脑动脉硬化对外侧膝状体血供影响的形态学研究及临床意义

目的：研究外侧膝状体动脉的来源、数量、分布以及相关动脉的病理变化，为外侧膝状体因缺血所致视野缺损提供形态学依据。方法：在体视显微镜和手术显微镜下，对45例90侧，成人脑标本进行观察，研究外侧膝状体动脉的起源、数量、分布，对其中50～70岁的60侧脑标本的外侧膝状体相关动脉做病理切片观察。结果：外侧膝状体的血供主要来自脉络丛后外动脉、丘脑膝状体动脉和膝络丛前动脉，其中多动脉来源型占80．0％，单一动脉来源型占20．0％。病理组织切片观察发现动脉管壁有动脉粥样硬化改变的占88．3％。其中小动脉被完全阻塞的占10．0％(6侧)，部分阻塞占30．0％(18侧)。结论：50岁以上者出现视力下降、视野缺损，特别是双眼同向性偏盲，若排除其他疾患，则可能是脑底动脉粥样硬化引起外侧膝状体血供障碍所致。     

老年人内侧膝状体形态、血供和来源动脉的病理学改变

目的 :研究老年人内侧膝状体的形态、毗邻及供血动脉来源、分支、分布和病理改变。方法 :体视及手术显微镜下观察 60～ 80岁年龄的脑内侧膝状体的形态、毗邻和血供情况 ;取内侧膝状体来源动脉 (大脑后动脉 )光镜下观察动脉壁的病理改变情况。结果 :内侧膝状体呈半球形 ,动脉来源于大脑后动脉的分支 ,即丘脑膝状体动脉 ,脉络丛后内、外动脉和丘体动脉 ,每侧有小动脉 ( 6.8± 1 .5 )支 ,大脑后动脉粥样硬化改变者占 88.3 %。结论 :内侧膝状体动脉细小 ,仅由大脑后动脉供血 ,动脉硬化可致小动脉管腔狭窄 ,供血不足 ,可能是老年人听力下降的原因之一。     

人外侧膝状体的血液供应及其临床意义

目的：为外侧膝状体（LGB）缺血所致的视野缺损提供形态学依据。方法：手术显微镜下观察成人和胎儿脑的LGB动脉的来源和微血管构筑,部分脑标本用组织切片方法观察营养LGB动脉的粥样硬化病理改变。结果：LGB营养动脉第一级来自颈内动脉和大脑后动脉,二级为脉络丛前动脉、脉络丛后外动脉和丘脑膝状体动脉,三级构成LGB的小动脉。50岁以上的标本,LGB的一、二级动脉有硬化改变的占88％,二级小动脉被阻塞占10％。结论：二级动脉在LGB内有各自的供血区,脉络丛前动脉是供应LGB前部和外侧部的唯一动脉,大脑后动脉营养LGB的其余部分。不同动脉的阻塞可导致不同种类的视野改变,是视野缺损的原因之一。     

Willis氏环后部的显微解剖学

在解剖显微镜下放大6～40倍,观察了125例成人和儿童脑Willis氏环后部的血管。颈内动脉末段两侧等粗者占47.20±4.46％,发出平均2.5条穿支,穿入前穿质、视束、灰结节和颞叶内侧面。脉络丛前动脉有99.20±0.56％发自颈内动脉,通常两次越视束,最后入脉络裂,分支至前穿质、颞叶、视束,丘脑下部视束沟、外侧膝状体和海马回钩。后交通动脉的形态可分平直、弯曲、襻状及后部呈丛状四型。弯曲型在成人多见,发出平均8.1条穿支,穿入灰结节、视束、丘脑下部视束沟、乳头体、大脑脚以及视束、大脑脚与乳头体之间的区域。根据后交通动脉管径变异,Willis氏环可分近代型、原始型、过渡型及混合型。两侧大脑后动脉近侧段等粗者占57.60±4.42％,发出平均3.1条后穿动脉,穿入乳头体、后穿质、大脑脚和脚间窝。此外,本文对四叠体动脉和乳头体的血液供应作了调查和讨论。     

