舒芬太尼在腰-硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛中应用研究

【目的】评价鞘内注射5pg舒芬太尼行腰一硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛的效果,【方法】选取足月妊娠单胎头位,无头盆不称,无椎管内禁忌证,无产科病理因素,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级产妇150例随机分为三组：腰硬联合麻醉组（A组）;硬膜外麻醉组（B组）;无分娩镇痛组（C组）。A组在珠网膜下腔注5μg舒芬太尼后硬膜外置管,接电子输注泵。B组只行硬膜外穿刺置管接电子输注泵,泵内药液都为0．1％罗哌卡因＋0．4μg／mL舒芬太尼100mL。C组不做镇痛,观察镇痛起效时间,镇痛效果（VAS评分）,各产程时间,分娩方式,催产素使用情况,出血量以及新生儿Apgar评分。【结果】：A组镇痛起效时间明显快于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组的VAS评分低于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,A、B两组VAS评分显著低于C组,比较差异显著（P〈0．05）。三组产程时间、剖宫产率、器械助产率及产后出血量比较差畀无统计学意义。A、B两组间的催产素使用率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。但A、B两组分别与C组比较差异显著（P〈0．05）。【结论】：鞘内注射5μg舒芬太尼行腰一硬联合麻醉的分娩镇痛效果优于单纯使用硬膜外镇痛组,两者都不延长产程,对母儿的影响小,且安全可行的。     

鞘内不同剂量舒芬太尼在腰硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛中的作用

目的:比较鞘内不同剂量的舒芬太尼在腰硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛中的效应.方法:选择择期初产妇180例,鞘内镇痛药物为舒芬太尼,随机分六组,剂量分别为3.0μg、4.0μg、5.0μg、6.0μg、7.0μg、8.0μg(S3组、S4组、S5组、S6组、S7组、S8组),双盲对照观察.各组镇痛方法均采用蛛网膜下腔给药后硬膜外产妇自控镇痛(PCA).各组硬膜外维持用药相同.观察记录起效时间;鞘内给药后10、15、30、60、90 min时的VAS评分;维持时间、运动阻滞、各产程时间、出血量、新生儿1和5分钟Apagr评分与全程分娩镇痛的满意度;可能出现的不良反应.结果:起效时间S3组＞S4组＞S5组≈S6组≈S7组≈S8组,以S3组最慢.S3组在各时间点镇痛效果均比S5～S8组差,60min时S4、S5组的镇痛效果与S6、S7相似,但明显弱于S8组(P＜0.05);S3组、S4组的维持时间明显短于S5～S8组(P＜0.05).S3组、S4组满意度明显差于S5～S8组(P＜0.05).各组产程时间、出血量、新生儿Apgar评分、改良Bromage评分、瘙痒发生率各组间无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:单纯鞘内注射4.0～8.0 μg舒芬太尼均可提供安全、有效的分娩镇痛效果,但镇痛剂量以5.0～6.0μg更佳.     

应用低剂量舒芬太尼行分娩镇痛的效果观察

目的探讨应用低剂量舒芬太尼对产妇行分娩镇痛的效果。方法将90例产妇随机分为观察组、对照Ⅰ组及对照Ⅱ组,每组30例。3组均采用舒芬太尼镇痛,对照Ⅰ组用量为3旭,观察组用量为5μg,对照Ⅱ组用量为7旭。比较3组的镇痛效果、产妇分娩结局、不良反应和新生儿状态等指标。结果对照Ⅰ组的镇痛起效时间显著长于观察组和对照Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）,首剂持续时间显著短于观察组和对照Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）;镇痛前,3组患者的VAS评分无显著差异（P〉0．05）;镇痛后30、60min,对照Ⅰ组的VAS显著高于其他2组（P〈0．05）;3组在顺产率、阴道助产率和剖宫产率方面比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）;对照Ⅰ组和观察组患者皮肤瘙痒、恶心呕吐、嗜睡、胎心改变等不良反应的发生率均显著低于对照Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）;对照Ⅰ组和观察组的新生儿于出生即刻的Apgar评分显著高于对照Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）。结论高、低剂量舒芬太尼均具有较好的分娩镇痛作用,而极低应用剂量则不能取得预期的效果。与高剂量舒芬太尼相比,低剂量舒芬太尼引发不良反应的概率较低,新生儿状态较好。     

