The influence of respiratory movements upon the circulating leukocytes

1. The leukocyte content of venous and arterial blood of 17 subjects wasstudied repeatedly and frequently during respirations and the Valsalva andMuller maneuvers. The venous and arterial samples were drawn simultaneouslyand were obtained by direct puncture from freely-flowing peripheral veins orarteries or by catheterization from the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, hepaticvein, left ventricle or aorta.

2. During the Valsalva maneuver, the arterial leukocyte count decreasedmarkedly with relatively little alteration in the simultaneous venous counts;upon release of the forced expiration both counts promptly regained the controllevel.

3. During the Muller maneuver, increases in both arterial and venous leukocyte counts occurred in one patient, while no significant effect was observed invenous samples in a second subject.

4. During inspiration the arterial leukocyte count fell and the simultaneousvenous count rose with reciprocal changes upon expiration. These changes occurred whether the initial counts were elevated, normal or leukopenic.

5. The changes in leukocyte number of both arterial and venous blood duringrespiratory movements are not due to hemoconcentration or hemodilution andsuggest a tidal ebb and flow of leukocytes into and from the pulmonary circulation of a significant degree.

Submitted on November 14, 1951 Accepted on February 14, 1952     

吸烟对支气管哮喘患者血清白细胞介素及肿瘤坏死因子-α的影响

目的探讨吸烟对支气管哮喘患者血清白细胞介素(IL)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响。方法选择2003年10月至2005年12月华北煤炭医学院附属医院呼吸内科门诊或住院的第3,4级支气管哮喘患者65例(哮喘组)和健康体检者50名(对照组),按吸烟史各分成吸烟组与无吸烟组,检测各组血清IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10和TNF-α,比较各组间差异及各指标的相关性。结果与对照组相比,哮喘组IL-2、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α显著增高,IL-10显著降低(P均<0.01)。哮喘吸烟组IL-8和TNF-α明显高于哮喘非吸烟组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。对照吸烟组与对照非吸烟组IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10和TNF-α比较差异均无显著性意义(P均>0.05)。哮喘吸烟组IL-2、IL-8和TNF-α明显高于对照吸烟组(P均<0.01),而IL-10明显低于对照吸烟组(P<0.01),2组IL-6差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论吸烟对哮喘患者体内细胞因子影响明显,吸烟的哮喘患者IL-8、TNF-α较非吸烟者增高。本研究测定的5种血清细胞因子变化与哮喘患者病情严重程度相关。     

The fluctuation of circulating immune complexes level in patients with malignancy

Serum levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in 13 patients with breast cancer, 12 patients with uterine cervix cancer, 4 patients with uterine corpus cancer, 11 patients with lung cancer and 15 healthy persons were estimated by means of the PEGIKEM test during one day at 6 a. m., 11 a. m. and 5 p. m. Maximal deviations from the highest daily levels were expressed in percentage of them. These deviations range on average between 18-26 percent and are not significantly different from those of healthy persons (29 percent). Fluctuation of CIC levels in various patients differs in an individual manner. There is not the same tendency of changes of CIC level within two consecutive days, either. To interpret right a single value of CIC level one must be aware of its possible fluctuation.     

Human leukocyte antigens and circulating immunoglobulin levels in Indian patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

Histocompatibility antigens (-A, -B and -C loci) and circulating antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE) were studied in 63 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and regionally matched healthy volunteers from Uttar Pradesh, India. A previously described association with antigen B15 in an heterogeneous sample of North India was not confirmed but a slight increase of antigen B18 was found. The levels of immunoglobulins in the plasma of these patients showed a significant increase in IgG, IgA and IgE. Although the increased levels of IgG and IgA are in agreement with previous studies, the role of the increased IgE is not clear and needs further investigation. Patients who were antigen B14 and B18 positive tend to show significantly low levels of IgG, which suggests a possible genetic influence on the expression of immunoglobulin levels.     

Elevated level of circulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with lung cancer

The 72 kDa matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) and the 92 kDa matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), are type IV collagenases that have been implicated as important factors in cancer invasion and metastasis formation. We have used quantitative zymography and computer-assisted image analysis to measure the levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in 19 samples of serum of lung cancer patients and in 23 samples of normal serum. Mean levels of MMP-9 were significantly elevated in cancer samples compared with normal sera (1.33 +/- 0.61 microU microl(-1) vs. 0.37 +/- 0.10 microU microl(-1), P<0.0001). MMP-2 levels did not differ significantly in these two groups. However, there was no significant correlation between serum MMP-9 activity and the disease stage. We found that circulation levels of MMP-9 in lung cancer patients is 3.6-fold higher than in healthy volunteers, however, we do not consider this elevation to be a direct reflection of MMP-9 over-production by tumour cells.     

