、血红蛋白、血浆白蛋白以及全段甲状旁腺激素等。结果采用DCa1.25血液透析时,透析后血总钙明显下降(P0.05),透析中、透析后收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压明显下降(P0.05),透析开始后SDNN逐渐下降,至3h时与透析前相比差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。采用DCa1.5血液透析时,透析后血总钙较前升高(P0.05),透析中、透析后收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压略降低,与透析前相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但SDNN表现出与上述类似的规律,即透析3h时SDNN显著下降(P0.05)。采用DCa1.75血液透析时,透析后血总钙、透析中、透析后收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压以及透析2～3h时SDNN均明显上升,与透析前相比差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。但三组患者的SDNN在透析结束后2h基本恢复到透析前水平。结论不同钙浓度透析液对维持性血液透析患者的HRV产生不同影响,DCa1.25、DCa1.5透析中HRV下降,DCa1.75透析中HRV增加。     

含糖透析液对糖尿病透析患者透析低血糖和低血压的影响

目的探讨含糖透析液对糖尿病透析患者发生透析低血糖和低血压的影响,及其代谢指标的变化。方法对17例维持透析的糖尿病患者进行自身对照试验,前2月使用无糖透析液,后2月换成含糖5.5mmol/L的透析液,比较前后患者透析低血糖和低血压的发生率,以及代谢指标的变化。结果使用无糖透析液时,患者发生透析低血糖和低血压分别为7.6%和18.3%;使用含糖透析液后,患者发生透析低血糖和低血压明显下降,分别为1%和10.7%,P0.01和P0.05。而糖化血红蛋白和血脂等代谢指标则无明显变化,P0.05。结论在糖尿病肾病的透析患者使用含糖透析液,有利于防止透析低血糖和低血压,而对患者代谢相关指标无明显影响。     

维持性血液透析患者透析中血糖变化及低血糖发生情况分析CSCD

目的分析维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者透析中血糖变化规律、低血糖发生情况及其相关影响因素,并探讨含糖透析液(glucose-containing dialysate,GCD)对透析中低血糖的影响。方法纳入2021年12月~2022年12月于吉林大学第二医院血液净化中心MHD的患者,常规使用无糖透析液(glucose-free dialysate,GFD),后改用5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖的GCD,测量GFD末次及GCD治疗第4次透析开始、1h、2h、3h及透析结束时的血糖,分析比较糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)和非DM患者透析中血糖变化规律及低血糖发生情况,并采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析DM患者透析中低血糖发生的影响因素。结果共纳入MHD患者232例,DM组102例和非DM组130例。GFD治疗时,DM组(非DM组)21例(6例)发生低血糖,透析0~2 h发生3次(0次),2 h~结束发生21次(6次),无症状低血糖占比79.17%(83.33%)。DM组与非DM组低血糖发生率差异有统计学意义(20.59%比4.62%,χ^(2)=14.180,P<0.001)。改用GCD治疗后,DM患者仅1例出现了低血糖,低血糖发生率为0.98%,低于使用GFD时低血糖的发生率(0.98%比20.59%,P<0.001);非DM患者未发生低血糖。透析前血糖水平≥10 mmol/L(OR=0.185,95%CI:0.054~0.636,P=0.007)、透析日减停降糖药物(OR=0.226,95%CI:0.073~0.707,P=0.011)是透析中低血糖发生的保护性因素,糖尿病病程≥20年(OR=3.280,95%CI:1.046~10.286,P=0.042)是透析中低血糖发生的危险因素。结论透析2h至透析结束是MHD患者低血糖的好发时段,且以无症状低血糖为主;葡萄糖浓度5.5mmol/L的GCD可有效减少低血糖的发生。DM病程≥20年是透析中低血糖的危险因素,透析日减停降糖药物、透析前血糖水平≥10mmol/L是透析中低血糖的保护性因素。     

血液透析中进餐对糖尿病肾病与非糖尿病肾病患者血压的影响

目的探讨血液透析中进食减少糖尿病肾病患者由于低血糖导致透析中低血压发生的效果。方法37例糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者与40例非糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者均使用无糖透析液,在每次透析2h时进餐．进食量200～250g。含碳水化合物约35．8g,每例患者观察1个月,记录每次进餐前和进餐30min后的血压,并进行比较。结果两组患者进餐30min后的血压都比进餐前的血压有所下降,糖尿病‘肾病组患者进餐前后收缩压和平均动脉压差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）：两组患者进餐前血压差异无统计学意义,进餐后糖尿病肾病组患者平均动脉压低于非糖尿病肾病组患者（P〈0．05）;两组透析中低血压和症状性低血压发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论糖尿病肾病患者在透析2h时进餐,会引起血压下降,但下降幅度不大,仍可有效避免低血糖导致的透析中低血压的发生。     

Cardiac autonomic function during intradialytic exercise training

Objectives: Cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction is a common feature in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) therapy, whilst is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the hemodynamic changes and responses of ANS function in HD patients using pupillometry and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) parameters.

Methods: Sixteen chronic kidney diseases (CKD) patients receiving HD (52.18 ± 17.7 years) underwent both pupillometric measurements using a portable handheld pupil-measuring device and standard HRV analysis pre HD, every hour and 30 min post-HD session under two different scenarios: at rest while the patient resting at HD bed and when the patient performed a single bout of intradialytic aerobic exercise lasting for 45 min during the second hour of the HD therapy.

Results: No significant changes in ANS values were observed in neither of the pupillometric and the HRV values pre HD, for each hour and post-HD session. HRV parameters were significantly correlated with pupillometric parameters at pre HD and immediately after the single bout of intradialytic exercise. ANS activity did not differ during the conventional HD session and during the session included intradialytic exercise. Moreover, sympatho-vagal balance indices deriving from pupillometric assessment showed beneficial changes after the exercise event.

Conclusion: Pupillometry is a promising and robust technique with fewer artifacts compared to HRV especially in studies involving exercise sessions. Thus, pupillometry can be used as a complementary tool in the evaluation of cardiac autonomic dysfunction.     

Poincaré plot indexes of heart rate variability capture dynamic adaptations after haemodialysis in chronic renal failure patients

The hypothesis that the Poincaré plot indexes of heart rate variability (HRV) detect dynamic changes after haemodialysis (HD) over the HRV in haemodynamically stable chronic renal failure (CRF) patients was examined. Minor axis (SD1), major axis (SD2) and the SD1/SD2 ratio were compared against standard HRV indexes in time and frequency domain, in a group of healthy subjects and in a group of CRF patients before and after HD. These indexes were estimated from Poincaré plots reconstructed with lags of one, two and four heartbeats. The surrogate data analysis technique was applied in order to discern if only random components or linear features of HRV contribute to its dynamics. None of the standard linear HRV indexes changed after HD. The Poincaré plot indexes measured from CRF patients were smaller than the ones measured from healthy subjects. In CRF patients the SD1/SD2 ratio decreased after HD, when a lag of four heartbeats was used (0.68 +/- 0.19 before HD versus 0.55 +/- 0.12 after HD, P<0.05). The presence of deterministic components in HRV were confirmed for all measures of the SD1/SD2 ratio. Moreover, a loss of non-linear components after HD was detected by the surrogate analysis over the SD1/SD2 ratio with a lag of four heartbeats. In conclusion, the SD1/SD2 ratio measured at lag of 4 heartbeats capture dynamic changes after HD upon the HRV of CRF patients that are not solely related to linear autocorrelations of HRV. This suggests that the SD1/SD2 ratio reflects non-linear information of HRV.     

Does whole body vibration training improve heart rate variability in kidney transplants patients? A randomized clinical trial

BackgroundWhole-body vibration (WBV) is an exercise modality that can promote improvements in heart rate variability (HRV) with lower patient overload, and consequently reduce cardiovascular risk in renal transplant patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week WBV training program of two weekly sessions on HRV.MethodsA double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial with 12 kidney transplant recipients of both genders who underwent WBV training (35 Hz) twice a week for 12 weeks on alternate days (WBV Group) and training with sub-therapeutic WBV (8 Hz) (Sham Group). Variables were evaluated in time and frequency domains of HRV through the 24-h Holter monitor, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO_2max) through an exercise stress test.ResultsThe delta between Sham and WBV groups showed an increase in the low frequency (Δ = 959.05 Hz; p = 0.01) and in the high frequency (Δ = 204.42 Hz; p = 0.04) of the HRV compared to Sham group. No changes in the ergometric variables were observed for any of the groups.ConclusionThe present study evidenced an increase in the low and high frequency of HRV in individuals who participated in the Sham WBV group. There was no improvement in the autonomic balance in the groups, in the other HRV parameters, or the exercise test after the WBV training period.     

β-Thromboglobulin may not reflect platelet activation during haemodialysis with the HeprAN membrane

Background: When blood passes through the extracorporeal circuit during haemodialysis (HD) undesirable effects including platelet degranulation and coagulation activation take place. β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) is a sensitive marker of platelet activation. The aim of this study was to investigate platelet degranulation and coagulation activation during HD with the heparin-coated dialysis membrane HeprAN.