助产士全程护理在Spinocath导管连续蛛网膜下腔阻滞分娩镇痛中的应用

目的:探讨助产士全程护理在鞘内注射不同剂量舒芬太尼连续蛛网膜下腔给药分娩镇痛中的应用方法及效果。方法:将90例初产妇随机分为A、B、C三组各30例,均给予Spinocath导管连续蛛网膜下腔阻滞,三组分别鞘内注射舒芬太尼6μg、8μg、10μg。在镇痛起效时、出现不良反应时及产妇不良反应消失后产妇VAS≥3分时启用自控PCA泵维持镇痛,记录产妇镇痛开始至宫口开全时间、第二产程时间及新生儿Apgar评分情况。结果:三组产妇镇痛满意度、剖宫产率、宫口开全时间、产程时间及新生儿Apgar评分比较均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:应用Spinocath导管在蛛网膜下腔连续注射不同剂量舒芬太尼对产妇分娩情况无明显影响,助产士在全程护理配合中应注意产程观察及评估、新生儿监测、心理护理及健康教育,以提高产科护理质量,优化产妇分娩结局,达到理想的分娩镇痛效果。     

在分娩镇痛中腰硬联合阻滞麻醉复合不同剂量舒芬太尼临床应用分析

目的：探讨在分娩镇痛应用中腰硬联合阻滞麻醉复合不同剂量舒芬太尼临床分析。方法：选取我院收治的行无痛分娩的足月产妇1500例,产妇进入分娩潜伏期时行L2-3椎间隙穿刺成功后,行蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉,A组给予舒芬太尼2.5μg+0.125%盐酸罗哌卡因1.5ml;B组给予舒芬太尼5μg+0.125%盐酸罗哌卡因1.5ml;C组给予舒芬太尼8μg+0.125%盐酸罗哌卡因1.5ml。观察所有产妇的镇痛起效时间和持续时间、PCEA用药量情况以及运动阻滞评分,第一产程时间以及不良反应发生情况。结果：随着舒芬太尼剂量的增加,A、B以及C三组的镇痛起效时间逐渐缩短,C组时间最短,镇痛持续时间逐渐延长,C组时间最长,对比差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,三组运动阻滞评分均为0,A、B、C三组之间产妇第一产程时间及PCEA使用量对比,差异不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）,但C组出现皮肤瘙痒的不良反应发生率明显高于A组和B组,对比差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：在分娩镇痛应用中腰硬联合阻滞麻醉复合2.5-5μg舒芬太尼,可快速安全有效地进行分娩潜伏期镇痛,且瘙痒副作用较少,适合推广应用。     

左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的应用

目的观察左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的临床效果。方法60例上肢断指再植手术患者,年龄18—65岁,体重40～68始。随机分为两组,对照组（A组）：0．35％左旋布比卡因34ml加生理盐水1ml。共35ml;观察组（B组）：0．35％左旋布比卡因34ml加10μg／ml舒芬太尼1ml共35ml。比较麻醉后两组患者生命征及镇痛、镇静、运动神经阻滞及阻滞起效时间和持续时间。结果麻醉后30、60、120、180min镇痛（VAS）评分观察组低于对照组（P〈0．05）;镇静（Ramsay）评分在麻醉60、120、180min观察组高于对照组（P〈0．05）;阻滞起效时间观察组快于对照组、持续时间观察组较对照组长（P〈0．05）;运动神经阻滞（Bromage）评分无统计学意义。结论左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于臂丛神经阻滞麻醉时可明显改善麻醉效粟．镇痛起效快．镇痛维椿时间长．镇静放粟好．     

鞘内给予不同剂量舒芬太尼进行分娩镇痛的效果比较

目的对比观察鞘内给予不同剂量舒芬太尼进行分娩镇痛的临床效果。方法研究对象选取为2016年1~6月进行分娩的68例单胎头位足月初产妇,随机分为A、B两组,各34例。两组产妇均采用舒芬太尼蛛网膜下腔注射的方式进行分娩镇痛,A组产妇应用剂量为5μg,B组产妇应用剂量为8μg。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价两组产妇给药后的镇痛效果,对比两组镇痛起效时间、持续时间、运动阻滞及不良反应情况。结果两组产妇镇痛起效后VAS评分对比无显著差异(P0.05),但B组产妇的起效时间显著短于A组,持续时间显著长于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);A组产妇出现运动阻滞1例,发生率2.9%,B组产妇出现运动阻滞5例,发生率14.7%,A组运动阻滞发生率显著低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组产妇发生皮肤瘙痒3例,发生率8.8%,B组产妇发生皮肤瘙痒10例,发生率29.4%,A组皮肤瘙痒发生率显著低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论舒芬太尼蛛网膜下腔注射用于分娩镇痛的效果较好,8μg可迅速达到镇痛高峰,延长镇痛持续时间,但5μg的安全性更好,产妇发生运动阻滞及不良反应的概率更低,建议临床斟酌使用。     

