细菌梭曼水解酶活性的测定

细菌梭曼水解酶活性的测定董泗建刘昌玲梭曼水解酶是国内外抗有机磷毒剂药物研究方向之一，是从菌种微球菌中提取分离得到了一种触酶，称它为细菌梭曼水解酶，它不仅具有催化水解过氧化氢的作用，而且也能催化水解Ｇ类有机磷毒剂的作用。目前，检测有机磷毒剂的方法操作麻...     

黄杆菌对硫磷水解酶及大肠杆菌过氧化氢酶无水解梭曼活性

黄杆菌对硫磷水解酶及大肠杆菌过氧化氢酶无水解梭曼活性邵煌孙曼霁（军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所，北京１００８５０）黄杆菌（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｓｐ．ｓｔｒａｉｎＡＴＣＣ２７５５１）和缺陷假单胞菌（ＰｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｄｉｍｉｎｕｔａＭＧ）的对...     

过氧化氢酶的肽片及其水解梭曼的活性

<正> 作者的早期工作已证明,过氧化氢酶(catalase)对梭曼有催化水解作用。本文进一步阐明过氧化氢酶的切割片段对梭曼(soman)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的水解作用。 过氧化氢酶经盐析和有机溶剂划分后用等电聚焦电泳分离纯化,再经HPLC DAD及SDS PAGE分离分析,证明为色谱及聚焦电泳单一区带,等电点为4.75～5.20,亚基分子量为58kD。酶的蛋白带和对两种底物的     

催化神经毒剂梭曼水解的抗体酶

催化神经毒剂梭曼水解的抗体酶赵毅民荣康泰徐勤惠（军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所，北京１００８５０）梭曼是难防难治的有机磷毒剂．为了寻找新的解毒途径，本研究设计并合成了全新化合物１－羟基－１－对胺基苯基甲膦酸单频哪基醇酯．此化合物可竞争性地抑制梭曼水解酶...     

透明质酸酶催化透明质酸水解的最适反应条件

目的确定透明质酸酶(HAase)催化透明质酸(HA)水解的最适条件。方法HAase不同条件下催化HA水解,反应结束后利用高效凝胶渗透色谱(HPGPC)法测量反应产物的相对分子质量及其分布系数。结果HAase催化HA水解受温度、pH值、酶浓度、底物浓度、反应时间等因素的影响。结论HAase催化HA水解的最适反应条件是底物浓度为10 g/L,酶浓度为150 000 U/L,pH为5.0,反应温度为50℃。     

青霉素酰化酶制备6-APA的研究进展

6-氨基青霉烷酸（6-APA）是重要的抗生索药物中间体之一．目前均采用青霉素酰化酶酶促裂解青霉素获得。本文介绍近年来青霉索酰化酶催化青霉素水解的研究进展，青霉素酰化酶的性质及其催化机理，青霉素酰化酶的固定化方法．青霉素酰化酶反应器的设计，反应介质工程的研究进展。     

酶催化的立体选择性反应在手性药物合成中的应用

酶催化的立体选择性反应是当今手性药物合成研究的热点之一，本文按化学反应类型综述了酶催化的水解、酰化、还原、氧化和还原氨化这5种反应在手性药物合成中的应用，重点强调立体选择性。     

梭曼水解酶及活性肽片

梭曼水解酶及活性肽片刘昌玲，姜厚理，孙曼霁军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所（北京１００８５０）梭曼水解酶广泛存在动植物组织和微生物中，本文阐明了几种来源不同组织和细菌中提取的梭曼水解酶及水解梭曼的活性肽片。牛肝和微球菌中提取了梭曼水解酶，它们水解梭曼的米...     

人 G类有机磷毒剂水解酶的性质(英文)

观察了部分纯化的人肝 G类毒剂水解酶 ( G酶 )的一些生化性质 .二硫苏糖醇 ( 5mmol·L-1)使G酶活性在 37℃ ,30 min内抑制 35% ;对氯汞苯甲酸 ( 1 - 1 0 0 0 μmol· L-1)不影响 G酶活性 .说明二硫键对酶分子的三维结构至关重要 ,而没有游离巯基参与酶的催化反应 .人肝 G酶专一性地水解带P- F键的有机磷化合物梭曼 ,但不催化带 P- O,P- C或 P- S键的有机磷化合物的反应 .     

