从花斑癣患者的皮损区及非皮损区分离和鉴定马拉色菌

目的 研究花斑癣患者皮损区及非皮损区马拉色菌菌种构成;不同解剖部位、皮损颜色及各菌种的分布情况;患者病情和年龄与菌种构成的关系。方法 用无菌胶带粘取113例花斑癣患者皮损区及非皮损区共629个部位的皮屑,分别接种于含菜子油培养基中分离马拉色菌,用生理生化及形态学方法鉴定菌种。结果 皮损区与相对应的非皮损区马拉色菌分离阳性率无差别,非皮损区额部和胸背部分离阳性率高于上、下肢。共分离到565株马拉色菌,鉴定出合轴马拉色菌(44.78%)、糠秕马拉色菌(32.94%)、球形马拉色菌(11.68%)、钝形马拉色菌(5.84%)及限制马拉色菌(4.76%)共5个种,有27处(5.01%)同时分离到两种菌。皮损区与非皮损区菌种构成无明显差别,限制马拉色菌主要从额部分离出。菌种构成与皮损面积无关,但与皮损颜色和患者年龄有关。皮损颜色与病程无关。结论 花斑癣患者皮损区与非皮损区马拉色菌分离阳性率和菌种构成基本一致,与病情无关,而不同解剖部位、皮损类型及年龄患者的菌种构成有一定差异。     

哺乳期女性皮肤马拉色菌菌种调查

目的了解哺乳期女性皮肤马拉色菌带菌和菌种构成情况。方法采用胶带法粘取哺乳期女性胸前皮屑,接种于含菜子油培养基进行真菌培养、分离马拉色菌,并用生理生化及形态学方法鉴定菌种。结果正常哺乳期妇女胸部皮肤马拉色菌培养阳性率为58.13%,主要为糠秕马拉色菌和合轴马拉色菌。结论正常哺乳期妇女胸部皮肤马拉色菌带菌和菌种情况与既往文献对正常人的报道不完全相同。     

婴儿皮肤马拉色菌带菌及菌种调查

目的了解1~6个月婴儿皮肤马拉色菌带菌情况和菌种构成及其影响因素。方法采用胶带法粘取1~6个月婴儿额部皮肤处鳞屑,接种于含菜子油培养基进行真菌培养分离马拉色菌,并用生理生化及形态学方法鉴定菌种。结果①75例婴儿皮肤标本有54例培养出马拉色菌,培养阳性率为72%;②共分离出56株马拉色菌,以糠秕马拉色菌、球形马拉色菌、合轴马拉色菌为主;③按月龄、性别、生产方式等因素的不同进行分组,结果不同月龄、性别婴儿皮肤马拉色菌阳性率及菌种构成比较差异均无统计学意义;不同生产方式婴儿马拉色菌培养阳性率比较差异无统计学意义但菌种构成比较差异有统计学意义。结论马拉色菌是婴儿皮肤的常驻菌;婴儿皮肤马拉色菌以糠秕马拉色菌、球形马拉色菌、合轴马拉色菌为主。婴儿皮肤马拉色菌阳性率不受月龄、性别、生产方式等因素的影响,婴儿皮肤马拉色菌菌种构成不受月龄、性别影响。     

从包皮龟头炎患者皮损处分离鉴定马拉色菌

目的：了解马拉色菌属各菌种在包皮龟头炎皮损处的构成及其在发病中的作用。方法：从患处取材直接镜检查见马拉色菌孢子和(或)菌丝的包皮龟头炎患者作为研究对象。用胶带法取材后分别接种在含菜子油的培养基及无放线菌酮的沙堡培养基分离菌种。依据生理生化和形念学特点及转种到科玛嘉显色培养基和米粉吐温80琼脂培养结果鉴定出马拉色菌和(或)念珠菌。结果：81例患者中有57例(70．37％)培养并鉴定出马拉色菌(共60株)，其中糠秕马拉色菌20株(33．33％），合轴马拉色菌18株(30．00％)，钝形马拉色菌17株(28．33％)，球形马拉色菌5株(8．33％)。有37例同时分离到念珠菌(其中72．97％为白念珠菌）。44例仅检出马拉色菌的患者中有23例接受抗真菌治疗。结论：糠秕马拉色菌、合轴马拉色菌、钝形马拉色菌是包皮龟头炎患者皮损处的主要菌种；马拉色菌可能单独或与念珠菌协同引起包皮龟头炎。     