大鼠前庭—丘脑投射——HRP法研究

用 HRP 法研究了41只大鼠的前庭—丘脑投射。在丘脑腹前核(腹外侧核)、腹内侧核、中央外侧核、腹后核、丘脑后核、内侧膝状体大细胞部及外侧膝状体腹侧核等处分别注入 HRP 后,在前庭核簇的不同亚核中观察到标记细胞。证实了大鼠和猫及猴同样也有前庭—丘脑投射。并依前庭—丘脑投射的细胞起源和终止部位不同,可将前庭—丘脑投射大致分为两大类。第一类起自前庭核簇所有四个亚核,投射到丘脑的“非特异”核群,包括腹前核(可能还有腹外侧核),腹内侧核及中央外侧核,可能与维持并改变大脑皮层的兴奋性以及完成运动功能有关。第二类仅起自前庭内侧核和降核,投射到丘脑的腹后核及后核群(包括丘脑后核、内侧膝状体大细胞部及外侧膝状体腹侧核),可能和前庭感觉的传递以及前庭感觉和其它感觉的会聚有关。     

Willis环后部与大脑后动脉的显微外科解剖学

本文搜集国人大脑标本50例,用解剖显微镜对 Willis 环后部与大脑后动脉进行了观察。后交通动脉发育不良的出现率为56.0%±4.96,它向后内方发出丘脑下部支(平均5.3支),向后外方发出后穿支(平均3.5支)。大脑后动脉主干可分成3段,即 P_1、P_2及 P_3段。其中 P_1段平均发出1.8支丘脑穿支,0.9支乳头体支;P_2段平均发出4.3支大脑脚支,1.0支丘脑枕部支,5.4支丘脑膝状体支。此外,大脑后动脉尚发出短旋支至中脑被盖部,发出长旋支至中脑顶盖部,发出脉络丛后内侧动脉至第三脑室脉络丛,发出脉络丛后外侧动脉至侧脑室脉络丛。大脑后动脉发出五大皮质支,它们主要供应大脑颞叶下面及枕叶内面。此外,还发出三小皮质支,即海马动脉、齿状回动脉及胼胝体压部动脉。大脑后动脉 P_2段的血流主要来自基底动脉的为79.0%±4.07,主要来自颈内动脉的为4.0%±1.96,均等地来自上述两者的为17.0%±3.76。     

人丘脑及其邻近结构毛细血管的定量研究

本研究用4例新生儿脑标本,双色动-静脉连续灌注,硝化棉包埋,制成500μm、100μm和30μm3种厚度交替的连续冠状切片。前者透明封片,后两者Nissl染色,用测微计测量毛细血管内径,图像分析仪测量毛细血管密度,全部数据进行方差分析和相关回归分析。结果表明,丘脑及其邻近结构的毛细血管密度差异十分显著。壳核、外侧膝状体细胞层、丘脑前核和底丘脑核的密度最高;丘脑背内侧核、腹外侧核、枕核、腹后外侧核、后外侧核、中央中核、内侧膝状体、腹前核和内髓板等居中;内囊和外侧膝状体纤维层的最低。在毛细血管直径方面,腹前核和内囊的最粗,壳核和外侧膝状体细胞层的最细。在已测量的同一结构中,毛细血管直径和密度之间存在着负相关。     

幼儿外侧膝状体及视皮质微血管的形态学

目的：探讨幼儿外侧膝状体及视皮质微血管构筑的形态结构。方法：采用8例幼儿外侧膝状体及视皮质，经碱性磷酸酶染色，组织切片，光镜观察。结果：幼儿视皮质(17区)后1／3的微血管密度最高，前1／3次之，中1／3最低。外侧膝状体后2／3的微血管密度高于前1／3。视皮质内动脉多数以直角、少数以锐角发自软脑膜动脉。视皮质内静脉数量明显少于动脉。静脉属支汇入处可见一三角形膨大，且深层微静脉粗，浅层微静脉细。结论：幼儿外侧膝状体及视皮质相对应区域微血管同步发育。皮质微静脉的这种结构特点可能是皮质微静脉栓塞的因素之一。     