人肝梭曼水解酶的微量比色测定及性质

建立了人肝二异丙基氟磷酸酯酶（ＤＦＰａｓｅ，ＥＣ．３．１．８．２．）的微量比色测定法并探讨了此酶的部分生化性质。梭曼在过硼酸钠及丙酮存在时，可与盐酸联苯胺反应生成橙黄色偶氮化合物，橙黄色产物的量与梭曼量在１０－２００ｎｍｏｌ范围内呈正相关。本文将此呈色反应与酶反应相结合，通过测定剩余梭曼的量来测定酶活力，并探讨了测定的最适条件。测定的变异系数为５％，测得人肝ＤＦＰａｓｅ的Ｋｍ值为３ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，最适ｐＨ范围为７．０－７．２，酶反应时间为２５ｍｉｎ，在－２０℃保存７个月，或在３７℃保温１８ｈ活性无明显丧失，反复冻融３次活性不变，但经冻融６次时活性下降１／５．人肝ＤＦＰａｓｅ活性主要存在于细胞的可溶性部分。     

Stereoselective hydrolysis of soman in human plasma and serum

The contribution of various human serum and plasma fractions to the total hydrolysis rate constants of the four isomers of soman is studied. Spontaneous hydrolysis (as measured in buffer) occurs at a faster rate for the C(+)P(+)- and C(-)P(-)-isomers. A stereoselectively catalyzed hydrolysis of soman occurs in serum fractions IV and V (albumin). In fraction V the C(+)P(+)- and C(-)P(-)-isomers are hydrolyzed at a faster rate than their respective epimers, while in fraction IV-1 a stereoselective effect towards C(+)P(+)-soman is found. All the forementioned contributions, however, are negligible in comparison with the stereoselective enzymatic hydrolysis of the P(+)-isomers. The latter reaction is characterized by a significant lowering of the activation energy as compared with the spontaneous hydrolysis of the P(+)-isomers. Such a lowering in activation energy is not found for the hydrolysis of the P(-)-isomers in whole serum or plasma; hence it can be concluded that a phosphorylphosphatase hydrolyzes the P(+)-isomers in a stereoselective way, the P(-)-isomers either not being affected by this (these) enzyme(s) or the mechanism of catalysis being fundamentally different. This conclusion is in agreement with the observations on the influence of Hg2+ on the hydrolysis of soman in serum; the hydrolysis of the P(+)-isomers is significantly inhibited by 1 mM of Hg2+ while the P(-)-hydrolysis is unaffected by this concentration of Hg2+. The action of some potential inhibitors on this phosphorylphosphatase activity was studied. Iodoacetate did not inhibit nor did Ba2+, Sr2+, Co2+ or Mn2+ show a significant effect on the hydrolysis of the P(+)-isomers. On the other hand the hydrolytic activity in serum was nearly completely inhibited by EDTA but restored upon addition of Ca2+. These findings suggest that this enzymatic activity can be classified as an arylesterase (paraoxonase). Finally, the influence of pH on the hydrolytic activity shows a different pattern for C(+)P(+)- and C(-)P(+)-soman, which may suggest that more than one enzyme is involved in the degradation of soman.     

The stability of soman and its stereoisomers in aqueous solution: Toxicological considerations

The paucity of information regarding the characteristics of soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) in aqueous solution has limited its use as a toxicological or pharmacological reagent. We report here on the stability of soman under conditions in which it may normally be found during use and storage in the laboratory. Solutions of 1 mM soman in normal saline were not hydrolyzed after 5 months of storage at –90 °C. Samples that were repeatedly thawed but not allowed to warm to room temperature and then immediately refrozen showed no apparent hydrolysis. Portions of the same solution, stored in the refrigerator just above freezing, exhibited 50% hydrolysis after 150 days. When portions of this solution were stored at 21 °C, the time for 50% hydrolysis was in excess of 5 days. This rate of hydrolysis was the same for all four of the soman stereoisomers. In buffered solutions at pH 7.4, 8.0 and 8.6 the half-times were 6.6, 3.2 and 2.2 h at 27 °C and 4.8, 1.6 and 1.2 h at 37 °C, respectively. Hydrolysis rates were not significantly influenced by the presence of a carbodimide stabilizer in the agent. There is no reason to expect any deviation from a direct correlation between total soman concentration and toxicity.     