The influence of probanthine upon the gastric secretion of HCl and pepsin in patients with peptic ulcers

Summary 1. The influence on the basal gastric secretion of 50 mg. of Probanthine, administered orally 30 minutes before intubation and after histamine, was observed in 14 patients.2. The average concentration of pepsin fell by 39 per cent in the basal secretion, and by 37 per cent after histamine (P<0.01).3. The total output of pepsin fell by 40 per cent in the basal secretion (P<0.01), and by 54 per cent in the secretion after histamine (P<0.001).4. The quantity of the gastric juice fell by 43 per cent after the administration of histamine (P<0.001), while the decrease of the basal secretion was not significant (P>0.05).5. Probanthine did not influence the acidity of the gastric juice substantially. A decrease of 6 to 9 per cent is not considered significant.     

Familial influence upon NaCl sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: The role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension has not been fully clarified. In order to characterize the relation between NaCl sensitivity and genetic features of hypertension, the responses to dietary Na manipulations were examined in essential hypertensive patients with and without a family history of hypertension. METHODS: Fifteen essential hypertensive patients, both of whose parents were hypertensive, were compared with 25 hypertensive patients in whom a family history of hypertension was known to be absent in first- and second-degree relatives. There were no differences in gender distribution, age, blood pressure or duration of hypertension between the two groups. Subjects were studied as inpatients on a daily diet of 170 mmol NaCl for 1 week, followed by 1 week on a low-NaCl diet (50 mmol/day) and then by 1 week on a high-NaCl diet (340 mmol/day). RESULTS: Plasma renin activity on a low-NaCl diet was lower, and the erythrocyte Na+ concentration on both diets higher, in hypertensive patients with than in those without a family history. The elevations in mean blood pressure and in erythrocyte Na+ concentration with a high-NaCl diet were greater in patients with a family history. A significant correlation between the change in mean blood pressure and the change in erythrocyte Na+ concentration was found in patients with a positive family history, but not in those with a negative family history. CONCLUSIONS: Essential hypertensive patients with an apparent hereditary component of hypertension can be characterized as the low-renin and Na-sensitive subgroup with intracellular Na+ accumulation. Genetic features may underlie, at least in part, the heterogeneity of essential hypertension.     

Cardiovascular risk of circulating endotoxin level in prevalent hemodialysis patients

Background

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Circulating endotoxins may have toxic effect on myocardial functions and are speculated as pathogens of accelerated atherosclerosis and hemodialysis (HD) patients.

Clinical significance of the level of circulating immune complexes in patients with small cell bronchial carcinoma

In the sera of 58 bronchial cancer patients with different TNM progression stage the relative 125I-C1q binding activities (BA) were determined before, after an induction of polychemotherapy and after a simultaneous polychemo- plus X-rays therapy. Only a statistically non-significant decrease of the 125I-C1q-BA was measured in the sera of patient groups with a stronger metastatic spread in the regional lymph nodes or distant metastasis. The tumor therapy cycles changed the serum 125I-C1q-BA differently and non significantly. The determination of serum 125I-C1q-BA of bronchial cancer patients is not relevant clinically.     

溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗死患者中性粒细胞表面补体含量的影响

目的　探讨静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗死患者血液中性粒细胞表面的补体含量的影响。方法　用免疫荧光标记法和流式细胞术 ,测定 16例急性心肌梗死患者静脉溶栓后沉积于中性粒细胞表面的补体片段C3c含量的动态变化。结果　溶栓后 30min ,中性粒细胞表面的C3c含量升高 3倍 ,溶栓后 6 0min和 12 0min恢复至溶栓前的水平。结论　溶栓治疗激活急性心肌梗死患者的补体系统 ,使沉积于中性粒细胞表面的补体片段含量一过性升高。这些变化是否对急性心肌梗死的病理过程产生不利的影响 ,值得进一步探讨。     