视束纤维侧枝在外膝状体腹核及其附近的分布

引言近年以来由电生理学实验结果得到了一种推论,认为视觉通路方面除了通过外膝状体、视辐射达到大脑皮层这一条主要的通路以外,似乎还有所谓非特异性途径的存在。这条途径主要是由视束纤维的侧枝和网状结构系统所形成的,例如:Jasper破坏猫的外膝状体后,刺激丘脑网状系统,在皮层视区引到募集反应(recruiting responce);Steriade     

家鸽顶盖的解剖组织结构及神经递质的研究进展

鸟类具有两条独立的视系统投射到端脑:(1)顶盖传出系统,即视网膜-顶盖-丘脑圆核-外纹状体,与哺乳动物的视网膜-上丘-丘脑-纹区皮层系统相似;(2)丘脑传出系统,即视网膜-丘脑背外侧核-上纹状体,与哺乳动物的视网膜-膝状体-纹状皮层系     

Microvascularization of thalamus and metathalamus in common tree shrew (Tupaia glis)

The microangioarchitecture of the thalamus and metathalamus in common tree shrew (Tupaia glis) was studied using vascular corrosion cast/stereomicroscope and SEM technique. The arterial supply of the thalamus and metathalamus was found to originate from perforating branches of the posterior communicating artery, the posterior cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery, and the anterior choroidal artery. These perforating arteries gave rise to numerous bipinnate arterioles which in turn, with decreasing vessel diameters, branched into a non-fenestrated capillary bed. Venous blood from the superficial parts of the thalamus and metathalamus was collected into the thalamocollicular vein, whereas venous blood from internal aspects of the thalamus was conveyed to the internal cerebral vein. Some venous blood from the most rostral part of the thalamus flowed into tributaries of the middle cerebral vein before draining into the cavernous sinus. Further, the thalamic and metathalamic vascular arrangement was found to be of centripetal type. In addition, thalamic arterial anastomosis was rarely observed. Thus, obstruction of thalamic blood supply could easily lead to thalamic infraction.     

国人延髓动脉的观察

本文观察了110例成人脑标本的延髓外部动脉;采用动脉X线造影法和透明法,在20例人脑标本上观察了延髓内部动脉的形态和供应。将延髓表面分为四区,供应各区的外部动脉可分为相应的4群。前正中群和前外侧群动脉主要来自脊髓前动脉,前正中群动脉供应舌下神经核、内侧丘系及部分锥体束等中缝两侧结构;前外侧群动脉供应大部分锥体束;外侧群动脉来自椎动脉、小脑下后动脉、基底动脉和小脑下前动脉,主要供应网状结构、脊髓丘脑束、三叉神经脊束及核、迷走神经背核等;后群动脉来自脊髓后动脉和小脑下后动脉,主要供应薄、楔束核等。本文还讨论了延髓外侧区的血液供应及“终动脉”等问题。     

Ascending projections from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus in the cat