In vitro degradation of the four isomers of soman in human serum

Starting from racemic soman (1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), the degradation of its four stereoisomers in human serum (25 degrees, pH 8.8), has been studied at the nM level. Phosphylation of serum proteins is eliminated by preincubation of the serum with soman. A capillary gas chromatographic method with nitrogen-phosphorous detection allows the separation of the diastereoisomers. The total hydrolysis (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) rate constants of the isomers can then be resolved indirectly on the basis of the important rate difference between P(+) and P(-) isomers. The enzymatic hydrolysis rate constants are obtained by subtracting, for each isomer, the spontaneous (non-enzymatic) rate constant from the total hydrolysis rate constant. The non-enzymatic part of the hydrolysis is obtained from experiments in serum ultrafiltrate (30,000 NMWL). Enzymatic hydrolysis of C(+) P(+) soman occurs so rapidly that only a lower limit of the rate constant can be given. The other enzymatic rate constants are 0.016 min-1 for C(+)P(-), 0.74 min-1 for C(-)P(+) and 0.028 min-1 for C(-)P(-).     

Alteration of hepatic carboxylesterase activity by soman: inhibition in vitro and enhancement in vivo

1. Hydrolysis of the drug esters procaine, chloramphenicol succinate, and prednisolone succinate was studied. Addition of soman to guinea pig liver microsomes caused a dose-dependent inhibition of hydrolysis of all three substrates; at the highest soman concentration (1 microM), ester hydrolysis was totally abolished. 2. Ester hydrolysis was also measured in liver microsomes from guinea pigs pretreated with soman at a low dose (10% of LD50) or at a high dose (90% of LD50) either 1 h or 12 h before killing. Plasma-cholinesterase activity was decreased in all pretreated animals. Liver carboxylesterase activity, measured with the three drug substrates and by hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate was increased by all pretreatments. 3. This enhancing effect varies with the substrate and increases with dose of soman. The 12 h pretreatment produced a greater increase in activity than did the 1 h pretreatment. 4. These studies indicate that soman is a potent inhibitor of carboxylesterase activity in vitro but increases the activity of the liver enzyme when administered in vivo.     

Stereoselective phosphonylation of human serum proteins by soman

Phosphonylation has been reported as part of the degradation of soman in human serum. The concentration of phosphonylation sites can be quantified by comparing the degradation in serum, preincubated with soman (all sites occupied), with the degradation in serum not preincubated. The mean value of 73 nM of phosphonylation sites is in agreement with the concentration of active sites of butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8.), which is known to be phosphonylated by soman. Hence, it is concluded that butyrylcholinesterase accounts for all the phosphonylation sites present in human serum. The stereoselectivity of the reaction was investigated by using epimeric pairs of soman, in casu C(+)P(+/-)- and C(-)P(+/-)-soman. In a first approach enzymatic hydrolysis was blocked and the ratios of phosphonylation rate constants, C(+)P(+)/C(+)P(-) and C(-)P(+)/C(-)P(-), were determined to be 0.15 and 0.31, respectively. In a second approach, in untreated serum, the bimolecular phosphonylation rate constants of C(+)P(-)- and C(-)P(-)-soman were determined, neglecting their small hydrolysis rate and taking advantage of the fast enzymatically catalysed disappearance of their respective P(+)-epimeric counterparts. Values for C(+)P(-)- and C(-)P(-)-soman are 3.6 X 10(7) and 0.6 X 10(7) M-1.min-1, respectively. Using a combination of both approaches, a relative ranking of phosphonylation rates of the four isomers was found to be C(+)P(-) much greater than C(+)P(+) approximately equal to C(-)P(-) greater than C(-)P(+).     