球形马拉色菌是马拉色菌毛囊炎患者皮损毛囊内的主要菌种

目的 确定引起马拉色菌毛囊炎的主要菌种,比较皮损毛囊内和毛周表面皮肤菌种是否一致,患者性别、年龄、病情与分离菌种的关系。方法 菜子油培养基培养,根据形态及生理生化特点进行鉴定。结果 从毛周表面皮肤分离的319株菌中鉴定出合轴马拉色菌247株(77.43%)、糠秕马拉色菌40株(12.54%)、球形马拉色菌27株(8.46%)、钝形马拉色菌5株(1.57%);从毛囊内分离的314株菌中鉴定出球形马拉色菌252株(80.25%)、合轴马拉色菌57株(18.15%)、糠秕马拉色菌4株(1.27%)、钝形马拉色菌1株(0.32%),菌种构成差异有显著性(P<0.01)。毛囊内菌种构成与患者的性别和年龄有关,与病情无关。毛囊内和毛周表面皮肤同时阳性的279株中菌种不一致204株,菌种一致75株。结论 马拉色菌毛囊炎毛囊内的主要菌种为球形马拉色菌,其表面皮肤则以合轴马拉色菌为主。     

花斑糠疹和马拉色菌毛囊炎致病菌菌种分析

目的使用限制性内切酶方法鉴定临床花斑糠疹和马拉色菌毛囊炎致病菌菌种分布并比较其差异。方法收集临床花斑糠疹和马拉色菌毛囊炎标本,植于Leeming-Notman培养基。培养阳性菌株提取DNA,扩增其26srDNA片段,用CfoⅠ酶和BstF51酶切。结果共鉴定花斑糠疹阳性菌株128份,其中糠秕马拉色菌49份,合轴马拉色菌23份,球形马拉色菌26份,钝性马拉色菌6份,M.japponica 1份,斯洛菲马拉色菌1份,混合感染标本22份。共鉴定马拉色菌毛囊炎阳性标本70份,其中糠秕马拉色菌43株,合轴马拉色菌5株,球形马拉色菌9株,钝性马拉色菌1株,混合感染标本12份。两种疾病菌种分布差异存在统计学意义(P=0.009)。结论花斑糠疹和马拉色菌毛囊炎致病菌菌种存在一定差异。限制性酶切方法为一种准确、快速的马拉色菌菌种鉴定方法。     

婴儿头面部脂溢性皮炎马拉色菌带菌情况分析

目的了解患头面部脂溢性皮炎的婴儿与正常婴儿头面部马拉色菌带菌情况及来源分析。方法采用胶带法粘取脂溢性皮炎患儿头面部皮损及其母亲胸前皮肤、正常婴儿额部皮肤及其母亲胸前皮肤等处鳞屑,接种于含菜籽油培养基进行真菌培养,分离马拉色菌,并用生理生化及形态学方法鉴定菌种。结果①4组150例标本中共分离出101株马拉色菌;②脂溢性皮炎患儿与正常婴儿马拉色菌培养阳性率以及菌种构成差异均无显著性意义;③脂溢性皮炎患儿与正常婴儿分别与其母亲的马拉色菌培养阳性率以及菌种构成比较差异均无显著性意义,菌种存在一致性,但一致性较差。结论马拉色菌是患儿皮肤的常驻菌;脂溢性皮炎患儿及正常婴儿皮肤马拉色菌可能部分来源于母亲。     

