金丝桃素对视神经损伤大鼠视网膜节细胞的保护作用

目的观察金丝桃素对视神经损伤大鼠视网膜节细胞的保护作用。方法24只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、单纯夹伤组、生理盐水对照组、金丝桃素治疗组4组,每组6只（12眼）。对所有大鼠行双上丘注射2％荧光金逆行标记节细胞,7d后,对单纯夹伤组、生理盐水对照组、金丝桃素治疗组进行球后视神经钳夹．同时在生理盐水对照组、金丝桃素治疗组玻璃体内分别注入生理盐水和金丝桃素5ul,14d后进行视网膜节细胞的计数。采用SPSS13．0统计软件对所得数据进行t检验。结果视神经夹伤后14d,存活的视网膜节细胞显著减少。单纯夹伤组节细胞存活率为50％,生理盐水对照组节细胞存活率为52％,金丝桃素治疗组节细胞存活率为68％。金丝桃素治疗组相比单纯夹伤组和生理盐水对照组,存活的节细胞明显要多（P〈0．05）。结论玻璃体内注射金丝桃素能减少大鼠视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞的死亡率．对视网膜节细胞有保护作用。     

大鼠视神经夹伤模型中莫尼定的视网膜节细胞保护作用

目的 :研究莫尼定对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法 :实验用SD大鼠 2 0只随机分为用药组 8只和对照组 12只。所有大鼠右眼用 40 g微型视神经夹紧贴球后夹持视神经 60秒 ,左眼未做夹持。用药组于夹伤前1小时及夹伤后每日腹腔注射莫尼定 1mg/kg ,阴性对照组于夹伤前 1小时及夹伤后每日腹腔注射生理盐水 5ml/kg ,实验观察2 8天。实验结束前 4天双上丘注射 3 %荧光金逆行标记视网膜神经节细胞。做视网膜铺片 ,距离视乳头中心上下左右各2mm拍摄照片 ,使用CPAS图像分析软件做节细胞定量分析 ,节细胞存活率 =右眼节细胞密度 /左眼节细胞密度× 10 0。结果 :用药组、对照组节细胞存活率分别为 61 0 1%和 53 48% ,两者之间存在显著性差异 (P =0 .0 3 5)。结论 :在大鼠视神经夹伤模型中 ,莫尼定具有明显的视网膜节细胞保护作用     

A new calcium channel antagonist, lomerizine, alleviates secondary retinal ganglion cell death after optic nerve injury in the rat

PURPOSE: We investigated whether lomerizine, a new diphenylmethylpiperazine calcium channel blocker, exerted a neuroprotective effect on axonal or retinal damage induced by optic nerve injury in the rat. METHODS: A partial crush lesion was inflicted unilaterally on the optic nerve, 2 mm behind the globe, in adult Wistar albino rats. Animals were treated with the vehicle, 10 or 30 mg/kg lomerizine. Each solution was given orally twice daily for 4 weeks. One week before euthanization, Fluoro-Gold (FG) was injected into both superior colliculi to retrogradely label surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Approximately 1 month after the optic nerve injury, the retinal damage was assessed morphologically, and the optic nerve axons surrounding the initial lesion were examined histologically. RESULTS: The mean RGC density in the control group decreased to 65.9 +/- 1.32% of the contralateral eye, whereas the systemic application of 10 or 30 mg/kg of lomerizine significantly enhanced the RGC survival to 88.1 +/- 0.38% and 89.8 +/- 0.28%, respectively. Histological examination of damaged axons revealed no significant enhancement of the density or total number of axons of the retinal ganglion cells in the lomerizine-treated group. The crush force we employed caused no significant morphological differences in the retinal layers between the sham-operated animals and the animals from the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that lomerizine alleviates secondary degeneration of RGCs induced by an optic nerve crush injury in the rat, presumably by improving the impaired axoplasmic flow.     