Calibration and validation of a physiologically based model for soman intoxication in the rat, marmoset, guinea pig and pig

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model has been developed for low, medium and high levels of soman intoxication in the rat, marmoset, guinea pig and pig. The primary objective of this model was to describe the pharmacokinetics of soman after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in the rat, marmoset, guinea pig, and pig as well as its subsequent pharmacodynamic effects on blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels, relating dosimetry to physiological response. The reactions modelled in each physiologically realistic compartment are: (1) partitioning of C(±)P(±) soman from the blood into the tissue; (2) inhibition of AChE and carboxylesterase (CaE) by soman; (3) elimination of soman by enzymatic hydrolysis; (4) de novo synthesis and degradation of AChE and CaE; and (5) aging of AChE-soman and CaE-soman complexes. The model was first calibrated for the rat, then extrapolated for validation in the marmoset, guinea pig and pig. Adequate fits to experimental data on the time course of soman pharmacokinetics and AChE inhibition were achieved in the mammalian models. In conclusion, the present model adequately predicts the dose-response relationship resulting from soman intoxication and can potentially be applied to predict soman pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in other species, including human.     

In vitro and in vivo efficacy of PEGylated diisopropyl fluorophosphatase (DFPase)

Highly toxic organophosphorus compounds that irreversibly inhibit the enzyme acetycholinesterase (AChE), including nerve agents like tabun, sarin, or soman, still pose a credible threat to civilian populations and military personnel. New therapeutics that can be used as a pretreatment or after poisoning with these compounds, complementing existing treatment schemes such as the use of atropine and AChE reactivating oximes, are currently the subject of intense research. A prominent role among potential candidates is taken by enzymes that can detoxify nerve agents by hydrolysis. Diisopropyl fluorophosphatase (DFPase) from the squid Loligo vulgaris is known to effectively hydrolyze DFP and the range of G-type nerve agents including sarin and soman. In the present work, DFPase was PEGylated to increase biological half-life, and to lower or avoid an immunogenic reaction and proteolytic digest. Addition of linear polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains was achieved using mPEG-NHS esters and conjugates were characterized by electrospray ionization--time of flight--mass specrometry (ESI-ToF-MS). PEGylated wildtype DFPase and a mutant selective for the more toxic stereoisomers of the agents were tested in vivo with rats that were challenged with a subcutaneous 3x LD(50) dose of soman. While wildtype DFPase prevented death only at extremely high doses, the mutant was able keep the animals alive and to minimize or totally avoid symptoms of poisoning. The results serve as a proof of principle that engineered variants of DFPase are potential candidates for in vivo use if substrate affinity can be improved or the turnover rate enhanced to lower the required enzyme dose.     

Partial characterization of an enzyme that hydrolyzes sarin, soman, tabun, and diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)

The properties of a rat liver enzyme that hydrolyzes organophosphorus (OP) inhibitors of cholinesterases were studied. The rates of hydrolysis of OP inhibitors were determined by continuous titration of released hydrogen ions, using a pH stat method. Centrifugation of homogenates at 205,000 g for 30 min demonstrated that the activity was in the soluble fraction. Hydrolysis of sarin, soman, and diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP), but not of tabun, was stimulated by the addition of Mn2+ and Mg2+. Hydrolysis of sarin greater than soman greater than tabun greater than DFP. Unlike other OP hydrolases that preferentially hydrolyze the non-toxic isomers of soman, this enzyme hydrolyzed all four soman isomers at approximately the same rate. This result was obtained in vitro by gas chromatographic analysis of enzyme-catalyzed soman hydrolysis and confirmed in vivo by demonstrating reduced toxicity in mice of soman partially hydrolyzed by this enzyme. Km and Vmax were determined by fitting V vs [S] to a hyperbolic function using regression analysis. Km values ranged from 1.1 mM for soman to 8.9 mM for tabun. Vmax values ranged from 54 nmol/min/mg protein for DFP to 2694 for sarin. The enzyme was stable for at least 2 months at -90 degrees but was inactivated by heating at 100 degrees for 5 min. Elution profiles from gel filtration by high pressure liquid chromatography showed that the hydrolytic activity for the OP inhibitors eluted in a single peak, suggesting that a single enzyme was responsible for the observed hydrolysis. Further purification and characterization of this enzyme should prove useful for the development of methods for detection, detoxification, and decontamination of these cholinesterase inhibitors.     