马拉色菌在新生儿皮肤定植的研究

目的探讨马拉色菌在新生儿皮肤的定植及影响因素。方法采用含菜籽油培养基32℃培养。对拟自然分娩的母亲临产时取阴道分泌物接种于试管斜面,用无菌微孔透气胶带粘取新生儿(8处皮肤,从出生当时到出院)、母亲(胸部和手掌,分娩后第2天)及其护士(手掌,新生儿出生后第2天)皮肤标本,接种于平板,根据菌落形态及生理生化方法鉴定菌种。结果①52份母亲阴道分泌物培养阴性。②15名护士共104份手掌部皮肤标本培养阴性。③104例新生儿(自然分娩和剖宫产各52例)出生当时的皮肤标本培养阴性,但出生后第1天有28例(26.92%)培养出马拉色菌,到第8天上升到59例(56.73%),其中糠秕马拉色菌41例(69.49%)。④从104例母亲皮肤上培养出马拉色菌65例(62.50%),其中糠秕马拉色菌49例(75.38%)。⑤母亲和新生儿124株马拉色菌中菌种相同者92例,一致率为74.19%。⑥新生儿前额和面颊马拉色菌培养阳性率最高。结论马拉色菌在新生儿皮肤定植最早发生在出生后的第1天内,主要部位为额面部,主要菌种为糠秕马拉色菌,存在于母亲皮肤的马拉色菌可能是定植菌种的主要来源。     

慢性湿疹患者皮肤马拉色菌的携带情况

目的分析慢性湿疹患者皮损区和非皮损区马拉色菌菌种的检出率以及菌种的构成,初步探讨马拉色菌与慢性湿疹关系。方法采用刮屑法刮取慢性湿疹患者及健康者皮屑,用马拉色菌培养基进行马拉色菌培养,并对培养结果进行常规菌种鉴定。结果慢性湿疹患者皮损部位与非皮损部位、健康人正常皮肤马拉色菌检出率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);慢性湿疹患者非皮损部位与健康人正常皮肤马拉色菌检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。慢性湿疹患者皮损内外菌种比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论马拉色菌与慢性湿疹有一定关系。     

花斑糠疹和马拉色菌毛囊炎菌种分布特点分析

目的探讨花斑糠疹和马拉色菌毛囊炎的菌种分布特点。方法从临床诊断为花斑糠疹和马拉色菌毛囊炎的患者分离培养菌种,通过形态学和生理生化学方法鉴定菌种,并比较两组患者菌种分布情况。结果共收集花斑糠疹病例161例,培养阳性121株,其中合轴马拉色菌46株,糠秕马拉色菌13株,球形马拉色菌29株,钝性马拉色菌33株;马拉色菌毛囊炎135例,培养阳性114株,其中合轴马拉色菌52株,糠秕马拉色菌43株,球形马拉色菌13株,钝性马拉色菌6株。两种疾病菌种分布差异有显著性(P<0.005)。结论花斑糠疹和马拉色菌毛囊炎菌种分布存在差异,可能为两种疾病不同临床表现的原因之一,但结果尚需慎重解释,需要分子水平的进一步研究。     

Distribution of Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor and seborrhoeic dermatitis in Greece. Typing of the major pityriasis versicolor isolate M. globosa

BACKGROUND: The expansion of the genus Malassezia has generated interest in the epidemiological investigation of the distribution of new species in a range of dermatoses, on which variable results have been reported from different geographical regions. No data are thus far available from South-east Europe (Greece). OBJECTIVES: To study the distribution of Malassezia species in pityriasis versicolor (PV) and seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) and to investigate whether polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 region facilitate detection of M. globosa and M. sympodialis subtypes. METHODS: In total, 109 patients with PV and SD and positive Malassezia cultures were included in the study. Age, gender, primary/recurrent episode, disease extent and clinical form of PV were recorded. ITS 1 polymorphisms of M. globosa and M. sympodialis type and clinical strains were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. RESULTS: Malassezia globosa was the prevalent species isolated from PV and SD either alone (77% and 39%, respectively) or in combination (13% and 18%, respectively) with other Malassezia species. The pigmented form of PV was strongly correlated with the female gender. PCR-SSCP differentiated five subgroups of M. globosa with one being associated with extensive clinical disease. All M. sympodialis isolates displayed a homogeneous ITS 1 PCR-SSCP profile. CONCLUSIONS: Malassezia species isolation rates were in agreement with those reported from South-west Europe. PCR-SSCP of the ITS 1 is useful for highlighting prospective clinical implications of M. globosa subtypes.     