大鼠视神经压榨伤模型的建立

目的建立大鼠标定性视神经损伤模型.方法健康SD大鼠28只,7只为正常对照组,只进行双上丘注射3%快蓝逆行标记视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs),另21只为标定性视神经损伤组,依损伤后存活时间的不同再分为A组(4d组)、B组(14d组)及C组(21d组),每组7只.21只大鼠以夹持力为40 g的特制视神经夹,在大鼠眼球后2 mm处夹持视神经4s,制成大鼠标定性视神经压榨伤模型,于处死前3d采用双上丘直接注射3%快蓝(fast blue)法标记双眼RGCs,将全视网膜铺片置于荧光显微镜下,在距视乳头1 mm处的颞上、颞下、鼻下、鼻上4处作荧光摄影(400 ×),并输入计算机经图像分析仪计数RGCs,按RGCs标识率进行统计学比较.RGCs标识率=损伤眼(右眼)RGCs数/未损伤眼(左眼)RGCs数×100%.结果正常大鼠的RGCs标识率右眼RGCs数/左眼RGCs数为99.79%±13.05%,左眼RGCs数/右眼RGCs数为101.86%±13.91%,无论是用左眼的RGCs数比右眼的RGCs数,或用右眼的RGCs数比左眼的RGCs数,其结果无显著性差异(P＞0.5).视神经损伤组的RGCs标识率A组(4d组)RGCs标识率为77.79%±7.11%;B组(14d组)RGCs标识率为63.76%±3.79%;C组(21d组)RGCs标识率为54.66%±4.75%.以上显示,损伤各组的RGCs标识率明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.05),且随着时间的推移,损伤A、B、C组的RGCs标识率渐进性降低.结论用特制的夹持力为40 g的视神经夹,夹持正常大鼠视神经4s,可造成部分性RGCs丧失,随大鼠存活时间的推移,RGCs呈渐进性丧失.眼科学报2001;1799～102.     

蛇毒神经生长因子对大鼠视神经夹伤保护的电镜观察

目的研究蛇毒神经生长因子在视神经损伤后对视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法将Wistar大鼠40只随机分为实验对照组和实验治疗组。制作实验性视神经夹伤模型,用头部宽1mm的微型血管夹夹伤大鼠右眼视神经后,实验治疗组向伤眼玻璃体腔内注入蛇毒神经生长因子100BU(0.025mL)。实验对照组向伤眼玻璃体腔内注入0.025mL平衡盐液。于损伤后第3d、7d、14d、30d、60d取材,用透射电镜观察不同时间段各组视网膜形态学变化。结果电镜下大鼠视网膜改变:实验治疗组和对照组电镜下均可见坏死和凋亡。伤后14d,实验治疗组视网膜微管数目比实验对照组较多,排列比较整齐。结论在视神经损伤早期,蛇毒神经生长因子能减轻视神经夹伤后微管的损坏,提高视网膜神经节细胞的存活数量,对视网膜神经节细胞有明显的保护作用。     

腹腔注射银杏叶提取物促进大鼠视神经钳夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞存活

目的探讨银杏叶提取物GBE50（Ginkgo biloba extract 50）对大鼠视神经钳夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的保护作用。方法65只SD大鼠随机等分为正常对照组、假手术组、模型组、模型＋生理盐水（NS）组、模型＋GBE 50组,每只鼠的右眼用于实验。正常对照组不作任何处理;假手术组仅分离暴露视神经;其余3个组分离暴露视神经并进行钳夹：模型＋NS组和模型＋GBE 50组分别于实验前1周每日腹腔注射相应体积NS和0．35％GBE 50（100mg／kg）,术后继续给药4周;术后4d,各组随机处死3只大鼠作凋亡RGCs的TUNEL荧光标记;术后4周后处死所有大鼠作光镜检查并计数视网膜垂直经线RGCs。结果正常对照组和假手术组未见TUNEL阳性RGCs;其余3组均见TUNEL阳性RGCs,但模型＋GBE 50组较前两组少。术后4周RGCs数目：模型组（131±10个）、模型＋NS组（137±13个）、模型＋GBE 50组（198±15个）均少于正常对照组和假手术组（P〈0．05）;模型组与模型＋NS组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;但模型＋GBE 50组显著多于模型组和模型＋NS组（P〈0．05）。结论腹腔注射银杏叶提取物GBE 50能部分抑制大鼠视神经钳夹后RGCs凋亡,具有一定的RGCs保护作用。     