The role of oximes in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning in civilian casualties

There are important differences between on-target military attacks against relatively well protected Armed Forces and nerve agent attacks initiated by terrorists against a civilian population. In contrast to military personnel, civilians are unlikely to be pre-treated with pyridostigmine and protected by personal protective equipment. Furthermore, the time after exposure when specific therapy can first be administered to civilians is likely to be delayed. Even conservative estimates suggest a delay between exposure and the first administration of atropine/oxime of at least 30 minutes. The organophosphorus nerve agents are related chemically to organophosphorus insecticides and have a similar mechanism of toxicity, but a much higher mammalian acute toxicity, particularly via the dermal route. Nerve agents phosphonylate a serine hydroxyl group in the active site of the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which results in accumulation of acetylcholine and, in turn, causes enhancement and prolongation of cholinergic effects and depolarisation blockade. The rate of spontaneous reactivation of AChE is variable, which partly accounts for differences in acute toxicity between the nerve agents. With soman in particular, an additional reaction occurs known as 'aging'. This consists of monodealkylation of the dialkylphosphonyl enzyme, which is then resistant to spontaneous hydrolysis and reactivation by oximes. Monodealkylation occurs to some extent with all dialkylphosphonylated AChE complexes; however, in general, is only of clinical importance in relation to the treatment of soman poisoning, where it is a very serious problem. With soman, aging occurs so fast that no clinically relevant spontaneous reactivation of AChE occurs before aging has taken place. Hence, recovery of function depends on resynthesis of AChE. As a result, it is important that an oxime is administered as soon after soman exposure as possible so that some reactivation of AChE occurs before all the enzyme becomes aged. Even though aging occurs more slowly and reactivation occurs relatively rapidly in the case of nerve agents other than soman, early oxime administration is still clinically important in patients poisoned with these agents. Experimental studies on the treatment of nerve agent poisoning have to be interpreted with caution. Some studies have used prophylactic protocols, whereas the drugs concerned (atropine, oxime, diazepam) would only be given to a civilian population after exposure. The experimental use of pyridostigmine before nerve agent exposure, although rational, is not of relevance in the civilian context. With the possible exception of the treatment of cyclosarin (GF) and soman poisoning, when HI-6 might be preferred, a review of available experimental evidence suggests that there are no clinically important differences between pralidoxime, obidoxime and HI-6 in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning, if studies employing pre-treatment with pyridostigmine are excluded.     

Formation of pyrophosphate-like adducts from nerve agents sarin, soman and cyclosarin in phosphate buffer: implications for analytical and toxicological investigations

Phosphate buffer is frequently used in biological, biochemical and biomedical applications especially when pH is to be controlled around the physiological value of 7.4. One of the prerequisites of a buffer compound among good buffering capacity and pH stability over time is its non-reactivity with other constituents of the solution. This is especially important for quantitative analytical or toxicological assays. Previous work has identified a number of amino alcohol buffers like TRIS to react with G-type nerve agents sarin, soman and cyclosarin to form stable phosphonic diesters. In case of phosphate buffer we were able to confirm not only the rapid hydrolysis of these agents to the respective alkyl methylphosphonates but also the formation of substantial amounts of pyrophosphate-like adducts (phosphorylated methylphosphonates), which very slowly hydrolyzed following zero-order kinetics. This led to a complex mixture of phosphorus containing species with changing concentrations over time. We identified the molecular structure of these buffer adducts using 1D 1H-31P HSQC NMR and LC-ESI-MS/MS techniques. Reaction rates of adduct formation are fast enough to compete with hydrolysis in aqueous solution and to yield substantial amounts of buffer adduct over the course of just a couple of minutes. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed with respect to the formation and subsequent hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate-like compounds as well as the increased rate of hydrolysis of the nerve agent to the corresponding alkyl methylphosphonates. In summary, the use of phosphate buffer for the development of new assays with sarin, soman and cyclosarin is discouraged. Already existing protocols should be carefully reexamined on an individual basis.