120例直肠疾病患者经肛门括约肌路径手术的临床疗效

目的探讨经肛门括约肌路径的手术（Mason手术）在直肠外科中的应用。方法回顾分析1990年8月至2005年8月同120例中下段直肠疾病患者施行Mason手术的临床资料。结果全组直肠绒毛状腺瘤61例。其中伴癌变者26例；直肠癌25例；直肠黏膜下结节17例；直肠阴道瘘13例；直肠尿道瘘1例；直肠良性狭窄3例。103例直肠肿物中行直肠部分切除术98例，直肠节段切除术5例。术后伤口感染2例（1．7％），直肠。皮肤瘘4例（3．3％）。肿瘤局部复发3例（2．9％）。全组术后无发生肛门失禁者。确诊直肠癌的51例患者术后存活逾5年者达90．2％。结论Mason手术具有手术径路直达、术野表浅和显露良好的优势。适用于可行局部手术治疗的中下段直肠良、恶性疾病。     

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目的 探讨经肛门括约肌径路的Mason手术在直肠外科中的应用。方法 回顾分析1990年8月至2002年8月90例中下段直肠疾病病人施行Mason手术的经验。结果 全组中直肠绒毛状腺瘤29例，早期直肠癌34例，进展期直肠癌8例。81例直肠肿瘤中行直肠部分切除术76例，直肠节段切除术5例。术后伤口感染2例(2．2％)，肿瘤局部复发1例(1．1％)。直肠癌组术后3年存活率100％，5年存活率95％。结论 Mason手术具有手术径路直达，术野表浅和显露良好，适用于可行局部切除治疗的中下段直肠良恶性疾病。     

直肠绒毛状腺瘤手术方式的探讨 （附19例报告）

直肠绒毛状腺瘤虽然发病率较低 ,但属癌前病变 ,复发率高。我科自 1992～ 1998年手术治疗直肠绒毛状腺瘤及其癌变 19例。现报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料自 1992～ 1998年均经病理检查确诊为直肠绒毛状腺瘤患者共 19例 (结直肠多发性腺瘤不在本文讨论内 ) ,其中男 11例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 2 8～ 82岁 ,平均 54.6岁。单发腺瘤 16例 ,多发 3例 ,腺瘤恶变 4例。二、腺瘤分布及术式本组病例均行手术治疗。腺瘤分布情况及术式选择 :腺瘤距肛缘距离 <7ｃｍ病例 11例。行局部切除术 8例 ,其中经肛门切除 7例 ,经骶尾切除 1例 ;根治性直肠切除术 3例 ,…     

经肛管括约肌切除直肠绒毛状腺瘤

作者报告经肛管括约肌径路切除直肠绒毛状腺瘤２４例。其中良性绒毛状腺瘤１３例，绒毛太腺瘤伴部分细胞高度不典型增生２例。绒毛状腺瘤癌变９例。除１例发生伤口感染外，余皆获得满意疗效。无手术死亡，未发生直肠瘘和肛门失禁。作者就外科治疗直肠绒毛状腺瘤的各种手术方式进行了比较和讨论，认为经肛管括约肌径路切除直肠绒毛状腺瘤是比较理想的一种手术方式。     

经肛门直肠绒毛状大腺瘤切除术

直肠绒毛状腺瘤具恶性倾向，应及早将其完全切除，但一系列研究表明其术后复发率较高。本文研究了1993—2000年间50例病人行经肛门直肠绒毛状腺瘤切除术的疗效。手术采用俯卧位，用电凝刀分离组织，并特别注意肛管周围及深部边缘的切除。从肿瘤的近端边缘至齿状线的平均距离为5．6cm(范围0．5—11．0cm)。肿瘤的平均长度为5．2cm(范围0．5—9．0cm)。平均麻醉时间为27min(范围10—11min)，平均住院时间为2d(范围1—14d)。     

