上颌窦的胚胎发育

对46例(92侧)12～40周胎儿标本的上颌窦,行冠状切,HE染色,光镜观察:(1)原始上颌窦在胚胎第20～22周由原始筛漏斗底部扩展而成,上颌窦位于钩突和中鼻道外侧壁的外侧,窦腔与眼眶之间的骨板最薄,且骨化较晚.(2)窦口位于上颌窦的顶部(壁),随胎龄增长,”钩突角”变小.向外下的筛漏斗渐近水平位.(3)出生时,上颌窦大小约3.0×5.0×6.5mm.窦内粘膜上皮细胞呈立方形或矮柱状,其纤毛稀疏,,固有膜增厚、疏松,内含极少量血管和腺体.结果表明:出生时,上颌窦虽已出现,但粘膜厚,窦腔小,且与眼眶的毗邻关系密切,上颌窦粘膜的组织结构与鼻腔粘膜的结构有所不同.     

内窥镜鼻窦手术应用解剖（续一）

1中鼻甲和中鼻道 1.1中鼻甲 中鼻甲从形态上可分为垂直部和水平部。垂直部上起前颅底筛板,水平部附着于筛骨主体,像倒“V”字形,是指示筛窦上界和前颅底的重要标志。此板之外侧稍厚,内侧却很薄,是术中脑脊液鼻漏发生的常见部位。其后翼缓慢下降,居于筛窦之下,向外延续到中鼻甲基板。因此,中鼻甲的后翼与前颅底无直接的骨性     

嗅凹的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为临床开展前颅底外科提供嗅凹区必要的影像解剖学资料。方法 :取 5 0具成人头颅标本 ,行鼻窦冠状位薄层CT扫描 ,重点观测筛顶与筛板的移行情况。结果 :观测到筛顶与筛板的移行形式有 2种类型 :一种是直接斜向筛板 ;一种是先形成一平台段 ,在近筛板时陡然下降 ,形成嗅凹。本组资料中筛顶板与筛板平移的占 46 % ;而形成嗅凹的占 5 4%。在形成嗅凹的资料中 ,前筛顶板与筛板之间形成的高度差的平均值为 8.8mm ,后筛顶板与筛板之间形成的高度差的平均值为 2 .8mm ,前后嗅凹深度之间经t检验相差非常显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :了解嗅凹的形成对减少前颅底外科手术及内窥镜鼻窦手术并发症的发生具有十分重要的意义。     

内窥镜鼻窦手术应用解剖（续完）

3筛窦的界限及其毗邻结构 3.1 上界(筛顶壁)亦即颅窝底部,筛顶壁为一前窄后宽,向内向后倾斜的骨板,是额骨眶板的内侧部分,很薄,由前向后呈15度角倾斜向下,长28.2mm,前端宽7.5mm,后端宽9.6mm,厚为0.9mm。筛顶的外侧为额骨眶板的外侧部,内侧与筛板连接,此外骨壁极薄,是手术中最易造成颅底损伤和脑脊液鼻漏的部位。     

筛骨整体组织制片法

筛骨结构复杂。有关筛骨整体的组织切片制作方法,国内外尚未见报道。我们采用胚胎5第12周至出生时的106例筛骨标本进行了不同包埋和比较,结果表明:采用火棉胶包埋法,有制片周期长,切片厚、清晰度差及制作连续切片较为烦琐等弊端。石蜡包埋由于组织块大,石蜡不易透入深部组织和筛气房内,致切片皱缩,出现蜂窝状空泡,且由于脱水、加温等引起组织变硬、变脆,甚至变形等现象。一张好的筛骨切片应是筛气房变态不变形,粘膜等组织结构完整。按上述要求,我们对筛骨组织的取材、固定,脱钙和包埋过程进行了改进。火棉胶——石蜡双重包埋(简称双重包埋)可保证筛骨切片薄,组织结构完整和清晰。现就筛骨整体组织双重包埋制片法的过程作一介绍。     