循环微小RNA-204水平与糖尿病人群冠状动脉钙化相关性分析

目的探讨糖尿病患者血浆循环微小RNA-204(microRNA-204)水平与冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)钙化积分(CACS)的相关性。方法横断面分析2017年1月至2018年12月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院确诊并行冠状动脉CTA的糖尿病患者179例,经CACS评估冠状动脉钙化(CAC)的严重程度,将患者分为冠状动脉钙化组(CACS10,99例)及非钙化组(CACS≤10,80例)。从中选取匹配的5例钙化组(CACS10)和5例非钙化组(CACS≤10)的患者,使用microRNA微阵列分析其血浆microRNA水平。为了验证微阵列分析的结果,使用qRT-PCR对两组microRNA-204定量检测,进行单变量线性回归评估microRNA-204水平与CACS之间的潜在相关性。通过ROC曲线分析,评估microRNA-204的潜在诊断能力。结果两组患者在空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。microRNA微阵列分析得到钙化组较非钙化组microRNA-204表达水平显著下降。经qRT-PCR进一步印证了钙化组血浆中microRNA-204显著下调(P0.05)。通过单变量线性回归分析显示,钙化组血浆循环microRNA-204水平与反应冠状动脉钙化严重程度的CACS呈负相关。ROC曲线显示,microRNA-204预测糖尿病患者发生冠状动脉钙化的曲线下面积为0.948 7(0.919 1～0.978 2,P0.0001),诊断临界值为21.3,敏感度为96.3%,特异度为79.6%。结论钙化组患者血浆中microRNA-204表达水平显著下降,而反映冠状动脉钙化严重程度的CACS与microRNA-204之间存在负相关,可能对进一步验证人血浆microRNA-204水平宏观反映糖尿病患者是否存在冠状动脉钙化有重要意义。microRNA-204可能是诊断冠状动脉钙化的新型生物标志物。     

组胺、内毒素对慢性HBV感染者免疫功能的影响

通过研究CHB(慢性乙型肝炎)患者血浆组胺、ET(内毒素)与Th1、Th2类细胞因子的关系,进而探讨其对CHB患者免疫功能的影响。以鲎试剂法测定血浆ET,以荧光法测定血浆组胺水平,分析ET、组胺与Th1、Th2类细胞因子的关系。CHB患者均有不同程度的Th1/Th2类细胞因子失衡,主要表现为:Th1类细胞因子减少而Th2类细胞因子增加,ET主要影响Th2类细胞因子,组胺影响Th1类细胞因子。     

循环miRNA-126在2型糖尿病患者中的表达变化及其相关性研究

目的 探讨不同阶段T2DM患者循环miRNA-126的水平变化及与内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）及相关代谢指标的关系。 方法 采用RT-PCR检测血浆miRNA-126表达水平,ELISA测定eNOS水平,分析miRNA-126与eNOS及相关代谢指标的关系。 结果 （1）与健康对照（NC）组比较,血浆miRNA-126在T2DM前期（A）组、单纯T2DM（B）组及T2DM并大血管病变（C）组中均下降（P〈0.05）。（2）miRNA-126与LDL-C、DBP及eNOS呈正相关（r=0.224、0.164、0.661,P均〈0.05）,与FPG、HDL-C、HbA1c及年龄呈负相关（r=-0.293、-0.153、-0.258、-0.277,P均〈0.05）。（3）多元逐步回归分析显示,FPG（β=-0.159,P〈0.01）、年龄（β=-0.030,P〈0.01）、LDL-C（β=0.208,P=0.037）、eNOS（β=0.353,P〈0.01）是影响血浆miRNA-126的相关因素。 结论 循环miRNA-126在不同阶段T2DM患者中均呈低表达,FPG、年龄、LDL-C及eNOS是影响miRNA-126的相关因素,推测miRNA-126可能受糖脂代谢的调控,其下调可能与血管内皮功能障碍有关。     

血浆置换治疗对慢性乙型重型肝炎患者血清甲胎蛋白水平的影响

目的了解血浆置换治疗对重型肝炎患者血清甲胎蛋白的影响。方法应用日本可乐丽公司第四代KPS8800Ce人工肝治疗仪,对31慢性重型乙型肝炎患者进行血浆置换治疗,每次置换3 000ml新鲜冰冻血浆,对所有患者分别在术前、术后、术后10天采外周静脉血检测肝功能、血氨、凝血酶原时间等指标及外周血甲胎蛋白(AFP)含量。结果31例重症肝炎患者在血浆置换术后外周血总胆红素、血氨、谷丙转氨酶及谷草转氨酶、凝血酶原时间等各项指标均明显下降(P<0.01);血清AFP含量在血浆置换治疗术前有一定程度的升高(76.82±89.44ng/ml);而术后、术后10天血清分别为38.54±72.12、45.4±55.6 ng/ml,均较术前的AFP水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论血浆置换能有效地清除患者体内的毒素,是重型肝炎治疗的有效方法之一;该治疗方法对血清甲胎蛋白水平影响不大。     

冠心病患者及介入治疗对CD41水平的影响

目的研究冠心病患者的CD41水平,以及经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)术对CD41水平的影响。方法测定行PCI术者(235例)及仅行冠状动脉造影(CAG)的患者(121例)手术前及手术后2h的CD41水平。结果术前冠心病患者的CD41水平明显高于非冠心病者(P<0.05)。而在仅行CAG的患者术前与术后CD41水平无明显变化(P>0.05),CD41水平在PCI术后2h高于术前(P<0.05)。结论冠心病患者的血小板活性高于非冠心病者,PCI术可促进血小板激活。