经导光肛门自动牵开镜手术治疗直肠肿瘤51例

为降低手术治疗直肠肿瘤的创伤程度,选择距肛缘10cm以内的51例直肠良性肿瘤经导光肛门自动牵开镜微创切除。结果显示,16例术后肛门轻度疼痛,10例出现尿潴留。7例出现不完全性肛门失禁。术后病理示50例为直肠腺瘤（管状腺瘤27例,绒毛状腺瘤15例,管状绒毛状腺瘤8例）;1例病灶基底部发现有癌细胞,为高分化直肠腺癌。术后随访6个月至3年,无复发病例,肛门功能正常。结果表明,于导光肛门自动牵开镜下治疗良性直肠腺瘤和早期直肠癌具有安全、有效、手术操作方便快捷、创伤小、术后复发率低等优点,近期疗效满意。     

直肠绒毛状腺瘤癌变的外科治疗

目的探讨直肠绒毛状腺瘤癌变的外科治疗方式。方法对62例手术治疗的直肠绒毛状腺瘤癌变的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果62例中局部切除28例，其中经肛切除(transanal excision，TE)20例，经骶切除(Kraske)8例；扩大切除34例，其中腹会阴联合切除(Miles)11例，直肠前切除(Dixon)21例，其他手术2例。62例中82％(51／62)为早期癌变，68％(42／62)为高分化癌，26％(16／62)为中分化癌。局部切除与扩大切除术后各有6例出现复发、转移，5年生存率分别为79％和76％。结论直肠绒毛状腺瘤癌变恶性程度低，合理选择治疗方式能有效治疗肿瘤，减轻患者痛苦，提高生存质量。     

经骶经肛管途径切除中下段直肠肿瘤临床报告

目的　总结开展经骶经肛管途径行直肠中下段肿瘤局部切除的治疗体会。方法　对 2例腺癌、2例绒毛状腺瘤恶变、1例类癌及 2例绒毛状腺瘤患者 ,采取经骶经肛管途径手术入路 ,行包括肿瘤在内的直肠局部切除。结果　治愈 6例 ,并发直肠粪漏 1例 ,局部肿瘤复发再行Miles手术 1例。全部患者术后肛门括约肌功能良好。结论　本方法微创且能保证直肠肿瘤的局部有效切除 ,保持肛门括约肌功能 ,对中下段直肠良性肿瘤及早期恶性病变尤为有效。     

经肛门切除直肠腺瘤的手术体会

我科于 1996～ 2 0 0 0年 ,共收治直肠腺瘤 18例 ,全部经肛门行手术切除 ,取得十分满意效果。现报告如下。临床资料本组共 18例 ,其中男 11例 ,女 7例 ,平均年龄 5 6岁。腺瘤距肛缘 5～ 10ｃｍ。瘤体直径 2～ 6ｃｍ ,蒂长 1.0～ 2 .5ｃｍ。术前病理报告为绒毛状腺瘤 6例 ,管状绒毛状腺瘤 12例。术后标本病检为绒毛状腺瘤 5例 ,管状绒毛状腺瘤 7例 ,伴中度异型增生 4例 ;腺瘤恶变 2例。手术方法 :全组病例均采用连续硬膜外麻醉或骶管内麻醉 ,取膀胱截石位 ,会阴部及直肠腔内用 2 %碘伏消毒三遍 ,按层铺单。手指涂消毒石蜡油反复扩肛 ,使肛门…     

经肛门内镜显微手术治疗直肠肿瘤12例

为探讨经肛门内镜显微手术（TEM）治疗直肠肿瘤的手术效果,回顾分析12例行TEM的直肠肿瘤患者资料。结果显示,12例直肠肿瘤均获完整切除,平均手术时间90min（60-200min）。无术后出血、吻合口感染、吻合口漏。2例术后肛门轻度疼痛,2例暂时性不完全性肛门失禁。术后病理示9例腺瘤（管状腺瘤3例,绒毛状腺瘤4例,管状绒毛状腺瘤2例,其中2例伴高级别上皮内瘤变）,1例肌层内有钙化灶,1例直肠黏膜炎性组织,1例低危间质瘤（直径〈1．0cm）。随访1～12个月,1例管状腺瘤患者于术后3个月局部复发。结果表明,TEM治疗良性直肠腺瘤和早期直肠癌安全、有效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.