罗哌卡因联合舒芬太尼用于分娩镇痛效果评价

目的观察低浓度国产盐酸罗哌卡因联合舒芬太尼硬膜外注入后镇痛的效果和安全性以及对产程和母婴的影响。方法选择自愿接受硬膜外分娩镇痛初产妇,随机分为芬太尼组（F组100例）、舒芬太尼组（S组100例）,另设未行任何镇痛处理的100例为对照组（D组）。F组予以0．125％国产盐酸罗哌卡因＋芬太尼（2〉g／mL）作为镇痛剂,S组予以0．125％国产盐酸罗哌卡因＋舒芬太尼（0．4μg／mL）作为镇痛剂,观察镇痛的效果和安全性以及对产程和母婴的影响。结果S组VAS小于F组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;2组均无明显运动阻滞。第1产程F、S组小于D组（P〈0．05）,但第2产程延长,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;F、S组的器械助产率、剖宫产率和D组比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;3组新生儿1、5min Apgar评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论低浓度国产盐酸罗哌卡因联合舒芬太尼起效更快,作用时间更长;第1产程时间缩短;具有良好的镇痛效果;且对母婴是安全的。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼在硬膜外镇痛分娩中的效果评价

目的探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼在无痛分娩中的应用效果。方法选取产妇200例,按照随机数字表法分为A组(n=67)、B组(n=67)、C组(n=66)。A组采用0. 08%罗哌卡因+0. 5μg/m L舒芬太尼,B组采用0. 10%罗哌卡因+0. 5μg/m L舒芬太尼,C组采用0. 15%罗哌卡因+0. 5μg/m L舒芬太尼。比较各组产妇的镇痛效果及分娩情况。结果镇痛后5 min、30 min、1 h以及分娩即刻时,A组VAS评分均显著高于B组和C组(P 0. 05)。3组产妇运动神经阻滞Bromage评级情况比较,A组和B组的Bromage评级显著优于C组(P 0. 05)。3组产妇第一、二、三产程时间以及3组新生儿出生后1、5、10 min的Apgar评分比较均无显著差异(P 0. 05)。结论 0. 10%罗哌卡因复合0. 5μg/m L舒芬太尼应用于无痛分娩中镇痛效果最优,安全性最高,可作为无痛分娩硬膜外麻醉的推荐剂量。     

小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼腰硬联合分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的观察小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼腰硬联合分娩镇痛的有效性和安全性。方法前瞻性选择平谷区妇幼保健院2016年10月至2017年10月100例拟在腰硬联合分娩镇痛下行经阴道分娩的健康初产妇,随机分成罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼组(RS组,n=50)和罗哌卡因单独应用组(R组,n=50),所有产妇均在第一产程潜伏期即开始实施分娩镇痛,其中RS组先在蛛网膜下腔中注入由生理盐水稀释至3 ml的罗哌卡因3 mg和舒芬太尼2.5μg,R组先在蛛网膜下腔中注入由生理盐水稀释至3 ml的罗哌卡因3 mg。两组均在视觉疼痛模拟评分达到3分以上时经留置硬膜外导管实施由自控镇痛泵(背景剂量6 ml/h,负荷量6 ml,锁定时间15 min)引导的硬膜外分娩镇痛,药物为由生理盐水稀释至100 ml的罗哌卡因100 mg和舒芬太尼50μg。记录两组镇痛作用起效时间、首次给药后镇痛作用维持时间、特定不同时点的疼痛视觉模拟评分、运动阻滞状态、产程时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分、不良反应和产妇对镇痛的满意度评分。结果 RS组镇痛起效时间明显短于R组(P0.05),RS组首次镇痛作用维持时间明显长于R组(P0.05),RS组在蛛网膜下腔给药后3 min、5 min、10 min、60 min时的疼痛程度明显低于R组(P0.05),RS组产妇对镇痛的满意度评分明显高于R组(P0.05)。两组在首次给药后120 min、宫口扩张7~8 cm和宫口开全时的疼痛程度、运动阻滞状态、产程时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分及不良反应方面无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论罗哌卡因3mg复合舒芬太尼2.5μg腰硬联合分娩镇痛能安全地用于分娩镇痛,与单独应用罗哌卡因相比,它具有更快的镇痛作用显效时间、更长的首次给药后镇痛作用维持时间以及更好的产妇镇痛满意度。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.