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??Objective??To systematically assess the correlation between smoking and the risk of peri-implantitis??so as to offer scientific basis for health education and preventve decision. Methods??A literature search was performed in Pubmed??Embase??Cochrane Library??CNKI??Wanfang??VIP and SinoMed database to collect the case control studies on the correlation between smoking and peri-implantitis. Two reviewers independently screened the literatures according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria??extracted the data??assessed the quality??and then conducted Meta-analyses on the included studies by using RevMan 5.3 software??with calculation of the OR value and 95%CI. Results??A total of 9 case control studies involving 3674 cases were included. The quality assessment indicated that studies were generally of high quality. Meta-analyses showed that compared with non-smokers??there was increasing possibility of peri-implantitis in smokers??OR = 2.93??95%CI??2.19??3.91??P??0.05??. Conclusion??There is a positive correlation between smoking and periodontal inflammation??smoking is one of the risk factors of peri-implantitis. Smoking increases the risk of peri-implantitis by 1.93 times compared with non-smoking patients     

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种植体周围牙龈乳头丧失是种植牙科学最麻烦的问题之一。种植义齿周围的黑三角问题不仅可引起语音问题和食物嵌塞,也带来了美学问题。这也被列为现在种植治疗失败的一项标准。本文对于影响种植体周围牙龈乳头高度的因素做一综述。     

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??With the increasing clinical application of dental implants??the criteria for defining successful implants become more stringent. Decrease or loss of peri-implant papilla can result in esthetic and functional problems??such as "black triangle" and food impaction??which become one of the reasons for implant failure. How to prevent the height decrease of peri-implant papilla and how to rebuild peri-implant papilla are the important topics in implant dentistry. Patients with periodontitis face higher risk of papilla height decrease. The present article is aimed to review and evaluate the risk factors of the decrease of papilla height??and the methods of prevention and rebuilding. We also emphasize the high risk of patients with periodontitis regarding the interproximal bone loss.     

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??With the improvement of people's living standard??dental implant restoration is increasingly favored by patients with missing teeth??however?? the number of complications related to implant is increasing. Peri-implantitis is one of the common complications of dental implants surgery??which can result in loss of the support bone??osseo-integration failure??and even lead to osseo-integration implant loss. The clinical manifestations of peri-implantitis are various??which are sometimes difficult to diagnose??early correct diagnosis of peri-implantitis will contribute to the further treatment. This paper will make a review of the diagnostic methods of peri-implantitis.     

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??Peri-implantitis represents a clinical condition that includes the presence of an inflammatory lesion in the peri-implant mucosa and loss of implant bone. Several surgical treatment methods have been proposed for the management of peri-implantitis??including peri-implant surgical debridement??resective therapy?? implantoplasty and regenerative therapy. The way we choose to work on the patients should be based on clinical evidence along with full discussions with patients themselves.     

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种植义齿因能较好地恢复咀嚼功能,具有固位良好、舒适、自然等优点为越来越多的牙列缺损及缺失患者所接受。近年来,随着种植学的发展,种植体的长期稳定性与美学功能越来越受到患者与医生的重视。种植体颈部上皮袖口封闭与边缘骨的稳定对种植体的长期稳定性与美学功能至关重要。本文就平台转换技术在种植体上皮袖口与边缘骨的作用关系做一综述。     

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??Peri-implantitis is one of the common complications of dental implant. The treatment and maintenance of peri-implantitis are extremely important. The maintenance protocols of peri-implantitis are based on the clinical signs??symptoms and indexes. The goal should be the establishment of healthy peri-implant tissues.     

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??Dental laser can be used widely in either conservative treatment or surgery treatment for peri-implant infection. It can be used to disinfect the  implant surface??remove the granulation tissue and promote the healing of the surgery sites. Dental laser can be used to treat the peri-implant infections as an effective tool. Dental lasers show an initial positive outcome after a 6-month follow-up??but it should have a long period of follow-up for at least one year and plaque control policies should be strictly followed.     

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即刻种植技术能够有效地保持剩余牙槽嵴的高度和宽度,临床已得到广泛应用.磨牙由于其自身的解剖特点,应用即刻种植技术时常在种植体与骨组织间存在一定间隙,从而影响种植体的初期稳定性及其有效骨结合.本文对磨牙即刻种植过程中,如何处理种植体-骨间隙问题进行了讨论.     