Methods: Four HD sessions were evaluated in each of 12 chronic HD patients. None of the patients used oral warfarin, other anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs. In the first session the HeprAN membrane or a conventional polyflux membrane was used in a randomized manner and thereafter alternately in a cross-over design, and 50% of the conventional dalteparin dose was given at start of HD. Prothrombin fragment 1?+?2 (PF1?+?2), β-TG and anti-factor Xa activity were measured repeatedly.

Results: No dialysis sessions were terminated early due to clotting of the extracorporeal system. Activation of intravascular coagulation as assessed by change in PF1?+?2 during 4?hours of HD was the same with the two membranes. β-TG concentration decreased significantly during 4?hours of HD with the HeprAN membrane but remained stable with the polyflux membrane.

Conclusion: There were no differences in clotting scores or coagulation activation with the two membranes. The decrease in β-TG during HD with the HeprAN membrane suggests β-TG to be an inferior marker of platelet degranulation when using a heparin-coated dialysis membrane. A possible mechanism for the decline in β-TG concentration may be adherence of this heparin-binding protein to the heparin-coated dialysis membrane.     

The effects of hemodialysis on blood glutamate levels in chronic renal failure: Implementation for neuroprotection

Purpose

The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether hemodialysis (HD) is effective in lowering blood glutamate levels. In addition, we examined the effect of HD on glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels in the blood and described the rate and pattern of blood glutamate clearance during HD.

Materials and Methods

Blood samples were taken from 45 patients with stage V chronic kidney disease immediately after initiation of HD and hourly, for a total of 5 blood samples. Samples were sent for determination of glutamate, glucose, GOT, GPT, hemoglobin, hematocrit, urea, and creatinine levels. A blood sample from 25 healthy volunteers without chronic renal failure was used as a control for the determination of baseline blood levels of glutamate, GOT, and GPT.

Results

Glutamate and GPT levels in patients on HD were higher at baseline compared with healthy controls (P < .001). In the first 3 hours after HD, there was a decrease in blood glutamate levels compared with baseline levels (P < .00001). At the fourth hour, there was an increase in blood glutamate levels compared with the third hour (P < .05).

Conclusions

Hemodialysis may be a promising method of reducing blood glutamate levels.     

Short- and long-term reproducibility of autonomic measures in supine and standing positions

Autonomic nervous tests and heart rate variability (HRV) have been used to assess cardiac autonomic function and to evaluate long-term prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term reproducibility of HRV parameters and autonomic nervous tests according to body position (supine or standing). The study group consisted of 26 healthy subjects. Autonomic nervous tests and HRV were performed twice during the day and the results were averaged. The protocol was then repeated 3 days after each examination and also after 6 and 24 months. Autonomic nervous tests included deep breathing, Valsalva manoeuvre and isometric muscle exercise (handgrip), as well as blood pressure and heart rate in response to standing. ECG recordings were taken for 10 min during spontaneous breathing for HRV analysis. We found that the reproducibility of some parameters of the autonomic nervous test were independent of body position [E/I ratio (heart rate response to deep breathing)], whereas other parameters were dependent on body position (Valsalva manoeuvre and blood pressure response to sustained handgrip). In addition, within-day measurements of those parameters varied from non-reproducible (Valsalva ratio, handgrip and blood pressure response to standing) to moderately reproducible [E/I ratio and 30/15 ratio (heart rate response to standing)]. Among the HRV parameters, we found that total power (TP), low (LF)- and high (HF)-frequency were reproducible not only for measurements made within the same day, but also during short- and long-term observations, and only the LF/HF ratio was dependent on body position. We conclude that only a few autonomic nervous tests are reproducible in the short- and long-term. Because HRV parameters obtained during spontaneous respiration showed high reproducibility for measurements made within the same day as well as in the short- and long-term, they should be used instead of autonomic nervous tests when long-term observations are carried out in a healthy population.     

Effects of haemodialysis on heart rate variability in chronic renal failure

The influence of haemodialysis (HD) on the heart rate variability (HRV) was investigated in nine non-diabetic patients on maintenance haemodialysis. The R-R intervals were measured in recordings during spontaneous quiet breathing and during controlled deep breathing before and after a single HD session. The HRV was expressed as the standard deviation of the mean R-R interval in 3 min ECG recordings. Heart rate variability is the irregularity in the heart rate mainly caused by autonomic control mechanisms. The long-term HRV during quiet breathing was statistically significantly (p less than 0.05) higher after the HD than before. The HRV in the intermediate frequency range of 0.075-0.125 Hz was also significantly increased by the HD. This suggests that some metabolic agents interfering with the heart rate regulation are removed by the haemodialysis, and as a result a better function of the autonomic cardiac control is achieved in uraemic patients.     