In vitro susceptibility of the seven Malassezia species to ketoconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine

Fifty-five strains, either authentic or ex-type, of seven Malassezia species were investigated for in vitro susceptibility to various concentrations (0.03-64.0 microg/mL) of three azole drugs, ketoconazole, voriconazole and itraconazole, as well as the allylamine terbinafine, using the agar dilution method. All strains of the seven Malassezia species were susceptible to the three azole drugs at low concentrations. M. furfur, M. sympodialis, M. slooffiae, M. pachydermatis, M. globosa, M. obtusa and M. restricta were most sensitive to ketoconazole and itraconazole, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from < or = 0.03 to 0.125 microg/mL. The recently introduced antifungal, voriconazole, was also very effective, with MIC80 values < or = 0.03 microg/mL for 80% of strains. MICs of terbinafine against the seven Malassezia species ranged from 相似文献   

Antigenic components of Malassezia species for immunoglobulin E antibodies in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis

Antigenic components of Malassezia furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta, M. slooffiae, and M. sympodialis were studied for immunoglobulin E antibodies in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Antigenic components were extracted from Malassezia cells by treatment with beta-mercaptoethanol, referred to as 2-ME extract. CBB staining and lectin blots using Con A, LCA, PHA-E4, PNA or RCA120 showed that the 2-ME extracts contained several species-dependent components that differed quantitatively and qualitatively among the Malassezia species at the protein level. In the Western blot with the 2-ME extracts, of 54 sera of the patients with AD (54 patients), the patients' IgE antibodies most frequently recognized components showing molecular weights of 43-46 kDa for M. slooffiae, 12-22 kDa for M. sympodialis, 35-40 kDa for M. restricta, 45-50 kDa for M. globosa, and of 67-72 kDa for M. furfur, respectively. In the correlative study, in which the total band intensities generated for each extract in Western blot were compared among the Malassezia species, the intensity for M. globosa was well correlated with that for M. sympodialis (r=0.756). In the Western blot inhibition test, the 2-ME extract of M. globosa partially inhibited the reaction of the antigenic components of other Malassezia species with the patient's IgE antibodies. These results indicated that Malassezia species contained both species-specific and common antigenic components at the IgE antibody level.     

Skin colonization by Malassezia species in neonates: a prospective study and relationship with neonatal cephalic pustulosis

OBJECTIVES: To assess skin colonization by Malassezia species in full-term healthy newborns, to investigate factors associated with colonization, and to look at acnelike cephalic pustulosis associated with this carriage. DESIGN: Samples were obtained from neonates and their mothers 0 to 5 days after birth and again 3 weeks later. Clinical patterns of common acnelike pustulosis were reported as mild (<10 papulopustules), moderate (> or =10 papulopustules), or absent. Direct examination and culture of sample. Identification of yeasts was based on microscopic and physiologic criteria. SETTING: A maternity hospital and the pediatric dermatology unit of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive series of 102 neonates and their mothers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of skin colonization and type of Malassezia species found in neonates and correlation with neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne). RESULTS: At the first visit, 11 neonates and 36 mothers had cultures positive for Malassezia. Malassezia sympodialis and Malassezia globosa were preferentially cultured. At 3 weeks, 29 (52%) of 56 neonates and 18 (32%) of 56 mothers had cultures positive for only M sympodialis and M globosa. Breastfeeding was not associated with a higher prevalence of Malassezia carriage in neonates. Malassezia colonization was higher when pustulosis was more severe and M sympodialis was found in pustules. CONCLUSIONS: Malassezia colonization begins at birth and increases in the first weeks of life. A high prevalence of M sympodialis in neonates is noted from birth. Its association with neonatal acne is confirmed. Further investigation is needed to study the role of sebum secretion rate and quality in the neonatal period.     

