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1.
  1. The nonpeptide bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor antagonist, FR165649 (8-[2,6-dichloro-3-[N-[(E)-4-(N- methylcarbamoyl)cinnamidoacetyl] -N-methylamino] benzyloxy] -2 - methylquinoline), and agonist, FR190997 (8-[2,6-dichloro-3-[N-[(E)-4-(N-methylcarbamoyl) cinnamidoacetyl]-N-methylamino]benzyloxy]-2-methyl-4-(2-pyridylmethoxy)quinoline) have been identified. These compounds have a common chemical structure, and the 2-pyridylmethoxy group is the only structural difference between them.
  2. Both FR165649 and FR190997 displaced [3H]-BK binding to B2 receptors in guinea-pig ileum membranes, with an IC50 of 4.7×10−10 M and 1.5×10−9 M, respectively. They also displaced [3H]-BK binding to B2 receptors in human lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells, with an IC50 of 1.6×10−9 M and 9.8×10−10 M, respectively.
  3. In guinea-pig isolated ileum-preparations, FR165649 had no agonistic effect on contraction and caused parallel rightward shifts of the concentration-response curves to BK on contraction. Analysis of the data produced a nominal pA2 value of 9.2±0.1 (n=5) and a slope of 1.4±0.1 (n=5). On the other hand, FR190997 induced concentration-dependent contraction of guinea-pig ilea with a pD2 of 7.9±0.2 and the contraction was inhibited by a specific peptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, Hoe 140 (D-Arg-[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8]BK) in a non-competitive manner.
  4. In IMR-90 cells, FR165649 had no agonistic effect on phosphatidyl inositol (PI) hydrolysis and caused parallel rightward shifts (approximately 200 fold shift at 10−7 M) of the concentration-response curves to BK on PI hydrolysis. FR190997 induced concentration-dependent PI hydrolysis in IMR-90 cells with a pD2 of 8.4±0.1, and this effect was inhibited by Hoe 140.
  5. These results indicate that FR165649 and FR190997 are, respectively, a potent bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist and agonist, and that the agonistic activity depends on the small part of the nonpeptide ligand. FR165649 and FR190997 may be useful tools for studying the relationship between ligands and receptors.
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2.
  1. An orally active, nonpeptide bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor antagonist, FR173657 (E)-3-(6-acetamido-3 - pyridyl) - N - [N - [2 - 4 -dichloro-3-[(2-methyl-8-quinolinyl) oxymethyl]phenyl]-N-methylaminocarbonylmethyl]acrylamide) has been identified.
  2. This compound displaced [3H]-BK binding to B2 receptors present in guinea-pig ileum membranes with an IC50 of 5.6×10−10 M and in rat uterus with an IC50 of 1.5×10−9 M. It did not inhibit different specific radio-ligand binding to other receptor sites.
  3. In human lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells, FR173657 displaced [3H]-BK binding to B2 receptors with an IC50 of 2.9×10−9 M and a Ki of 3.6×10−10 M, but did not reduce [3H]-des-Arg10-kallidin binding to B1 receptors.
  4. In guinea-pig isolated preparations, FR173657 antagonized BK-induced contractions with an IC50 of 7.9×10−9 M, but did not antagonize acetylcholine or histamine-induced contractions even at a concentration of 10−6 M. FR173657 caused parallel rightward shifts of the concentration-response curves to BK at concentrations of 10−9 M and 3.2×10−9 M, and a little depression of the maximal response in addition to the parallel rightward shift of the concentration-response curve at a concentration of 10−8 M. Analysis of the data yield a pA2 of 9.2±0.2 (n=5) and a slope of 1.5±0.2 (n=5).
  5. In vivo, the oral administration of FR173657 inhibited BK-induced bronchoconstriction dose-dependently in guinea-pigs with an ED50 of 0.075 mg kg−1, but did not inhibit histamine-induced bronchoconstriction even at 1 mg kg−1. FR173657 also inhibited carrageenin-induced paw oedema with an ED50 of 6.8 mg kg−1 2 h after the carrageenin injection in rats.
  6. These results show that FR173657 is a potent, selective, and orally active bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist.
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3.
  1. Bradykinin has multiple effects on differentiated NG108-15 neuroblastoma×glioma cells: it increases Ins(1,4,5)P3 production and intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i, evokes a Ca2+ activated K+ current (IK(Ca)) and inhibits M current (IM). We studied the effect of the aminosteroid U73122 and the antibiotic neomycin, both putative blockers of phospholipase C (PLC), on these four bradykinin effects.
  2. Preincubation with 1 or 5 μM U73122 for 15 min partly suppressed Ins(1,4,5)P3 generation and the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by 1 μM bradykinin. U73122 10 μM caused total and irreversible inhibition. The inactive analogue U73343 was without effect.
  3. Resting levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3 were not affected. However, resting [Ca2+]i was increased by 10 μM U73122, but not by U73343. Individual cells responded to 10 μM U73122 with a small increase in [Ca2+]i, followed in some cells by a large further rise.
  4. Pretreatment of whole-cell clamped cells with 1 μM U73122 for 30 min reduced the bradykinin-induced IK(Ca) to a fifth of its normal size. To suppress it totally, a 7–12 min pretreatment with 5 μM U73122 was required. Again, U73343 was without effect.
  5. U73122 and U73343 at concentrations of 5–10 μM irreversibly decreased the holding current (Ih) which at a holding potential of −30 or −20 mV mainly flows through open M channels. The decrease was often preceded by a transient increase.
  6. M current (IM) measured with 1 s pulses, was also decreased by 5–10 μM U73122 and U73343, but short applications of U73122 could cause a small increase. The bradykinin-induced inhibition of IM was not affected by U73122.
  7. Preincubation with 1 or 3 mM neomycin for 15 min did not affect Ins(1,4,5)P3 generation and the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by bradykinin. Pretreatment with 3 mM neomycin for about 20 min diminished the bradykinin-induced IK(Ca) to a fifth of its normal size.