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提要：口腔种植在牙列缺损、牙列缺失的修复中能获得良好的功能性、稳定性及美观性。尽管种植技术已经非常成熟,但在临床上仍出现一些影响种植体存活时间和使用效果的并发症。其中种植体周围骨吸收作为常见并发症之一,如不能及时控制,将严重影响种植体的成功率及存活率。本文就种植体周围骨吸收原因进行分析并提出一些处理的办法。     

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自体牙移植术从20世纪中叶开始有文献记载（PubMed）至今仅有50年的历史,此间其经过不断地发展与进步,现已成为一种安全和具有可预测性的操作。虽然目前自体牙移植术尚未被列入缺牙的常规治疗方法之中,但随着技术和材料的不断进步,其必将对保持牙列完整,恢复牙槽突高度,并提供可接受的美学和生理学结果做出更大的贡献。     

Autotransplantation of a tooth using guided tissue regeneration

Abstract Autotransplanlation is an alternative treatment to replace missing or periodontally-involved hopeless teeth. A prerequisite for performing this procedure is having a recipient site with sufficient bone volume to support the transplant. Often, however, crestal bone resorption following tooth extraction or periodontitis results in a reduced alveolar ridge with inadequate dimensions to properly house the transplant. In these cases, the procedure is contraindicated. A case is presented in which the biologic principle of guided tissue regeneration was used to gain periodontal support around an autotransplanted 3rd molar. The results suggest the potential use of guided tissue regeneration in conjunction with autotransplantation. This may represent a new area in reconstructive dentistry.     

Autotransplantation of immature third molars: influence of different splinting methods and fixation periods

Abstract  – Different data were published documenting the influence of fixation methods and periods on the outcome of autotransplantations of teeth. Besides studies reporting increased ankylosis and disturbances of pulpal revascularization following rigid or extended fixation, there are studies revealing no connection in this matter. The clinical and radiological results of 76 transplanted germs of third molars were to be assessed after a rigid fixation for 4 weeks or after a suture splinting for 7 days and compared with each other. The choice of fixation method depended on the initial stability of the transplant. After a mean observation period of 3.4 years (range 1.0–6.1 years), 92.9% of the teeth stabilized with a suture, but only 73.5% fixed with an acid-etch composite and wire splint could be classified as successful ( P  = 0.029). The significant increases in ankylosis ( P  = 0.036) and pulp necrosis ( P  = 0.041) were the factors for the less favorable results of the rigidly fixed teeth. Our data support the results of other experimental and clinical studies with regard to the negative influences of an extended and rigid fixation on the success of tooth transplantation. However, apart from a correlation with the method and period of fixation, we also suspect the influence of an incongruity between the transplant and recipient site.     

Transmission electron microscopy of supraalveolar periodontal healing of auto- and allotransplanted teeth in monkeys

Abstract An ultrastructural study of the supra-alveolar periodontal healing of auto- and allotransplanted teeth was performed in 4 immunologically unmatched green Vervet monkeys. Eight mature incisors were either auto- or allotransplanted. Non-transplanted adjacent incisors served as controls. Prior to transplantation the teeth were endodontically treated extraorally. Eight weeks after transplantation, biopsies including part of the tooth and the adjacent supra-alveolar tissues were taken, fixed, decalcified and processed for electron microscopy. A thin electron dense layer covered the root surface of the autotransplanted teeth. Most collagen fibres inserted into this electron-dense border, as well as into the underlying cementum. A similar relationship between the fibres and root surface was found in controls. On the allotransplanted teeth a layer of electron-dense granular material covered the root surface in the supra-alveolar area. Collagen fibres inserting into the electron-dense border were frequently observed. Fibroblasts were the predominant cell type in the connective tissue adjacent to all transplanted teeth. In autotransplants 2 morphotypes of fibroblasts were observed: 1) cells with dilated endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria; and 2) cells with normal characteristics of protein synthesis and secretion. The fibroblasts of the allografts were predominantly cells with dilated endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria. The results indicated some similarities in the healing between the root surface and connective tissue in the supra-alveolar portion of the roots of auto- and allotransplanted teeth.     

Allo- and autotransplantation of mature teeth in monkeys: a sequential time-related histoquantitative study of periodontal and pulpal healing