应用超滤曲线和血容量监测预防透析反应的护理研究

目的 观察采用不同超滤(ultrafihration，UF)曲线模式对血液透析症状性低血压发生的影响，并评估相对血容量(relativebloodvolume，RBV)监测对血透症状性低血压的预报作用。方法 选择68例既往有血透症状性低血压的血透患，分别应用6种不同超滤曲线模式，共进行238次透析。UF0(超滤率恒定)，UF1(超滤率呈线性递减)，UF2(阶梯式超滤率下降)，UF3～UF5(高超滤率与最小超滤率交替)，并监测RBV值的变化。结果 采用UF0和UF1曲线模式时症状性低血压发生率均明显低于UF2、UF3、UF4、UF5曲线模式，其中UF1曲线模式发生率最低；与UF0和UF1模式相比，肌肉痉挛、呕吐、疲劳、头痛在UF2～UF5有较高的发生率。发生低血压症状时患RBV常低于无症状时的RBV。临界最小相对血容量(mRBV)一般低于88％时，预示可能有症状性低血压的发生。结论 采用线性递减超滤率模式有助于减少血透症状性低血压的发生；监测RBV变化有助于预报血透低血压的发生。     

Heart rate variability is reduced during acute uncomplicated diverticulitis

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to report the trajectory of heart rate variability (HRV) indices during a low-grade acute inflammation and their associations to biomarkers for infection.MethodsTwelve patients with uncomplicated acute diverticulitis completed this observational study, which composed of 3 sessions of continuous HRV recording from 9 pm to 8 am during ongoing diverticulitis and at complete remission (baseline). The blood samples were collected at each study session measuring C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocytes.ResultsThis study showed that the trajectories of the HRV indices were decreased both in time and frequency domains during acute diverticulitis compared to baseline. In particular, the indices reflecting the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities were affected: standard deviation of normal-to-normal beats (P = .003), low-frequency power (P < .001), and total power (P = .001). These HRV changes indicate alterations in the autonomic nervous system during acute inflammation. All reductions of mean HRV indices had significant (P < .001) correlations to increased CRP correlations to increased CRP levels during diverticulitis suggesting inflammatory involvement in the observed HRV alterations.ConclusionWe found substantial HRV depression in relation to acute uncomplicated diverticulitis, and this was associated with the elevated CRP levels.     

Increase in and clearance of cell-free plasma DNA in hemodialysis quantified by real-time PCR.

BACKGROUND: Recently cell-free plasma DNA has been described as a marker of apoptosis during hemodialysis (HD), but little is known about how different dialysis membranes may contribute to this process or whether pre-HD levels are restored afterwards. Here we evaluate the influence of the dialysis membrane on cell-free plasma DNA levels and investigate the clearance of plasma circulating DNA after HD. METHODS: Cell-free plasma DNA was measured using a real-time quantitative PCR for the beta-globin gene. Reference values for plasma DNA were established in a group of 100 healthy voluntary blood donors. Pre- and post-HD levels were also measured in 30 patients with end-stage renal disease on regular HD (52 sessions; 104 samples). The sessions lasted for 2.5-5 h. Different dialysis membranes were compared: high-flux (n=37) vs. low-flux (n=15) and polysulfone (n=42) vs. modified cellulose (n=10). To determine the time at which pre-HD levels are restored, DNA was quantified in serial plasma samples obtained from 10 of these 30 patients, just before and immediately after HD, as well as at 30, 60 and 120 min after HD. RESULTS: Reference plasma DNA values for healthy blood donors ranged from 112 to 2452 gEq/mL (median 740 gEq/mL). Cell-free plasma DNA levels significantly increased during HD (Wilcoxon test for paired samples, p<0.0001), with increases of more than four-fold observed in 75% of the patients after HD. There was no significant linear association between the length of the HD session (between 2.5 and 5 h) and the increase in cell-free plasma DNA concentration (Pearson correlation). No significant differences were observed between different types of membranes (Mann-Whitney U-test). Plasma DNA returned to pre-HD levels by 30 min after HD, regardless of the starting concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma DNA levels significantly increase after a conventional 2.5-5-h HD session. Therefore, HD patients require special consideration for correct interpretation of plasma DNA concentrations. This parameter can be considered a reliable diagnostic tool for certain pathologies when measured at least 30 min after a HD session without further complications. The different dialysis membranes used in this study had no influence on cell-free plasma DNA concentrations, so the level of circulating DNA is not an appropriate marker of dialysis membrane biocompatibility.