小干扰RNA保护大鼠视网膜神经节细胞的实验研究

 目的 通过大鼠视神经夹伤模型,研究小干扰RNA（siRNA）对视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）的保护作用。设计 实验研究。 研究对象 SPF级SD大鼠54只。方法 54只SD大鼠随机分为A、B、C三组,每组18只。均选取右眼为实验眼,左眼为正常对照。在球后2 mm处用40 g压力微型视神经夹夹持视神经60 s,做视神经夹伤模型。建立模型后当天,A、B、C三组分别给予玻璃体注射10 μg、20 μg siRNA和生理盐水。视神经夹伤后10天,每组取6只大鼠用荧光金做逆行标记,14天时取标记后的大鼠双眼眼球标本做视网膜铺片并拍摄照片,RGC计数。计算RGC存活率（右眼RGC数/左眼RGC数×100%）。每组其余12只大鼠进一步用蛋白印迹法检测视网膜组织中caspase-3蛋白的表达水平。主要指标 RGC存活率,caspase-3蛋白的表达水平。结果 A、B、C组RGC存活率分别为53.63%±7.35%、57.86%±6.00%、45.00%±4.37%（F=7.11,P=0.029）,其中A组与C组（P=0.025）,B组和C组（P=0.002）之间均有显著性差异;A 组和B组之间无显著性差异（P=0.24）。A、B、C三组视网膜组织中Caspase-3蛋白与内参灰度比值分别为0.20±0.02、0.19±0.02、0.24±0.03（F=9.73,P=0.02）。其中A组与C组（P=0.005）,B组和C组（P=0.001）之间均有显著性差异;A 组和B组之间无显著性差异（P=0.418）。结论 小干扰RNA能有效保护大鼠视神经夹伤模型的RGC,提高RGC的存活率。     

Cataractogenic lens injury prevents traumatic ganglion cell death and promotes axonal regeneration both in vivo and in culture

PURPOSE: To examine and quantify neuroprotective and neurite-promoting activity on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after injury of the lens. METHODS: In adult albino rats, penetrating lens injury was performed by intraocular injection. To test for injury-induced neuroprotective effects in vivo, fluorescence-prelabeled RGCs were axotomized by subsequent crush of the optic nerve (ON) with concomitant lens injury to cause cataract. The numbers of surviving RGCs were determined in retinal wholemounts and compared between the different experimental and control groups. To examine axonal regeneration in vivo, the ON was cut and replaced with an autologous piece of sciatic nerve (SN). Retinal ganglion cells with axons that had regenerated within the SN under lens injury or control conditions were retrogradely labeled with a fluorescent dye and counted on retinal wholemounts. Neurite regeneration was also studied in adult retinal explants obtained either after lens injury or without injury. The numbers of axons were determined after 1 and 2 days in culture. Putative neurotrophins (NTs) were studied within immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Cataractogenic lens injury performed at the same time as ON crush resulted in highly significant rescue of 746 +/- 126 RGCs/mm(2) (mean +/- SD; approximately 39% of total RGCs) 14 days after injury compared with controls without injury or with injection of buffer into the vitreous body (30 +/- 18 RGCs/mm(2)). When lens injury was performed with a delay of 3 days after ON crush, 49% of RGCs survived, whereas delay of 5 days still rescued 45% of all RGCs. In the grafting paradigm virtually all surviving RGCs after lens injury appeared to have regenerated an axon within the SN graft (763 +/- 114 RGCs/mm(2) versus 79 +/- 17 RGCs/mm(2) in controls). This rate of regeneration corresponds to approximately 40% of all RGCs. In the regeneration paradigm in vitro preceding lens injury and ON crush 5 days previous resulted in a maximum of regeneration of 273 +/- 39 fibers/explant after 1 day and 574 +/- 38 fibers/explant after 2 days in vitro. In comparison, in control retinal pieces without lens injury 28 +/- 13 fibers/explant grew out at 1 day, and 97 +/- 37 fibers/explant grew out at 2 days in culture. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of potential NTs in the injured lens revealed no expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-4, nerve growth factor (NGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the lens contains high neuroprotective and neuritogenic activity, which is not caused by NT. Compared with the data available in the literature, this neuroprotection is quantitatively among the highest ever reported within the adult rat visual system.     