Summary Ascending projections from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (NBIC) in the cat were studied by the autoradiographic tracing method. Many fibers from the NBIC ascend ipsilaterally in the lateral tegmentum along the medial border of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. At midbrain levels, fibers from the NBIC end in the superior colliculus, the pretectum, the central gray and the peripeduncular tegmental region bilaterally with ipsilateral predominance. NBIC fibers to the superior colliculus are distributed densely to laminae VI an III throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of the colliculus. In the pretectum, NBIC fibers terminate in the anterior and medial nuclei and the nucleus of the posterior commissure. NBIC fibers to the dorsal thalamus are distributed largely ipsilaterally. Many NBIC fibers end in the dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate body, but few in the ventral division. The NBIC also sends fibers to the suprageniculate, limitans and lateralis posterior nuclei and the lateral portion of the posterior nuclear complex; these regions of termination of NBIC fibers constitute, as a whole, a single NBIC recipient sector. Additionally, the NBIC sends fibers to the centralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, paraventricular and subparafascicular nuclei of the thalamus.Abbreviations APtC Pars compacta of anterior pretectal nucleus - APtR Pars reticulata of anterior pretectal nucleus - BIC Brachium of infertior colliculus - CG Central gray - CL Nucleus centralis lateralis - CP Cerebral peduncle - D Dorsal division of medial geniculate body - IC Inferior colliculus - LG Lateral geniculate body - LP Nucleus lateralis posterior - Lim Nucleus limitans - M Medial division of medial geniculate body - MD Nucleus medialis dorsalis - ML Medial lemniscus - NBIC Nucleus of brachium of inferior colliculus - NPC Nucleus of posterior commissure - PN Pontine nuclei - Ppr Peripeduncular region - Pt Pretectum - Pbg Parabigeminal nucleus - Pol Lateral portion of posterior nuclear complex - Pom Medial portion of posterior nuclear complex - Pul Pulvinar - Pv Nucleus paraventricularis - R Red nucleus - SC Superior colliculus - Sg Nucleus suprageniculatus - Spf Nucleus subparafascicularis - V Ventral division of medial geniculate body - VPL Nucleus ventralis posterolateralis - VPM Nucleus ventralis posteromedialis - II,III,IV,VI Tectal laminae     

Topographic organization of the auditory thalamocortical system in the albino rat

Summary The organization of the auditory thalamocortical connections was studied in rats. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin following injections into parietal, occipital and temporal cortex was used. The medial geniculate body, the suprageniculate, the lateral part of the nucleus posterior thalami, the posterior part of the nucleus lateralis thalami, and the nucleus ventroposterior project to the investigated part of the neocortex. Corresponding to different patterns of labeling, five areas of auditory neocortex were distinguished: 1. The rostral area is innervated by neurons of the nucleus ventroposterior, the lateral part of the nucleus posterior thalami, and the medial division of the medial geniculate body. 2. The dorsal area is innervated by neurons of the suprageniculate, the posterior part of the nucleus lateralis thalami and the rostral region of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body. 3. The caudal area is innervated by neurons of the posterior part of the nucleus lateralis thalami, the suprageniculate, the medial division, the caudal region of the dorsal division and the ventrolateral nucleus of the medial geniculate body. 4. The ventral area is innervated by neurons of the suprageniculate, the medial division, the caudal region of the dorsal division, and the ventrolateral nucleus of the medial geniculate body. 5. The core area of the temporal cortex is exclusively connected to the caudal region of the medial division and the ventral division of the medial geniculate body.The findings of the present study indicate topographic organizations of the ventral division of the medial geniculate body and of the corea area. Four segments (a-d) of the ventral division each show a different set of topographic axes. They correspond to sets of topographic axes in the core area of the auditory cortex. These topographies characterize the segments which are each exclusively connected to one of the four fields of the core area.Abbreviations AC Auditory Cortex - c Caudal - d Dorsal - FR Fissura rhinalis, Rhinal Fissure - l Lateral - LTP Nucleus lateralis thalami, pars posterior - m Medial - MGB Medial geniculate body - MGBd Medial geniculate body, dorsal division - MGBm Medial geniculate body, medial division - MGBmc Medial geniculate body, caudal third of MGBm - MGBv Medial geniculate body, ventral division - MGBvl Medial geniculate body, ventrolateral nucleus - NPT Nucleus posterior thalami, pars lateralis - r Rostral - SG Suprageniculatum - VP Nucleus ventroposterior