Effects of topical vehicles on growth of the lipophilic Malassezia species

In the present study, the abilities of major Malassezia species, M. sympodialis, M. globosa and M. furfur, to assimilate topical agents, which have been widely used as a material of ointment for skin diseases, were tested. Obvious growth of M. furfur on GYEP agar plate was noted in the presence of white petrolatum, purified white petrolatum, hydrophilic ointment and heparinoid in hydrophilic ointment, and also M. sympodialis showed similar growth when they were cultured with hydrophilic or heparinoid in hydrophilic ointment. In contrast, M. globosa did not grow on GYEP in the presence of the any topical agents tested. These results suggest that Malassezia species, especially M. furfur and M. sympodialis, assimilate several topical agents and showed the drug-depended cell growth.     

南通和南京马拉色菌毛囊炎临床调查及致病菌种分析

目的 探讨南通和南京马拉色菌毛囊炎的易感因素及致病菌种在不同地区、不同部位马拉色菌毛囊炎中的菌种分布情况。方法 对符合病例收集纳入标准的患者进行问卷调查,取毛囊内容物进行真菌涂片、培养;并根据形态学和生理生化特征进行菌种鉴定。结果 241例临床诊断为马拉色菌毛囊炎的患者,真菌涂片204例阳性,涂片阳性率84.65%;收集标本259份,共得阳性株213株,其中马拉色菌209株,念珠菌4株（占1.54%）,真菌培养阳性率82.24%。菌种鉴定：209株马拉色菌活化菌种后,可供鉴定的马拉色菌菌株186株,共检测到6个菌种的马拉色菌,其中糠秕马拉色菌111株（59.68%）、斯洛菲马拉色菌43株（23.12%）、合轴马拉色菌17株（9.14%）、球形马拉色菌9株（4.84%）、厚皮马拉色菌4株（2.15%）、钝形马拉色菌2株（1.08%）。不同个体、不同部位的菌种分布：胸部、后背、腹部和面颈部以糠秕马拉色菌为主,上肢、肩部和头顶以斯洛菲马拉色菌为主,下肢均为球形马拉色菌。同一个体、不同发病部位存在不同的菌种,主要为糠秕马拉色菌合并合轴或斯洛菲马拉色菌。 结论 南通和南京马拉色菌毛囊炎存在6种马拉色菌致病菌种,糠秕和斯洛菲马拉色菌是主要的致病菌种。     

Differentiation of Malassezia species: selectivity of Cremophor EL, castor oil and ricinoleic acid for M. furfur

In recent years, the genus Malassezia has been reclassified based on molecular data. In addition to M. furfur , M. pachydermatis and M. sympodialis , four new species, M. globosa , M. obtusa , M. restricta and M. slooffiiae , have been described. However, apart from their lipid dependence, little is known about the metabolism and nutritional requirements of all the seven species. Further to recent studies, 10 hydrophilic emulsifiers (HLB > 10) were examined in an agar diffusion test to determine their growth-promoting effect on reference strains of the different Malassezia species. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 7 glyceryl monoalcanoate (Cetiol HE), PEG–glyceryl stearate (Tagat S2) and macrogol-50 stearate (Myrj 53) were metabolized by all strains, while PEG-35 castor oil (Cremophor EL) was metabolized only by M. furfur . The latter observation is due to a different metabolism of castor oil and its main component, ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy oleic acid), which may also give an insight into the pathogenesis of diseases that are associated with Malassezia spp. As hydroxy fatty acids are important in maintaining the epidermal structure and function, their metabolism specifically by M. furfur might clarify some clinical aspects of pityriasis versicolor. Apart from this speculation, use of Cremophor EL, with splitting of esculin as an additional key character, improves the distinction of the species M. furfur , M. slooffiae and M. sympodialis .