筛窦的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为临床开展筛窦外科手术提供影像解剖资料。方法 :对 5 0具成人头部标本采用高分辨CT进行冠状位、矢状位以及水平位薄层扫描 ,观测了筛窦的各主要径线。结果 :筛窦的左右径 :前端 :左 9.4± 1.5mm ;右 9.7± 2 .1mm ;后端 :左 15 .5± 4.2mm ;右 15 .1± 4.1mm ;上下径 :外侧前端 :左 2 9.1± 6 .8mm ;右 2 7.3± 6 .9mm ;外侧后端 :左 2 1.2± 8.2mm ;右 2 1.6± 6 .8mm ;内侧前端 :左 18.6± 7.5mm ;右 17.8± 6 .9mm ;内侧后端 :左 15 .9± 4.3mm ;右 16 .1± 5 .1mm。前后径 :上部 3 3 .0± 5 .2mm ;下部 3 2 .3± 5 .4mm。结论 :三种不同层面的薄层扫描可给筛窦影像解剖研究者提供更多更详细的解剖数据 ,为筛窦的三维立体成像提供了方便。     

后筛窦气化发育对蝶鞍区手术的影响

目的:为了了解后筛窦气化发育对前颅底外科及蝶鞍区手术的影响及术前指导意义。方法:取50具成人头颅标本,行冠状位、矢状位及水平位薄层CT扫描,从不同层面及不同方位观测后筛窦的气化发育情况。结果:发现属管前型的占23％(23侧);半管型的占28％(28侧);全管型的占33％(33侧);蝶鞍型的占16％(16侧)。其中两侧气化分型完全相同者占33例(66侧);两侧气化不相同者占17例(34例)。发现属Ⅰ°后筛窦的占43％(43侧);属Ⅱ°后筛窦的占35％(35侧),其中Ⅱa°后筛窦的占19％(19侧),属Ⅱb°后筛窦的占16％(16侧);属Ⅲ°后筛窦的占22％(22侧)。其中两侧分度完全相同者占29例(58侧);两侧分度不相同者占21例(42侧)。另外,测得最后筛房的矢状径位于5.82～21.48mm之间;垂直径位于9.36～26.02mm之间;左右径位于5.88～23.64mm之间。其中,最后筛房大于或等于同侧蝶窦腔的有23％(23侧)。结论:后筛窦影像解部分型分度对前颅底外科及蝶鞍区手术具有实际的指导意义。     

后筛窦的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为了提供对内窥镜鼻窦外科及颅底外科手术更具指导意义的后筛窦影像解剖学资料。方法 :取 5 0具成人头颅标本 ,行冠状位、矢状位及水平位薄层CT扫描 ,从不同层面及不同方位观测后筛窦的气化发育情况。结果 :发现属管前型的占 2 3 % ( 2 3侧 ) ;半管型的占 2 8% ( 2 8侧 ) ;全管型的占 3 3 %( 3 3侧 ) ;蝶鞍型的占 16 % ( 16侧 )。其中两侧气化分型完全相同者占 3 3例 ( 6 6侧 ) ;两侧气化不相同者占 17例 ( 3 4侧 )。发现属Ⅰ°后筛窦的占 43 % ( 43侧 ) ;属Ⅱ°后筛窦的占 3 5 % ( 3 5侧 ) ,其中属Ⅱa°后筛窦的占 19%( 19侧 ) ,属Ⅱb°后筛窦的占 16 % ( 16侧 ) ;属Ⅲ°后筛窦的占 2 2 % ( 2 2侧 )。其中两侧分度完全相同者占 2 9例( 5 8侧 ) ;两侧分度不相同者占 2 1例 ( 42侧 )。结论 :后筛窦影像解剖分型分度对内窥镜鼻窦外科及颅底外科手术具有实际的指导意义。     