  8. The four main conclusions drawn from the results are: (a) U73122 suppresses bradykinin-induced PLC activation and IK(Ca), but not IM inhibition. (b) This indicates that the transient outward current IK(Ca), but not the decrease of IM in response to bradykinin, is mediated by PLC. (c) U73122 itself inhibits IM and mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular stores. (d) Externally applied neomycin is not an effective inhibitor of PLC-mediated signalling pathways in NG108-15 cells.
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4.
  1. The nonpeptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, FR173657 ((E)-3-(6-acetamido-3-pyridyl)-N-[N-(2, 4-dichloro-3-[(2-methyl-8-quinolinyl) oxymethyl] phenyl]-N-methylaminocarbonylmethyl] acrylamide), was tested in models involving bradykinin-induced activation of primary afferent neurones in vitro and in vivo.
  2. Bradykinin-induced contractions of the rabbit isolated iris sphincter muscle mediated by tachykinin release from trigeminal afferent neurones were inhibited in a non-competitive manner by FR173657. A pKB value of 7.9 was calculated. Effects of substance P were unaffected by FR173657.
  3. Nociceptive behavioural responses following intraplantar injection of bradykinin in unanaesthetized rats were reduced by 0.3 μmol kg−1 FR173657 s.c. (P<0.05), and completely abolished by 3 μmol kg−1 (P<0.05). Peroral administration of 5 μmol kg−1 FR173657 abolished the bradykinin effects (P<0.05); lower doses had no significant effect.
  4. Shortening by intraplantar injection of bradykinin of the paw withdrawal latency in response to radiant heat was abolished by 3 μmol kg−1 FR173657 s.c. (P<0.05), while 300 nmol kg−1 had an intermediate effect. Hyperalgesia induced by prostaglandin E2 remained unaffected by FR173657.
  5. Blood pressure reflexes following i.p. instillation of bradykinin in anaesthetized rats were inhibited by FR173657 s.c. with an ID50 of 1.1 μmol kg−1, while the peptidic B2 antagonist icatibant (Hoe-140; D-Arg0-[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8]-bradykinin) caused inhibition at significantly lower doses (ID50 8.5 nmol kg−1 P<0.001). Responses to hydrochloric acid i.p. remained unaffected by FR173657.
  6. FR173657 or similar nonpeptide compounds may be useful for the development of drugs for diseases involving pain induced by the release of endogenous kinins, i.e. especially in acute inflammatory conditions.
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5.
  1. Kinins are believed to play a key role in many inflammatory conditions. Therefore, bradykinin antagonists are being developed for potential therapeutic applications. In the present investigation we describe the pharmacology, in vivo, of (E)-3-(6- acetamido- 3-pyridyl)- N-[N- [2,4- dichloro- 3-[(2- methyl-8- quinolinyl)oxymethyl]phenyl]- N-methylaminocarbonylmethyl]acrylamide (FR173657), a novel, non-peptide bradykinin antagonist.
  2. The hypotensive effects of i.v. injections of bradykinin (50 pmol) in captopril-pre-treated anaesthetized rats were significantly inhibited by 100 nmol kg−1 FR173657 s.c., and completely abolished by 300 nmol kg−1. The full inhibitory effect developed within 60 min and remained unchanged for at least 4 h. However, the effect was reversible, since 24 h after an injection of 300 nmol kg−1 FR173657 no inhibitory effect could be observed.
  3. The plasma protein extravasation into the pancreas and duodenum induced by an i.v. infusion of bradykinin (11 nmol kg−1 within 20 min) in captopril-treated anaesthetized rats was completely abolished by FR173657 at doses of 30 nmol kg−1 s.c. and above, given 60 min before bradykinin. FR173657 3 nmol kg−1 was ineffective, while a dose of 10 nmol kg−1 produced an intermediate effect.
  4. The paw oedema induced by the subplantar injection of bradykinin (30 nmol) in anaesthetized rats was inhibited slightly by s.c. injection of FR173657 0.3 μmol kg−1, whereas 1 and 3 μmol kg−1 produced significant inhibition of the bradykinin-induced oedema. The maximum inhibition amounted to about 50% and could not be increased even when the dose of FR173657 was increased to 30 μmol kg−1. FR173657 did not effect the oedema caused by histamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine.
  5. Bradykinin (20 nmol kg−1, i.v.) caused increases in pulmonary inflation pressure by 300–600 Pa in anaesthetized, respirated guinea-pigs. The effect was reduced to 58±9% of the initial value 60 min after the s.c. injection of FR173657 1 μmol kg−1, whereas only 9±7% remained after 10 μmol kg−1. The bronchoconstrictor actions of histamine remained unaffected by FR173657.
  6. In summary, FR173657 is a highly potent and selective bradykinin antagonist. The inhibitory action in vivo lasts for longer than 4 h but is fully reversible. FR173657, or similar compounds, will be a useful tool for the pharmacological investigation of pathophysiological states and may possess a therapeutic potential in diseases involving the endogenous release of kinins.
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6.
  1. Incubation of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells with veratridine (10–100 μM) during 24 h, caused a concentration-dependent release of the cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the bathing medium, an indicator of cell death. Lubeluzole or its R(−) enantiomer, R91154, did not enhance LDH release. Both lubeluzole and R91154 (0.3–10 μM) decreased the veratridine-induced LDH release.
  2. Penfluridol did not increase LDH release at concentrations 0.003–1 μM; 3–10 μM increased LDH release to 50–60%, after 24 h exposure. Penfluridol (0.03–0.3 μM) did not protect against the cytotoxic effects of veratridine; at 1 μM, 15% protection was produced. Higher concentrations (3–10 μM) enhanced the cytotoxic effects of veratridine.
  3. Ba2+ ions caused a concentration-dependent increase of LDH release. This cytotoxic effect was partially prevented by 3 μM lubeluzole and fully counteracted by 1 μM penfluridol. R91154 was less potent than lubeluzole and only protected against the lesion induced by 0.5 mM Ba2+.
  4. Ouabain (10 μM during 24 h) increased LDH release to about 30%. Both lubeluzole (0.3–10 μM) and the lower concentrations of penfluridol (0.003–0.3 μM) prevented the ouabain cytotoxic effects. At higher concentrations (3 μM), penfluridol increased drastically the ouabain cytotoxic effects.