饱和氢气水对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞保护作用的实验研究

 目的 探索饱和氢气水对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）的保护作用。设计 实验研究。研究对象 SPF级SD大鼠18只。方法 对18只大鼠采用随机数表法随机分为3组,每组6只。均选取右眼为实验眼,左眼为正常对照眼。使用40 g微型视神经夹在大鼠视神经球后2 mm处夹持60 s建立视神经夹伤模型。A组给予饱和氢气水腹腔注射,5 ml/kg,每日1次;B组和C组分别给予饱和氢气水和生理盐水滴眼,每次1滴,每日3次。用药第9天,麻醉下采用3%荧光金双上丘两点注射法逆行标记大鼠RGC,第14天深麻醉下取眼球并处死动物,行视网膜定向铺片,距离视乳头中心上下左右各2 mm 拍摄照片,盲法计数RGC。主要指标 RGC存活率。结果 A组、B组和C组RGC存活率分别为40.35%±13.04%、58.34%±14.00%和43.07%±7.80%（F=3.965, P=0.041）。其中B组与A组和C组之间均有显著性差异（P=0.020;P=0.042）;A组和C组之间无显著性差异（P=0.698）。结论 饱和氢气水滴眼2周对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞可能具有一定的保护作用。（眼科,2014, 23： 107-110）     

Neuroprotective effect of sulfhydryl reduction in a rat optic nerve crush model

PURPOSE: The signaling of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after axotomy is partly dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species. Shifting the RGC redox state toward reduction is protective in a dissociated mixed retinal culture model of axotomy. The hypothesis for the current study was that tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), a sulfhydryl reductant, would protect RGCs in a rat optic nerve crush model of axotomy. METHODS: RGCs of postnatal day 4 to 5 Long-Evans rats were retrogradely labeled with the fluorescent tracer DiI. At approximately 8 weeks of age, the left optic nerve of each rat was crushed with forceps and, immediately after, 4 muL of TCEP (or vehicle alone) was injected into the vitreous at the pars plana to a final concentration of 6 or 60 microM. The right eye served as the control. Eight or 14 days after the crush, the animals were killed, retinal wholemounts prepared, and DiI-labeled RGCs counted. Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin (BSL-1) was used to identify microglia. RESULTS: The mean number of surviving RGCs at 8 days in eyes treated with 60 microM TCEP was significantly greater than in the vehicle group (1250 +/- 156 vs. 669 +/- 109 cells/mm(2); P = 0.0082). Similar results were recorded at 14 days. Labeling was not a result of microglia phagocytosing dying RGCs. No toxic effect on RGC survival was observed with TCEP injection alone. CONCLUSIONS: The sulfhydryl-reducing agent TCEP is neuroprotective of RGCs in an optic nerve crush model. Sulfhydryl oxidative modification may be a final common pathway for the signaling of RGC death by reactive oxygen species after axotomy.     

A model to study differences between primary and secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rats by partial optic nerve transection

PURPOSE: To use a rat model of optic nerve injury to differentiate primary and secondary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury. METHODS: Under general anesthesia, a modified diamond knife was used to transect the superior one third of the orbital optic nerve in albino Wistar rats. The number of surviving RGC was quantified by counting both the number of cells retrogradely filled with fluorescent gold dye injected into the superior colliculus 1 week before nerve injury and the number of axons in optic nerve cross sections. RGCs were counted in 56 rats, with 24 regions examined in each retinal wholemount. Rats were studied at 4 days, 8 days, 4 weeks, and 9 weeks after transection. The interocular difference in RGCs was also compared in five control rats that underwent no surgery and in five rats who underwent a unilateral sham operation. It was confirmed histologically that only the upper optic nerve had been directly injured. RESULTS: At 4 and 8 days after injury, superior RGCs showed a mean difference from their fellow eyes of -30.3% and -62.8%, respectively (P = 0.02 and 0.001, t-test, n = 8 rats/group), whereas sham-operation eyes had no significant loss (mean difference between eyes = 1.7%, P = 0.74, t-test). At 8 days, inferior RGCs were unchanged from control, fellow eyes (mean interocular difference = -4.8%, P = 0.16, t-test). Nine weeks after transection, inferior RGC had 34.5% fewer RGCs than their fellow eyes, compared with 41.2% fewer RGCs in the superior zones of the injured eyes compared with fellow eyes. Detailed, serial section studies of the topography of RGC axons in the optic nerve showed an orderly arrangement of fibers that were segregated in relation to the position of their cell bodies in the retina. CONCLUSIONS: A model of partial optic nerve transection in rats showed rapid loss of directly injured RGCs in the superior retina and delayed, but significant secondary loss of RGCs in the inferior retina, whose axons were not severed. The findings confirm similar results in monkey eyes and provide a rodent model in which pharmacologic interventions against secondary degeneration can be tested.     