最后筛房的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为临床开展鞍区手术提供一组最后筛房的影像解剖学资料。方法 :取 5 0具成人头颅标本 ,行鼻窦冠状位及水平位薄层CT扫描 ,重点观测后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖形态及其毗邻关系。结果 :测得其矢状径位于 5 .8～ 2 1.5mm之间 ;垂直径位于 9.4～ 2 6 .0mm之间 ;左右径位于 5 .9～ 2 3 .6mm之间。其中 ,最后筛房大于或等于同侧蝶窦腔的有 2 3 % ( 2 3侧 )。结论 :最后筛房与蝶窦、视神经管之间的解剖关系可形成蝶上筛房、蝶旁筛房或Onodi窦。冠状位及水平位鼻窦CT扫描在后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖研究及临床手术中具有实际的指导作用     

前颅底的影像解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的:为临床开展前颅底外科提供前颅底筛板区及嗅凹的影像解剖学资料。方法:取50具成人头颅标本,行鼻窦冠状位及矢状位薄层CT扫描,重点观测前颅底筛板区域内筛顶板的形状、筛板的形状以及筛顶板与筛板的关系等。结果:筛顶板为一向内向后倾斜的骨板,测得筛顶板的左右径为:前部左10.68±2.52mm,右11.38±3.84mm;中部左9.86±3.84mm。右9.08±2.52mm;后部左11.18±4.66mm,右10.24±3.68mm。筛顶板的厚度平均为1.62±0.78mm。筛板的左右径为:前部左2.08±0.52mm,右1.96±0.44mm;中部左2.68±0.68mm,右2.64±0.68mm;后部左2.16±0.64mm,右2.24±0.56mm。筛顶板与筛板平移的占46％;而形成嗅凹的占54％。在形成嗅凹的资料中,前筛顶板与筛板之间形成的高度差的平均值为8.82mm,后筛顶板与筛板之间形成的高度差的平均值为2.84nma,前后嗅凹深度之间经T检验相差非常显著(P<0.01)。结论:了解筛顶板及筛板的影像解剖及嗅凹的形成对减少前颅底外科手术并发症的发生具有十分重要的意义。     

内镜经鼻入路视神经管和眼眶的解剖学

目的通过研究对视神经管和眼眶的解剖研究,为内镜经鼻入路视神经管减压和治疗眼眶内病变提供解剖基础。方法国人尸头5例,采用大体解剖和内镜下经鼻入路两种方法,观察重要的解剖标志;使用内直肌内移技术,观察视神经管和眼眶内结构的暴露情况以及重要结构的位置、毗邻、走行等。结果钩突位于中鼻甲的前下方;筛泡在钩突的后方,切开筛泡可进入筛窦;筛前后动脉是筛窦内的重要解剖标志;视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突和视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是蝶窦内重要的解剖标志;纸样板位于筛窦的外侧壁,切开纸样板可暴露眶内容物;在眶内,可从内直肌与下直肌之间的通路暴露视神经。在本次10侧标本中,9侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉的床突上段;1侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉海绵窦段。7侧眼动脉在视神经管内走行于视神经的下外侧;2侧走行于视神经的正下方;1侧走行于视神经的下内侧。结论内镜下经鼻入路可以进行视神经管和眼眶内侧部分的暴露。钩突、筛泡、筛前后动脉及后组筛窦是本入路重要解剖标志。视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突及视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是进行视神经管减压的重要标志。眼动脉及其眼眶内分支、筛前后动脉和颈内动脉是重要的血管结构。眼内直肌内移技术可以有助于暴露眶内解剖结构。     

筛窦区手术入路断层解剖学研究及其意义

目的　为筛窦区新型手术的开展提供解剖学依据。 方法　在大体解剖学研究的基础上,应用改进的火棉胶包埋技术对前颅底区域进行连续的三维薄切片,通过两者的有机结合,深入研究筛窦区域精细的解剖结构与复杂的毗邻关系。 结果　对筛窦区域解剖结构与毗邻关系显示良好精确：眶内侧壁（纸样壁）厚度左侧为（0.35±0.089）mm,右侧为（0.36±0.086）mm;鼻小柱到上颌窦开口距离左侧为（39.1±2.4）mm,右侧为（40.0±2.5）mm;筛窦中鼻道开口到筛顶壁距离左侧为（12.0±1.0）mm,右侧为（11.8±　1.1）mm。 结论　经筛窦区自然腔道行筛内、颅前窝、眶内及视神经管手术,安全可行。     

筛动脉筛窦段的鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖

目的：研究筛动脉在筛窦内的走行特点,为减少鼻内窦镜手术并发症提供解剖指导。方法：通过３０具湿性成人尸头（男１９,女１１）的解疲、观察了筛动脉在筛窦段的走行部位、方向、骨管厚度及其与筛窦气房的关系。结果（１）筛前动脉与中鼻甲基板的位置关系密切,多走行于中鼻甲基板之前的紧邻筛房顶（６６．６）及中甲基板顶（２６．７％）;筛后动脉则以位于最后筛房顶最为多见（６４．９％）;（２）筛前、后动脉骨管的下壁明显薄     

Asymmetry of lateral lamella of the cribriform plate: a software-based analysis of coronal computed tomography and its clinical relevance in endoscopic sinus surgery

Background

Endoscopic sinus surgery is a known approach for sinonasal pathologies. Due to close proximity of sinuses to orbits and brain, surgeon should be aware of sinonasal anatomy and associated variations. The roof of ethmoid (fovea ethmoidalis) separates the ethmoidal cells from the anterior cranial fossa. Medially the fovea attaches to the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate, which is the thinnest bone of the skull base. Hence, it is at a high risk of getting damaged during surgery.

Objective

To ascertain the quantitative analysis of height of lateral lamella according to Keros classification in the computed tomographic (CT) images of patients presenting to our clinic.

Methods

It was retrospective review of 77 CT scans using computerized software known as picture archiving and communication system. The height of lateral lamella was examined for both sides and then classified according to Keros classification. Asymmetry between two sides was also reported.

Results

Keros type I was seen in 46 sides (29.8 %), type II in 75 sides (48.7 %) and type III was seen in 33 (21.4 %) sides. Keros type I was seen in 38 sides in males and 8 sides in females. Type II was seen in 46 and 29 sides in males and females, respectively. Type III was seen in 18 sides in males and in 15 sides in females.

Conclusion

Understanding of the anatomy of ethmoid roof with its possible variation is crucial to give the surgeon optimal information about the possible risk that one can face during the surgery. Hence dreadful complications can be avoided.     

Relation of the ethmoidal cells to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa

The shape of the anterior part of the anterior cranial fossa undergoes important changes in the postnatal life depending on the degree of pneumatisation of the ethmoid labyrinth and/or the frontal sinus. There exist three possibilities in these relations: 1) From the newborn period up to 9 years of age, in the majority of the cases the cribrous plate is situated at the level of the roof of the ethmoid labyrinth with the width of the ethmoid incisure corresponding to the width of the cribrous plate. 2) In the period from 9–35 years of age, in the majority of cases, the ethmoidal cells are partly or completely incorporated into the floor of the anterior cranial fossa with the width of the ethmoid incisure corresponding to the number of cells forming the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. 3) In the period from 35–80 years of age, the cribrous lamina is in the majority of cases lowered due to the intensive development of the frontal sinus. The medial wall of the ethmoid labyrinth consists of a thin bony strip, the width of which depends upon the degree of lowering of the cribrous plate. Adequate CT imaging may clarify the situation.     

小鼠十二指肠嗜银细胞发育分化的组织学观察

用Ｇｒｉｍｅｌｉｕｓ嗜银法研究了小鼠胚胎１４天至成年十二指肠嗜银细胞的发育分化过程。提示肠嗜银细胞可能有外分泌功能。     

内窥镜下与颅底相关的鼻腔鼻窦解剖标志的研究

目的：研究内窥镜下鼻颅底相关的解剖标志及其在手术中的意义。方法：观测4例尸体标本和术时179个病例与颅底相关的鼻腔鼻窦解削结构。结果：(1)筛前动脉位于额隐窝后隆突或其后2～3mm范围;筛前动脉骨管可呈管状或管状悬空占58．2％,呈嵴状或半管状占41．8％。(2)纸样板与筛顶的连接方式有直角为3％,钝角44％,锐角53％．(3)蝶窦前壁位于后鼻孔上缘上,鼻中隔和中鼻甲后缘之间。(4)蝶窦外侧壁视神经管隆起呈管型或半管型为15．4％,压迹型35.3％。颈内动脉隆起60％。(5)蝶骨嵴延长线为鞍底中线。结论：(1)作为判断筛顶或蝶窦侧壁重要标志的额隐窝、筛前动脉或视神经管隆起、颈内动脉隆起是有一定的解剖变异．(2)中鼻甲前后附着缘、上颌窦口、后鼻孔上缘和纸样板是可供参照的相对恒定标志。(3)蝶骨嵴可作为判断鞍底中线的标志。     

中鼻甲连续冠状断面解剖及3D数字重建

目的 探讨中鼻甲连续冠状位断面解剖特点,结合薄层CT扫描及3D数字重建,为自后向前的鼻窦手术提供结构解剖学基础。方法 4具（8侧）成人尸头标本,行鼻窦螺旋CT扫描获取图像后,行连续冠状位断面解剖,并对相应层面的CT图像进行结构标注,观察中鼻甲3部分的形态学特点及与CT影像的对应关系;通过薄层鼻窦CT进行3D立体数字重建中鼻甲。结果 连续冠状位断面解剖自后向前观察中鼻甲各部分形态特点为,中鼻甲水平部内侧游离端为球状并以板状结构附着于鼻腔外侧壁;板状结构向前分为前后骨板,前为筛泡基板,后为中鼻甲基板,斜行向前向上附着于脑板;在筛泡基板与中鼻甲基板之间为前组筛窦;中鼻甲垂直部自中鼻甲水平部以矢状位向上呈扇形附着于额鼻嵴及脑板;以冠状位断面解剖中鼻甲3部分典型形态标注鼻窦CT图像;完成了中鼻甲形态数字三维重建。结论 从冠状位断面形态观察,可以归纳出自后至前中鼻甲形态变化规律,为自后向前的手术径路提供解剖学依据。     

Development and distribution of enkephalin-immunoreactive elements in the chicken spinal cord

The development and distribution of methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive elements were studied in the chicken spinal cord with the indirect immunofluorescence method. Methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was first detected in the chick spinal cord at embryonic stages 29-30 (incubation day 6). Before stage 35 (day 9), it was mainly observed in fibres almost throughout the white matter. Subsequently, fibres containing the peptide appeared in the ventral half of the gray matter, but mostly in the lateral portion of the neck of the dorsal horn. From stage 40 (day 13 or 14), fibres were especially noticed in laminae 1 and 2, and in the area dorsal to the central canal. In particular, many enkephalin-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in several spinal areas during this period. Such a distribution of both enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres and perikarya remained visible at later embryonic stages, but labelled cells gradually decreased in number and disappeared after hatching. With colchicine treatment, however, a similar distribution of the peptide was found in the spinal cord of adult chickens. As in the embryo, enkephalin-immunoreactive perikarya were mainly observed in the lateral portion of the neck of the dorsal horn, in lamina 1, and in the nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus throughout the spinal cord. At the thoracic level, many were also located ventral to the central canal. Enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres increased notably in the gray matter of adult chickens. They mainly occurred in laminae 1 and 2, in the lateral portion of the neck of the dorsal horn, and in the area around, especially dorsal to, the central canal. In contrast, enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres decreased in the white matter and they were mainly observed in the dorsolateral funiculus, in Lissauer's tract, and in the lateral funiculus adjacent to the gray. The distribution of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres was generally comparable at all spinal levels examined. In addition, examination of post-hatched chickens showed virtually the same results as in the adult.