  5. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caused significant cytotoxic effects at 30 and 100 μM. Lubeluzole (3–10 μM) or penfluridol (0.03–0.3 μM) had no cytoprotective effects against 6-OHDA.
  6. Lubeluzole (3 μM), R91154 (3 μM) and penfluridol (1 μM) blocked the current through Na+ channels in voltage-clamped chromaffin cells (INa) by around 20–30%. Ca2+ current through Ca2+ channels (ICa) was inhibited 57% by lubeluzole and R91154 and 50% by penfluridol. The effects of penfluridol were not washed out, but those of lubeluzole and R91154 were readily reversible.
  7. Lubeluzole (3 μM) induced reversible blockade of the oscillations of the cytosolic Ca2+, [Ca2+]i, in fura-2-loaded cells exposed to 30 or 100 μM veratridine. Penfluridol (1 μM) inhibited those oscillations in an irreversible manner.
  8. The results suggest that lubeluzole and its R-isomer caused cytoprotection against veratridine cell damage, by blocking the veratridine stimulated Na+ and Ca2+ entry, as well as the [Ca2+]i oscillations. The Ba2+ and ouabain cytotoxic effects were prevented more efficiently by penfluridol, likely by blocking the plasmalemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. It remains dubious whether these findings are relevant to the reported neuroprotective action of lubeluzole in stroke; the doubt rests in the stereoselective protecting effects of lubeluzole in in vivo stroke models, as opposed to its lack of stereoselectivity in the in vitro model reported here.
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7.
  1. It has been proposed that protein kinase C (PKC) in sympathetic nerves is activated during action-potential evoked release of noradrenaline and helps maintain transmitter output. We studied this phenomenon further in rat atria radiolabelled with [3H]-noradrenaline.
  2. Noradrenaline release was elevated by continuous electrical stimulation of the atria for 10 min at either 5 or 10 Hz. Two inhibitors of PKC, polymyxin B (21 μM) and Ro 318220 (3 μM), markedly inhibited the release of noradrenaline but only at the higher stimulation frequency.
  3. Further experiments were conducted with 10 Hz stimulation but for shorter train durations. In this case polymyxin B inhibited noradrenaline release during a 10 or 15 s train of impulses but not during a 5 s train. This suggests that PKC effects are induced during the stimulation train by some process.
  4. The diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R59949 (10 μM), which prevents the breakdown of diacylglycerol, enhanced noradrenaline release elicited by stimulation at 10 Hz for 10 or 15 s. This effect was not seen if polymyxin B was present and suggests that diacylglycerol is the endogenous activator of PKC.
  5. The source of the diacylglycerol may be through phospholipase C pathways, since the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 (3 μM) inhibited noradrenaline release at 10 Hz for 10 s and the effect was not seen if polymyxin B was also present.
  6. It is unlikely that phospholipase D is the source of diacylglycerol. Although the phospholipase D inhibitor wortmannin (1 μM) inhibited noradrenaline release, this effect was still observed in the presence of polymyxin B. Furthermore ethanol, which inhibits diacylglycerol formation by phospholipase D, had no effect on noradrenaline release.
  7. We therefore suggest that during a train of high frequency pulses phospholipase C is activated and this results in the production of diacylglycerol which in turn activates PKC. This enables the neurones to maintain transmitter release at a high level.
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8.
  1. In the oesophageal muscularis mucosae, we examined the effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1), endothelin-2 (ET-2), endothelin-3 (ET-3) and sarafotoxin S6c (SX6c) as agonists, and FR139317, BQ-123 and RES-701-1 as endothelin receptor antagonists.
  2. All of the endothelins produced tonic contractions which were frequently superimposed on rhythmic motility in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of potency (−log EC50) was ET-1 (8.61)=SX6c (8.65)>ET-2 (8.40)>ET-3 (8.18).
  3. FR139317 (1–3 μM) and BQ-123 (1 μM) caused parallel rightward shifts of the concentration-response curve to ET-1, but at higher concentrations caused no further shift. RES-701-1 (3 μM) caused a rightward shift of the concentration-response curve to ET-1, while RES-701-1 (10 μM) had no additional effect. RES-701-1 (0.1–1 μM) concentration-dependently caused a rightward shift of the concentration-response curve to SX6c. The contraction to ET-1 (10 nM) in preparations desensitized to the actions of SX6c was greatly inhibited by pretreatment with FR139317 (10 μM).
  4. Modulation of the Ca2+ concentration in the Krebs solution caused the concentration-response curve to ET-1 or SX6c to shift to the right and downward as external Ca2+ concentrations decreased. Verapamil (30 μM) abolished rhythmic motility induced by ET-1 or SX6c. Ni2+ (0.1 mM) weakly inhibited ET-1- or SX6c-induced tonic contraction. SK&F 96365 (60 μM) completely inhibited ET-1-induced contractions.
  5. We conclude that there are two types of ET-receptors, excitatory ETA- and ETB-receptors in the oesophageal muscularis mucosae. These receptors mediate tonic contractions predominantly by opening receptor-operated Ca2+ channels (ROCs) and partly by opening T-type Ca2+ channels, and mediate rhythmic motility by opening L-type Ca2+ channels.
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9.
  1. The receptors responsible for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-mediated contraction of rabbit isolated epicardial coronary artery denuded of endothelium was examined by bioassay.
  2. A variety of 5-HT mimetics caused concentration-dependent contractions. The rank order of agonist potency was 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT)>5-HT>(±)-α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine ((±)-α-me-5-HT)=sumatriptan. This was not consistent with relative potencies at any single recognized 5-HT receptor, suggesting the presence of a mixed receptor population. In one subset of preparations precontracted with U46619 (10–30 nM) with the endothelium intact, none of the agonists caused a relaxation.
  3. Contractions to 5-HT were antagonized by ketanserin, a 5-HT2A-selective antagonist, but the displacement of concentration-response curves was inconsistent with an interaction between 5-HT and a single receptor population; the slope of regression between antagonist log M concentration and agonist log (concentration-ratio −1) was shallow (0.57). Responses to 5-HT were also antagonized by the 5-HT1B/1D-receptor antagonist GR127935 and, again, the slope of regression was shallow (0.68). These data suggest a possible involvement of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1B or 5-HT1D receptors in the response to 5-HT.
  4. Contractions to (±)-α-me-5-HT, which is selective for 5-HT2A over 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors, were competitively antagonized by low concentrations of ketanserin. The regression between antagonist log M concentration and agonist log (concentration-ratio −1) fitted the Schild equation with a slope that was not significantly different from unity (0.95), giving a pA2 value of 9.0. GR127935 (3–30 nM), had no effect on the contractile response to (±)-α-me-5-HT. These data establish, unequivocally, the presence of 5-HT2A receptors in the tissue.
  5. Sumatriptan, a relatively selective 5-HT1B/1D-receptor agonist, induced contractions that were antagonized competitively by GR127935 (3–30 nM), although there was a reduction in the maximum response when concentrations of GR127935 exceeded 3 nM. The apparent pA2 (estimated by imposing a unit slope on the log agonist (concentration-ratio −1) value in the presence of 3 nM GR127935) was 8.92. Contractions to sumatriptan were not affected by low (5-HT2A receptor-selective) concentrations of ketanserin, but were antagonized in a competitive manner at higher concentrations (pA2 6.5). These data appear to confirm the presence of 5-HT1B and/or 5-HT1D receptors in the tissue.
  6. Antagonism of 5-HT responses by GR127935 was reassessed after blockade of 5-HT2A receptors with 1 μM ketanserin. Under these conditions, GR127935 was able to antagonize 5-HT-induced contractions fully. The slope of regression between log M antagonist concentration and log agonist (concentration-ratio −1) fitted the Schild equation with a slope not significantly different from unity (1.1) (albeit there was still a reduction in maximum response when GR127935 concentration exceeded 3 nM). The apparent pA2 value was 8.8. This reinforces the evidence that 5-HT1B and/or 5-HT1D receptors contribute to the effects of 5-HT in the tissue.
  7. In conclusion, in endothelium denuded rabbit epicardial coronary arteries, 5-HT activates 5-HT2A and 5-HT1D and/or 5-HT1B receptors to cause contraction. This appears to be similar to the situation in man.
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10.
  1. The mechanism of action of sumatriptan on coronary flow was examined before and after two different forms of endothelial ablation in guinea-pig isolated hearts. The mechanism was assessed in terms of the influence of the integrity of the coronary endothelium, the role of release of nitric oxide (NO) from the endothelium, and the receptor subtypes mediating the effects.
  2. Continuous perfusion with sumatriptan reduced coronary flow, but the concentration-response curve was v-shaped. Sumatriptan (0.001–0.1 μM) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in coronary flow with the maximum effect achieved at 0.23±0.04 μM. The pEC50 was 8.49±0.07. At higher concentrations (0.1–10 μM) there was a concentration-dependent diminution of the vasoconstrictor effect. Endothelial ablation by saponin removed the diminution in the vasoconstrictor effect. In contrast, pretreatment with NG-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (100 μM, 45 min perfusion) did not affect it. This was despite both saponin and L-NAME being effective in reducing basal release of NO into the coronary effluent (measured by chemiluminescence) to the same extent (71±3 and 73±2%, respectively).
  3. GR127935, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine1D (5-HT1D) receptor antagonist (3 and 10 nM), which by itself had no effect on coronary flow or NO release, antagonized the vasoconstrictor response to sumatriptan and unmasked a sumatriptan-induced concentration-dependent increase in coronary flow and NO release. These increases in coronary flow and NO release were abolished by pretreatment with either saponin or L-NAME.
  4. Mesulergine, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist which had no effect by itself on basal coronary flow or NO release, inhibited the vasodilator response to sumatriptan that occurred in the presence of GR127935, and actually enhanced the vasoconstrictor response, increasing the maximum fall in coronary flow from −3.9±0.4 to −5.2±0.4 ml min−1 g−1 (P<0.05). The diminution of vasoconstrictor effect of sumatriptan was abolished by mesulergine and by pretreatment with saponin, but not by L-NAME.
  5. In conclusion, guinea-pig coronary arteries constrict to low concentrations of sumatriptan, causing a reduction in coronary flow. This effect appears to be caused by 5-HT1D agonism with the receptors located on the coronary vascular smooth muscle. With higher concentrations of sumatriptan this is partially offset by a weaker vasodilator effect, which is caused by low affinity 5-HT2 agonism. Although this effect is endothelium-dependent, it is not caused by the release of NO. Interestingly, when the vasoconstrictor effect of sumatriptan was inhibited by the 5-HT1D antagonist GR127935, a high affinity vasodilator effect of sumatriptan was unmasked. This is 5-HT2 receptor mediated and is caused by release of NO from the coronary endothelium.
  6. In man, sumatriptan and 5-HT may both be capable of causing pathogenic coronary vasoconstriction. The implications of the present data are that the scope for this may depend greatly on (i) the extent of underlying endothelial dysfunction, (ii) the extent of endothelial 5-HT2 receptor-mediated release of vasodilator autacoids (which include NO) and (iii) the extent of smooth muscle 5-HT1D receptor-mediated vasoconstriction.
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11.

Background and purpose:

Kv1.5 channels conduct the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKur), and in humans, Kv1.5 channels are highly expressed in cardiac atria but are scarce in ventricles. Pharmacological blockade of human Kv1.5 (hKv1.5) has been regarded as effective for prevention and treatment of re-entry-based atrial tachyarrhythmias. Here we examined blockade of hKv1.5 channels by LY294002, a well-known inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K).

Experimental approach:

hKv1.5 channels were heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Effects of LY294002 on wild-type and mutant (T462C, H463C, T480A, R487V, A501V, I502A, I508A, L510A and V516A) hKv1.5 channels were examined by using the whole-cell patch-clamp method.

Key results:

LY294002 rapidly and reversibly inhibited hKv1.5 current in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 of 7.9 µmol·L−1). In contrast, wortmannin, a structurally distinct inhibitor of PI3K, had little inhibitory effect on hKv1.5 current. LY294002 block of hKv1.5 current developed with time during depolarizing voltage-clamp steps, and this blockade was also voltage-dependent with a steep increase over the voltage range for channel openings. The apparent binding (k+1) and unbinding (k−1) rate constants were calculated to be 1.6 µmol·L−1−1·s−1 and 5.7 s−1 respectively. Inhibition by LY294002 was significantly reduced in several hKv1.5 mutant channels: T480A, R487V, I502A, I508A, L510A and V516A.

Conclusions and implications:

LY294002 acts directly on hKv1.5 currents as an open channel blocker, independently of its effects on PI3K activity. Amino acid residues located in the pore region (Thr480, Arg487) and the S6 segment (Ile502, Ile508, Leu510, Val516) appear to constitute potential binding sites for LY294002.  相似文献   

12.
  1. G-protein activation by the 5-ht1F receptor agonist 5-(4-fluorobenzoyl)amino-3-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-indole fumarate (LY334370) was investigated by use of autoradiography of receptor-activated G-proteins in guinea-pig brain sections and [35S]-GTPγS binding responses in cell lines stably expressing human 5-HT1A (h 5-HT1A) receptors.
  2. LY334370 (10 μM) caused little or no stimulation of [35S]-GTPγS binding in guinea-pig brain regions enriched in 5-ht1F binding sites (e.g., claustrum, caudate/putamen and thalamic nuclei), as identified by labelling with 10 nM [3H]-sumatriptan plus 10 nM 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT).
  3. Application of LY334370 (10 μM) to guinea-pig brain sections resulted in an increase of [35S]-GTPγS binding in hippocampus (123±17%), lateral septum (58±14%), dorsal raphe (57±10%), entorhinal (37±11%) and cingulate cortex (28±10%). This distribution fits with the G-protein activation mediated by 5-HT1A receptors as found with lisuride (10 μM), and labelling of 5-HT1A receptors by 140 pM [125I]-4-(2′-methoxy-phenyl)-1-[2′-(n-2′′-pyridinyl)-p-iodobenzamido]-ethyl-piperazine (p-MPPI).
  4. The LY334370-mediated [35S]-GTPγS response was antagonized by the selective, silent 5-HT1A receptor antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY100635, 1 μM) in each of the brain structures investigated. The distribution pattern of the [35S]-GTPγS binding response and the antagonist profile suggest that the LY334370-induced response in guinea-pig brain is mediated by 5-HT1A receptors.
  5. The maximal LY334370-induced [35S]-GTPγS binding response (83 to 94%) in membranes of recombinant C6-glial/h 5-HT1A and HeLa/h 5-HT1A cells was close to that of 5-HT, suggesting LY334370 to exert high intrinsic activity at h 5-HT1A receptors.
  6. In conclusion, in guinea-pig brain sections and recombinant cell lines the 5-ht1F receptor agonist LY334370 causes G-protein activation that is mediated by 5-HT1A receptors. Caution should be taken when employing this ligand as a putative selective 5-ht1F agonist.
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13.
  1. The effects of selective opioid receptor agonists and antagonists on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, 10 μM)-induced release of [3H]-dopamine and [14C]-acetylcholine (ACh) from superfused neostriatal slices were studied to investigate the possible occurrence of functional κ-opioid receptor subtypes in rat brain.
  2. The κ receptor agonists (−)-ethylketocyclazocine ((−)-EKC), U69593 and the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin A1–13 caused a naloxone-reversible inhibition of NMDA-induced [3H]-dopamine release, with pD2 values of about 9, 8.5 and 8.2, respectively, whereas both the μ agonist Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(NMe)Phe-Gly-ol (DAMGO) and theδ agonist D-Pen2-D-Pen5-enkephalin (DPDPE) were ineffective in this respect. The inhibitory effect of submaximally effective concentrations of dynorphin A1–13, U69593 and (−)-EKC on NMDA-induced [3H]-dopamine release were not changed by the δ1/δ2-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole (up to a concentration of 1 μM), but reversed by the κ receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), with an IC50 as low as 0.02 nM, indicating the involvement of U69593-sensitive κ1-opioid receptors.
  3. NMDA-induced [14C]-ACh release was reduced in a naloxone-reversible manner by DPDPE (pD2 about 7.2), dynorphin A1–13 (pD2 6.7) and EKC (pD2 6.2), but not by U69593 and DAMGO. The inhibitory effect of a submaximally effective concentration of DPDPE, unlike those of dynorphin A1–13 and (−)-EKC, on NMDA-induced [14C]-ACh release was antagonized by naltrindole with an IC50 of 1 nM, indicating the involvement of δ-opioid receptors in the inhibitory effect of DPDPE. On the other hand, the inhibitory effects of dynorphin A1–13 and (−)-EKC on [14C]-ACh release were readily antagonized by nor-BNI with an IC50 of about 3 nM. A 100 fold higher concentration of nor-BNI also antagonized the inhibitory effect of DPDPE, indicating the involvement of U69593-insensitive κ2-opioid receptors in the inhibitory effects of dynorphin A1–13 and (−)-EKC.
  4. Although naloxone benzoylhydrazone (NalBzoH), displaying high affinity towards the putative κ3-opioid receptor, antagonized the inhibitory effects of dynorphin A1–13 and (−)-EKC on [3H]-dopamine and [14C]-ACh release as well as that of U69593 on [3H]-dopamine release, it displayed a low apparent affinity (IC50 about 100 nM) in each case.
  5. In conclusion, whereas activation of κ1-opioid receptors causes presynaptic inhibition of NMDA-induced dopamine release, κ2 receptor activation results in inhibition of ACh release in rat neostriatum. As such, this study is the first to provide unequivocal in vitro evidence for the existence of functionally distinct κ-opioid receptor subtypes in the brain.
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14.
  1. Endothelin (ET) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide which has been shown to have an important role in the regulation of systemic and renal haemodynamics. In order to elucidate the role of endogenous ET in the kidney, we examined the effects of ET receptor antagonists on systemic and renal vasculature in normotensive anaesthetized rats.
  2. Intravenous injection of a selective ETA receptor antagonist, FR139317 (0.5 μmol kg−1, for 20 min) induced a very small fall in blood pressure. Similarly, a non-selective ETA/ETB receptor antagonist, TAK-044 (12.5 μmol kg−1, for 20 min) slightly decreased blood pressure. A selective ETB receptor antagonist, BQ-788 (0.5 μmol kg−1, for 20 min) had no effect on blood pressure.
  3. FR139317 and TAK-044 did not affect renal blood flow or calculated renal vascular resistance. In contrast, BQ-788 significantly reduced renal blood flow by 18.2±2.4% and increased renal vascular resistance. Furthermore, the renal vascular action of BQ-788 was not observed when combined with FR139317.
  4. Pretreatment with a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 37 μmol kg−1, i.v.) and a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen (44 μmol kg−1, i.v.) completely abolished the BQ-788-mediated renal vasoconstriction.
  5. These results indicate that activation of ETB receptors by endogenous ET acts as a physiological brake for the ETA-mediated renal vasoconstriction; this effect appears to be mediated by stimulation of NO and/or vasodilator prostaglandin(s) release.
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15.
  1. It was previously shown that porcine cranial arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) constrict to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, as well as sumatriptan and that sumatriptan acts exclusively via 5-HT1B/1D receptors. The present study was devoted to establish the contribution of 5-HT1B/1D receptors in the constriction of AVAs elicited by 5-HT (in presence of 0.5 mg kg−1 ketanserin), ergotamine and dihydroergotamine in anaesthetized pigs.
  2. Intracarotid infusion of 5-HT (2 μg kg−1 min−1) and intravenous doses of ergotamine (2.5–20 μg kg−1) and dihydroergotamine (3–100 μg kg−1) reduced AVA and increased nutrient blood flows and vascular conductances. The vasodilator response to 5-HT, observed mainly in the skin and ear, was much more prominent than that of the ergot alkaloids.
  3. Treatment with the 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist GR127935 (0.5 mg kg−1, i.v.) significantly attenuated both ergot-induced AVA constriction and arteriolar dilatation, whereas GR127935 only slightly affected the carotid vascular effects of 5-HT.
  4. The results suggest that 5-HT constricts carotid AVAs primarily via receptors, which seem to differ from those (5-HT1B/1D) stimulated by sumatriptan. The ergot alkaloids produce AVA constriction for a substantial part via 5-HT1B/1D receptors, but also stimulate unidentified receptors. Both these non-5-HT1B/1D receptors may be targets for the development of novel antimigraine drugs.
  5. The moderate vasodilator response to the ergot derivatives seems to be mediated, at least in part, by 5-HT1B/1D receptors, whereas the arteriolar dilatation caused by 5-HT may be mediated by other, possibly 5-HT7 receptors.
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16.
  1. The effects of lubeluzole (a neuroprotective benzothiazole derivative) and its (−) enantiomer R91154 on whole-cell currents through Ca2+ channels, with 10 mM Ba2+ as charge carrier (IBa), have been studied in bovine and mouse voltage-clamped adrenal chromaffin cells. Currents generated by applying 50 ms depolarizing test pulses to 0 mV, from a holding potential of −80 mV, at 10 s intervals had an average magnitude of 1 nA.
  2. Lubeluzole and R91154 blocked the peak IBa of bovine chromaffin cells in a time and concentration-dependent manner; their IC50s were 1.94 μM for lubeluzole and 2.54 μM for R91154. In a current-voltage protocol, lubeluzole (3 μM) inhibited peak IBa at all test potentials. However, no obvious shifts of the I-V curve were detected.
  3. After 10 min exposure to 3 μM lubeluzole, the late current (measured at the end of the pulse) was inhibited more than the peak current. Upon wash out of the drug, the inactivation reversed first and then the peak current recovered.
  4. Blockade of peak current was greater at more depolarizing holding potentials (i.e. 35% at −110 mV and 87% at −50 mV, after 10 min superfusion with lubeluzole). Inactivation of the current was pronounced at −110 mV, decreased at −80 mV and did not occur at −50 mV.
  5. Intracellular dialysis of bovine voltage-clamped chromaffin cells with 3 μM lubeluzole caused neither blockade nor inactivation of IBa. The external application of 3 μM lubeluzole to those dialysed cells produced inhibition as well as inactivation of IBa.
  6. The effects of lubeluzole (3 μM) on IBa in mouse chromaffin cells were similar to those in bovine chromaffin cells. At −80 mV holding potential, a pronounced inactivation of the current led to greater blockade of the late IBa (66%) as compared with peak IBa (46% after 10 min superfusion with lubeluzole).
  7. In mouse chromaffin cells approximately half of the whole-cell IBa was sensitive to 3 μM nifedipine (L-type Ca2+ channels) and the other half to 3 μM ω-conotoxin MVIIC (non-L-type Ca2+ channels). In ω-conotoxin MVIIC-treated cells, 3 μM lubeluzole caused little blockade and inactivation of IBa. However in nifedipine-treated cells, lubeluzole caused a pronounced blockade and inactivation of IBa that reversed upon wash out of the compound.
  8. The results are compatible with the idea that lubeluzole preferentially blocks non-L-types of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels expressed by bovine and mouse chromaffin cells. The higher concentrations of the compound also block L-type Ca2+ channels. The mechanism of inhibition involves the access of lubeluzole to the open channel from the outside of the cell and promotion of its inactivation. The differential blockade of Ca2+ channel subtypes might contribute to the neuroprotective actions of lubeluzole (which exhibit stereoselectivity). However, in view of the lack of stereoselectivity in blocking Ca2+ channels, this effect cannot be the only explanation for the protective activity of lubeluzole in stroke.
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17.

Background and purpose:

Several P2X7 receptor antagonists are allosteric inhibitors and exhibit species difference in potency. Furthermore, N2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N1-(2-methyl-5-(1-piperazinylmethyl)phenyl)glycinamide dihydrochloride (GW791343) exhibits negative allosteric effects at the human P2X7 receptor but is a positive allosteric modulator of the rat P2X7 receptor. In this study we have identified several regions of the P2X7 receptor that contribute to the species differences in antagonist effects.

Experimental approach:

Chimeric human-rat P2X7 receptors were constructed with regions of the rat receptor being inserted into the human receptor. Antagonist effects at these receptors were measured in ethidium accumulation and radioligand binding studies.

Key results:

Exchanging regions of the P2X7 receptor close to transmembrane domain 1 modified the effects of KN62, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulphinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole (SB203580) and GW791343. Further studies, in which single amino acids were exchanged, identified amino acid 95 as being primarily responsible for the differential allosteric effects of GW791343 and, to varying degrees, the species differences in potency of SB203580 and KN62. The species selectivity of pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid was affected by multiple regions of the receptor, with potency being particularly affected by the amino acid 126 but not by amino acid 95. A further region of the rat receptor (amino acids 154–183) was identified that, when inserted into the corresponding position in the human receptor, increased ATP potency 10-fold.

Conclusions:

This study has identified several key residues responsible for the species differences in antagonist effects at the P2X7 receptor and also identified a further region of the P2X7 receptor that can significantly affect agonist potency at the P2X7 receptor.  相似文献   

18.
  1. The effects of GR205171, a selective tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, were investigated on both the acute and delayed phases of cisplatin-induced nausea-like behaviour and vomiting in the conscious piglet.
  2. Animals receiving cisplatin (5.5 mg kg−1, i.v.) were observed for 60 h. Fifteen min prior to cisplatin infusion (T0−15 min), eight piglets acting as controls received an intravenous injection of saline solution (1 ml kg−1), whereas experimental animals received a single i.v. administration of GR205171 (1 ml kg−1) at a dose of 0.01 (n=8), 0.03 (n=8), 0.1 (n=8), 0.3 (n=16) or 1.0 (n=13) mg kg−1. In eight additional piglets, GR205171 (1 mg kg−1) was administered 15 min before the onset of the delayed phase (T16−15 min). A further five piglets received GR205171 (1 mg kg−1) every 6 h throughout the experiment.
  3. The latencies of the first emetic episode (EE) and nausea-like behavioural episode (NE) increased in all experimental groups treated at T0−15 min, and the total number of both EE and NE during the 60 h was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. In piglets treated at T0−15 min with GR205171 1 mg kg−1, eight out of 13 (62%) did not vomit throughout the experiment. Animals treated with GR205171 (1 mg kg−1) at T16−15 min exhibited an acute response to cisplatin but did not vomit during the delayed phase. The greatest inhibition of both nausea-like behaviour and vomiting was observed in piglets receiving multiple injections of GR205171.
  4. These results demonstrate the long-lasting anti-emetic effects of GR205171, and confirm the key role of substance P within the emetic reflex.
  相似文献   

19.
  1. The interactive effects of different metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtypes to regulate phosphoinositide turnover have been studied in neonatal rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus by use of agonists and antagonists selective between group I and II mGlu receptors.
  2. The group II-selective agonist 2R,4R-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (2R,4R-APDC; 100 μM) had no effect on basal total inositol phosphate ([3H]-InsPx) accumulation (in the presence of Li+) in myo-[3H]-inositol pre-labelled slices, but enhanced the maximal [3H]-InsPx response to the group I-selective agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) by about 100% in both hippocampus and cerebral cortex. In cerebral cortex the enhancing effect of 2R,4R-APDC occurred with respect to the maximal responsiveness and had no effect on EC50 values for DHPG (-log EC50 (M): control, 5.56±0.05; +2R,4R-APDC, 5.51±0.08). 2R,4R-APDC also caused a significant enhancement of the DHPG-stimulated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) mass response over an initial 0–300 s time-course.
  3. The enhancing effects of 2R,4R-APDC on DHPG-stimulated [3H]-InsPx accumulation were observed in both the presence and nominal absence of extracellular Ca2+, and irrespective of whether 2R,4R-APDC was added before, simultaneous with, or subsequent to DHPG. Furthermore, increasing the tissue cyclic AMP concentration up to 100 fold had no effect on DHPG-stimulated Ins(1,4,5)P3 accumulation in the absence or presence of 2R,4R-APDC.
  4. 2R,4R-APDC and (2S, 1′R, 2′R, 3′R)-2-(2,3-dicarboxylcyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV), the latter agent in the presence of MK-801 to prevent activation of NMDA-receptors, each inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation by about 50%, with respective EC50 values of 1.3 and 0.04 μM (-log EC 50 (M): 2R,4R-APDC, 5.87±0.09; DCG-IV, 7.38±0.05). In the presence of DHPG (30 μM), 2R,4R-APDC and DCG-IV also concentration-dependently increased [3H]-InsPx accumulation with respective EC50 values of 4.7 and 0.28 μM (-log EC50 (M): 2R,4R-APDC, 5.33±0.04; DCG-IV, 6.55±0.09) which were 3–7 fold rightward-shifted relative to the adenylyl cyclase inhibitory responses.
  5. The group II-selective mGlu receptor antagonist LY307452 (30 μM) caused parallel rightward shifts in the concentration-effect curves for inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase, and enhancement of DHPG-stimulated [3H]-InsPx accumulation, by 2R,4R-APDC yielding similar equilibrium dissociation constants (Kds, 3.7±1.1 and 4.1±0.4 μM respectively) for each response.
  6. The ability of 2R,4R-APDC to enhance receptor-mediated [3H]-InsPx accumulation appeared to be agonist-specific; thus although DHPG (100 μM) and the muscarinic cholinoceptor agonist carbachol (10 μM) stimulated similar [3H]-InsPx accumulations, only the response to the former agonist was enhanced by co-activation of group II mGlu receptors.
  7. These data demonstrate that second messenger-generating phosphoinositide responses stimulated by group I mGlu receptors are positively modulated by co-activation of group II mGlu receptors in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The data presented here are discussed with respect to the possible mechanisms which might mediate the modulatory activity, and the physiological and pathophysiological significance of such crosstalk between mGlu receptors.
  相似文献   

20.
LY377604), a human β3-adrenergic receptor agonist and β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist with no sympathomimetic activity at the β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors, is reported. Some in vivo data in both rats and humans is presented.  相似文献   

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