Effect of glatiramer acetate on primary and secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in the rat

PURPOSE: After crush injury to the optic nerve, elevated intraocular pressure, and glutamate toxicity, the immune modulator glatiramer acetate (GA, Cop-1; Copaxone; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Pitach Tikva, Israel) has been shown to reduce the delayed cell death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This study was undertaken to confirm the protective effect of GA on secondary degeneration of RGCs in the rat, by using a spatial, rather than temporal, model. METHODS: A total of 131 Wistar rats divided into 10 groups underwent bilateral stereotactic injection of fluorescent tracer (Fluorogold; Fluorochrome, Denver, CO) into the superior colliculus to label RGCs. They received a concurrent subcutaneously injection of (1) GA mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), (2) CFA alone, or (3) saline. One week later, the superior one third of the left optic nerve was transected in animals in the six partial transection groups. Optic nerves in four additional groups underwent full transection. Rats were killed and retinas harvested from both eyes 1 or 4 weeks after partial transection and 1 or 2 weeks after full transection. RGC densities were calculated from retinal wholemounts, and differences between right (control) and left (transected) eyes were compared across treatment groups. RESULTS: Among the partial transection groups, differences in the mean percentage of RGC loss in the inferior retinas were not significant at 1 or 4 weeks (ANOVA; P = 0.20, P = 0.12, respectively). After full transection, there was significantly more RGC loss in the GA group than in the CFA group when comparing whole retinas at 1 week, but not at 2 weeks (two-tailed t-test; P = 0.04, P = 0.36, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence that GA has a neuroprotective effect after optic nerve transection, either for primarily injured or secondarily involved RGC.     

Effects of Erythropoietin-Dextran Microparticle-Based PLGA/PLA Microspheres on RGCs

Purpose. We explored the neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin (EPO)-loaded dextran microparticle-based Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide)/Poly(DL-lactide) (PLGA/PLA) microspheres (EPO-dextran PLGA/PLA microspheres) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in optic nerve crush rats for a prolonged period of time. Methods. EPO-dextran PLGA/PLA microspheres were prepared first by a novel solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) technique. Then, the in vitro EPO release profile was assessed. Afterward, the bioactive effect of EPO released from EPO-dextran PLGA/PLA microspheres was explored in vitro on the retinal explants. Lastly, the neuroprotective effects of EPO-dextran PLGA/PLA microspheres on RGCs were evaluated in optic nerve crush rats with TUNEL staining for apoptotic RGCs. The level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressed in retina was explored by immunohistochemistry staining. Survival RGCs were observed by DiI retrograde labeling using a DiI fluorescent tracer (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate). Results. The results demonstrated that a sustained release of EPO from PLGA/PLA microspheres could last for at least 60 days. EPO released from the microspheres showed as efficaciously neuroregenerative as EPO protein solution on retinal explants (P = 0.2554 for neurite density, P = 0.1004 for neurite length). TUNEL staining revealed that EPO-dextran PLGA/PLA microspheres remarkably reduced RGCs death when compared to the control (untreated) group (P < 0.01 at five days and one week post-crush, P < 0.05 at two weeks post-crush). Increased GFAP expression in retina was reduced greatly in EPO-dextran PLGA/PLA microspheres-administrated rats two weeks post optic nerve crush. DiI retrograde labeling revealed that a single injection of EPO-dextran PLGA/PLA microspheres significantly promoted RGCs survival (P < 0.01 at four and eight weeks post-crush). Conclusions. A single intravitreal injection of EPO-dextran PLGA/PLA microspheres appeared to have a prolonged protective effect on RGCs in optic nerve crush rats. The PLGA/PLA microspheres may be a feasible protein delivery system, such as EPO, to intravitreal injection for retinal degeneration diseases.     

罗丹明B异硫氰酸盐顺行标记改良法在大鼠视神经再生研究中的应用

目的研究大鼠视神经再生中罗丹明B异硫氰酸盐（RITC）顺行标记改良法的标记效果。方法 52只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：正常组（n=4）、单纯RITC注射组（n=24）和晶状体损伤组（n=24）。正常组大鼠未作任何处理;单纯RITC注射组大鼠行单纯RITC眼玻璃体内注射;晶状体损伤组大鼠视神经完全性横断并对位缝合,同时损伤晶状体,形成白内障,促进视神经再生。各组大鼠定期进行眼部临床检查。对于单纯RITC注射组和晶状体损伤组,分别于注射后或术后1、3、5周时随机处死各组中的8只大鼠。正常组和单纯RITC注射组大鼠进行常规病理及透射电镜检查。晶状体损伤组于处死动物3 d前玻璃体内注入RITC以进行视神经的顺行标记,采用传统方法及改良法对比观察视神经轴突的再生情况。其中改良法是把观察RITC荧光的常规绿色激发光改为蓝色激发光,直接观察整个视路的荧光情况。结果各组大鼠视神经RITC顺行标记荧光非常清晰,容易辨认。单纯RITC注射组所有大鼠在观察期间,眼部的临床观察和常规病理学及透射电镜检查均未发现任何不良反应。正常组与单纯RITC注射组各时间点间比较,差异无统计学意义（F=0.877,P=0.465）。晶状体损伤组大鼠视神经再生率传统方法与改良法比较,1周时差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.788,P=0.009）,3周和5周时差异均无统计学意义（χ2=2.667,P=0.220;χ2=1.143,P=0.600）。结论 RITC视神经顺行标记改良法为一种观察视神经轴突再生较好的方法,具有灵敏度高、安全等优点。     

神经生长因子对成年兔视神经夹伤后 修复的影响

目的研究神经生长因子(NGF)对成年兔视神经夹伤后修复的影响。方法16只成年兔随机分成NGF组和对照组,每组8只兔。建立兔右眼视神经夹伤模型后分别将载有0.06 ml NGF（浓度:5×10-4g/L,NGF组）或等量磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）（对照组）的组织工程化神经移植于视神经损伤处；并向右眼玻璃体腔内注入0.02 ml NGF（浓度:5×10-4 g/L ,NGF组）或等量PBS（对照组）。所有兔左眼为正常空白对照组。分别于夹伤后1 d、2周、8周进行闪光视觉诱发电位(FVEP)检查。夹伤后8周时作光学显微镜和电子显微镜检查观察视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)和视神经的改变，同时用计算机图像处理系统作视神经纤维计数。结果夹伤后2周时FVEP检查结果显示，NGF组伤眼与健眼FVEP幅值比为0.765±0.150，对照组为0.494±0.108， NGF组与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。夹伤后8周时NGF组伤眼与健眼FVEP幅值比为0.581±0.138，对照组为0.409±0.119， NGF组与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。夹伤后8周时的光学显微镜和电子显微镜检查结果显示：NGF组RGC、视神经纤维的退变较对照组轻。夹伤后8周时NGF组和对照组视神经纤维计数分别为（10 955±608.7）、（7 898±608.8）根/ mm²，两组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论NGF能够在一定程度上增加RGC的存活，促进轴突的再生，因而对视神经夹伤后的修复、视功能的恢复具有一定的促进作用。(中华眼底病杂志,2005,21:253-257)     

PEDF对视神经夹伤模型大鼠视网膜组织中NO和Caspase-3表达的影响

目的:分析色素上皮衍生因子(pigment epithelium-deriverd factor,PEDF)对视神经夹伤模型大鼠视网膜组织一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxide,NO)、天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(cysteine-containing aspartate-specific proteases-3,Caspase-3)表达的影响.方法:选择60只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、PEDF组各20只,除空白对照组外,均建立视神经夹伤大鼠模型,均取左侧眼球为标本,造模成功后,模型组玻璃体腔内注射平衡盐溶液5μL,PEDF组玻璃体内注射5μL PEDF(浓度0.2μg/μL).2wk后取视网膜组织,行HE染色后光镜下观察视网膜形态的变化,采用比色法测定NO含量的变化,采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法、蛋白印迹法(Western-blot)检测Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达情况.结果:HE染色发现,空白对照组视网膜组织排列整齐且清晰,视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)呈单层细胞排列,细胞为卵圆形,大小均匀,分布均匀,细胞核清晰,排列紧密,边界清晰;模型组视网膜组织结构稀疏,RGCs呈空泡样变化,整体细胞数量减少,残留RGCs细胞核见固缩,染色不均.PEDF组视网膜组织残留神经节细胞轻微水肿,但RGCs细胞层排列尚且紧密,且受损程度明显轻于模型组;模型组、PEDF组Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白水平高于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PDEF组Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白水平低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).模型组、PEDF组NO含量高于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PEDF组NO含量低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:采用PEDF干预可下调视神经损伤大鼠Caspase-3、NO的表达,减轻RGCs细胞损伤.     

两种常用大鼠视神经钳夹伤模型造模效果的比较

背景 视神经钳夹伤(ONC)动物模型是外伤性视神经损伤致病机制及治疗方法相关基础研究的主要工具,目前常用的造模方法有经眼眶上缘开神经鞘膜视神经钳夹法和经球结膜外眦部夹伤视神经法,但关于2种模型优劣评价的研究很少. 目的 比较2种常用大鼠ONC模型的造模效果,为相关的实验研究中造模方法的选择提供依据.方法 采用随机分配方法将8～10周龄健康成年雄性SD大鼠24只分为经眶上缘开神经鞘膜ONC组和经眶上缘开神经鞘膜ONC 20 s、40 s、60 s组,分别采用经眶上缘开神经鞘膜视神经夹伤法(20 s)及经球结膜外眦部夹伤视神经法在大鼠的一侧眼建立ONC动物模型,各组大鼠的正常对侧眼作为对照.于造模后14 d记录各组大鼠闪光视觉诱发电位(F-VEP)P1波;制备大鼠视神经组织切片,采用苏木精-伊红染色法观察大鼠视神经的组织病理学改变;采用免疫荧光法观察并计数大鼠视网膜组织中Brn-3α阳性视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs).对2种造模方法的造模过程和检测结果进行比较.结果 造模后14d,经眶上缘开神经鞘ONC组和经球结膜ONC 20 s组、40 s组、60 s组大鼠的F-VEP P1波潜伏期较各自的正常对侧眼均明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(t=-11.64、-8.04、-6.50、-10.84,均P＜0.01);经眶上缘开神经鞘ONC组大鼠P1波潜伏期与经球结膜ONC 20 s、40 s、60 s组大鼠比较均明显延长,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.01、0.02、0.05);各组大鼠术眼P1波振幅与其正常对侧眼比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).造模后14 d,免疫荧光检测显示各组大鼠模型眼视网膜上Brn-3α表达阳性RGCs数均较正常对侧眼明显减少,经眶上缘开神经鞘ONC组大鼠视网膜上Brn-3α表达阳性RGCs数为(13.60±2.14)个/视野,为其正常对侧眼的47.49％,经球结膜ONC 20 s、40 s和60 s组中Brn-3α阳性RGCs数分别为(18.74±3.61)、(15.84±2.31)和(14.58±3.23)个/视野,分别为其正常对侧眼的67.70％、56.69％和50.17％,经眶上缘开神经鞘ONC组大鼠视网膜中Brn-3α阳性RGCs数与经球结膜ONC 40 s和60 s组比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).组织病理学检查显示,各组大鼠造模眼神经胶质细胞核排列紊乱,细胞基质空泡化,可见大量炎性细胞浸润,以眶上缘开神经鞘ONC组更为严重.结论 与经球结膜ONC模型鼠比较,经眶上缘开视神经鞘ONC模型大鼠视神经形态结构损害更为严重,视神经的传导功能更为迟缓,RGCs的存活率更低.     

RGC death in mice after optic nerve crush injury: oxidative stress and neuroprotection

PURPOSE: To establish a method for morphometric analysis of retrogradely labeled retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the mouse retina, to be used for the study of molecular aspects of RGC survival and neuroprotection in this model; to evaluate the effect of overexpression of Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) on RGC survival after severe crush injury to the optic nerve, and to assess the effect of the alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist brimonidine, recently shown to be neuroprotective, on RGC survival. METHODS: A severe crush injury was inflicted unilaterally in the orbital portion of the optic nerves of wild-type and transgenic (Tg-SOD) mice expressing three to four times more human CuZnSOD than the wild type. In each mouse all RGCs were labeled 72 hours before crush injury by stereotactic injection of the neurotracer dye FluoroGold (Fluorochrome, Denver, CO) into the superior colliculus. Survival of RGCs was then assessed morphometrically, with and without systemic injection of brimonidine. RESULTS: Two weeks after crush injury, the number of surviving RGCs was significantly lower in the Tg-SOD mice (596.6 +/- 71.9 cells/mm(2)) than in the wild-type control mice (863. 5 +/- 68 cells/mm(2)). There was no difference between the numbers of surviving RGCs in the uninjured retinas of the two strains (3708 +/- 231.3 cells/mm(2) and 3904 +/- 120 cells/mm(2), respectively). Systemic injections of brimonidine significantly reduced cell death in the Tg-SOD mice, but not in the wild type. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of CuZnSOD accelerates RGC death after optic nerve injury in mice. Activation of the alpha2-adrenoreceptor pathway by brimonidine enhances survival of RGCs in an in vivo transgenic model of excessive oxidative stress.     

人脐血干细胞对大鼠部分性视神经损伤保护作用机制的研究

背景视神经损伤后将导致视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的凋亡,而凋亡的重要机制是内质网应激（ERS）,减弱ERS可能对RGCs起到保护作用。目的探讨ERS在大鼠视神经损伤中的机制及人脐血干细胞对大鼠部分性视神经损伤后RGCs的保护作用。方法采用40g自制夹钳夹持102只SD大鼠的左眼视神经制作部分性视神经钳夹伤动物模型,用随机数字表法将动物分为模型损伤组和人脐血干细胞组,每组51只,均取左眼为视神经损伤眼,右眼为正常对照眼。人脐血于细胞组大鼠左眼造模后立即将10川人脐血干细胞注入玻璃体腔。分别在造模后3、7、14、21、28d各处死3只大鼠,苏木精一伊红染色后光学显微镜下观察大鼠RGCs形态学的改变,并对存活的RGCs进行计数。在造模后3、12、24、48、72h及1周各处死6只大鼠,分别进行TUNEL法检测2组大鼠RGCs的凋亡率及逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）法检测上述时间点GRP78 mRNA和CHOP mRNA在2组大鼠视网膜中的表达。结果模型损伤组和人脐血干细胞组随造模时间的延长,RGCs存活的数量明显下降,差异均有统计学意义（F目目=20．100,P=0．007）,与模型损伤组相比,人脐血干细胞组RGCs存活的数量下降缓慢。各时间点间模型损伤组及人脐血干细胞组RGCs存活的数量明显低于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,而人脐血干细胞组RGCs的数量明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。TUNEL检测表明,人脐血干细胞组在造模后24h内未见RGCs凋亡,而模型损伤组可见大量TUNEL阳性细胞出现,造模后48h～1周人脐血干细胞组RGCs凋亡率明显低于模型损伤组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。人脐血干细胞组视网膜GRP78 mRNA表达较强,CHOP mRNA表达微弱,与模型损伤组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论ERS参与了大鼠部分性视神经损伤后RGCs的凋亡机制,人脐血干细胞对大鼠部分性视神经损伤后RGCs起保护作用。     

杞贞胶囊对视网膜神经节细胞保护作用及其作用机制的实验研究

目的 探索杞贞胶囊对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用及其作用机制。设计 实验研究。研究对象 SPF级SD大鼠72只。方法 72只SD大鼠随机分为2组：用药组36只;对照组36只。两组大鼠右眼行视神经夹伤,于球后2 mm处用40 g微型视神经夹夹伤视神经60 s。左眼作为正常对照。夹伤后2小时及此后每日予以灌胃给药一次。用药组给予20%杞贞溶液2.5 ml/kg,对照组给予生理盐水2.5 ml/kg。给药第28天取眼球标本,用药组和对照组各取24只行HE染色﹑Tunel试剂盒染色﹑Caspase-3免疫组化染色;剩余每组12只分离视网膜提取mRNA,测定Bax和Bcl-2基因的表达量。主要指标 视网膜厚度﹑Bax和Bcl-2基因表达量。结果 用药组视网膜厚度平均为（109.0±4.4）μm;对照组视网膜厚度为（101.8±7.6）μm（F=29.497,P=0.028）。两组间Bax基因表达差异具有统计学意义（t=1.089,P=0.028）;Bcl-2基因表达差异未见统计学意义（t=0.553,P=0.692）。结论 杞贞胶囊对大鼠视神经夹伤后的视网膜神经节细胞具有保护作用,可能通过下调Bax基因表达和抑制Caspase蛋白活性从而减少视网膜神经节细胞凋亡。