Abstract – Root resorption is known to be the most relevant complication determining the long‐term prognosis of allotransplanted teeth, and it is initiated during the first few postoperative months. The aim of the present study was to quantitatively assess the dynamics of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and pulpal healing reactions during the first 8 weeks after allotransplantation of mature teeth. The material comprised 112 maxillary central and mandibular lateral incisors of 28 mature green Vervet monkeys, immunogenetically untested, and only matched according to the size of the grafts. Donors and recipients exchanged simultaneously both maxillary incisors and one mandibular incisor, whereas the contralateral mandibular incisors were autotransplanted as controls. At random, every second maxillary allograft was endodontically treated preoperatively. Histoquantitative analysis of the PDL and pulpal healing reactions was carried out after 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks on serial cross‐sections of the grafts in 6, 6, 6 and 8 monkeys, respectively. Necrosis zones in the PDL were prominent in both auto‐ and allografts after 1 week. Inflammation in the PDL dominated healing in all types of grafts 1 week after transplantation, whereas it subsided significantly after 2 weeks in autografts compared to allografts (P = 0.005). Inflammatory resorption (IR) became prominent after 4 weeks in autografts and this remained stationary. In contrast, IR initiated significantly earlier in allografts compared to autografts after 2 weeks (P = 0.007), and this type of resorption was further increasing in allografts after 4 and 8 weeks. Endodontic treatment, however, reduced IR nearly totally in the allografts with time. Replacement resorption (RR) was nearly absent in autografts. In contrast, allografts showed increasing appearance of RR with time, initiating at 4 weeks. By removing IR from the allografts by endodontic treatment, RR was unmasked significantly at 4 weeks (P = 0.02) and dominated most of the periodontal ligament (70%) after 8 weeks (P = 0.0004). Within the 8 postoperative weeks autografts showed healing with increasing amount of normal PDL reaching significantly higher levels compared to allografts already after 2 weeks (P = 0.02), with increasing differences thereafter. In most allografts, the normal PDL occupied less than 10% of the entire root surface and was located in the supra‐alveolar cervical region. Downgrowth of periodontal pocket epithelium was absent or found very infrequently in all groups irrespective of type, time and treatment. In conclusion, the healing of allo‐ and autotransplanted mature teeth differed significantly on several aspects during the first 8 postoperative weeks. The recorded differences included a higher amount of inflammation in the PDL of allografts after 2 weeks, inflammatory resorption from the second week, and replacement resorption dominating in the eighth week, indicated that an immunologic stimulus for root resorption existed in the allogenic PDL apart from the pulp. Furthermore, specific healing reactions was found in the cervical region with almost identical gingival healing in auto‐ and allografts.     

Muco-gingival and periodontal health recovery following reimplantation of teeth

Abstract— Reimplantation of avulsed permanent teeth following traumatic injuries is a widely accepted therapeutic measure; however, though periodontal healing is considered to be the major determinant of long-term survival of reimplanted teeth, the mucogingival reaction to reimplantation has never been assessed. In the present study, hygiene level and gingival inflammation of 13 reimplanted teeth were assessed according to the plaque index (PI) and the gingival index (GI) around both reimplanted and control teeth. The periodontal condition was evaluated by measuring probing depth and probing attachment level at the same location. The clinical parameters of the reimplanted teeth were compared with those of contralateral teeth with the help of the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks test. There were no statistically significant difrerences in PI and GI scores at any points of measurements around both reimplanted and control teeth; neither did probing depths and probing attachment levels differ between reimplanted and contralateral teeth. The results of the present study indicated that the muco-gingival reaction following traumatic avulsion did not affect the long-term prognosis of the reimplanted teeth.     

Autotransplantation of teeth: requirements for predictable success

Abstract –  The aim of this article is to summarize the biologic principles required for successful autotransplantation of teeth. Indications, armamentarium, technique and prognosis will be discussed.     

Autotransplantation and surgical uprighting of impacted or retained teeth: A retrospective clinical study and evaluation of patient satisfaction

Abstract

Objectives. This retrospective clinical study aimed to determine the success rate of autotransplanted impacted or retained teeth along with a patient satisfaction survey and to analyze the influence of relevant clinical and radiographic parameters. Subjects and methods. Fifty-seven teeth (37 canines, 10 molars, seven premolars, three incisors) in 45 patients (median 15 years) were evaluated over a mean of 1.6 years. The success criteria were pocket probing depth ≤3.5 mm, mobility grade ≤ II, Periotest ≤30 and complete alveolar bone healing. The influencing parameters were oral hygiene, smoking, periodontal screening index, occlusal/proximal contacts, horizontal position, dental age, pulp obliteration and degree of displacement. Furthermore, bone height was measured. Results. The overall success rate was 74%, along with a high patient satisfaction. The survival rate was 96% after a mean follow-up of 1.6 years. The favorable factors were proper oral hygiene, non-smoking, good general periodontal condition, proximal contacts and pulp obliteration. An increase in or maintenance of bone level was found in 96%. Conclusions. Autotransplantation of impacted or retained teeth is an appropriate treatment, if orthodontic alignment has failed, especially in growing patients.     

Autogenous transplantation of teeth with complete root formation: two case reports

AIM: Autotransplantation is an alternative treatment for replacing lost teeth when suitable donor teeth are available. This paper presents two cases of successful autogenous tooth transplantation. SUMMARY: Two third molars with complete root development were autogenously transplanted from their original sockets into new recipient sites on the same side of the mouth, one in the maxilla and one in the mandible. In both cases, the third molars were transplanted immediately after the first molar extractions. To provide better adaptation of the donor teeth, the recipient alveolar sites were remodelled using surgical burs. Semi-rigid splints were maintained for 45 and 15 days, respectively. Root canal treatment commenced one a week after transplantation and the canals were medicated with a calcium hydroxide paste before they were filled. Clinical and radiographic findings after 5 and 3 years of follow-up, respectively, are discussed in relation to the literature. KEY LEARNING POINTS: Autogenous transplantation of teeth with complete root formation may be considered as a viable treatment option to conventional prosthetic and implant rehabilitation for both therapeutic and economic reasons. Careful surgical and endodontic procedure, together with careful case selection may lead to satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcomes.