消化道瘘内镜处理的临床研究

目的 评估内镜下空肠管置入术、钛夹夹闭术及耙状金属夹系统（OTSC）对消化道瘘治疗的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2015年7月至2017年7月苏州大学附属第一医院收治的38例消化道瘘患者资料,其中单纯行内镜下空肠管置入术13例,行内镜下钛夹夹闭术20例,OTSC闭合5例。对患者的技术成功率、临床治愈率及术后住院时间进行统计分析。结果 所有患者顺利完成了内镜下治疗,治疗过程中未出现内镜操作相关并发症。空肠管组4例瘘口完全愈合,3例瘘口较前缩小,5例瘘口未见明显变化,1例死亡,完全治愈率30.8%（4/13）;患者术后住院天数（47.4±14.1）d。钛夹组16例瘘口完全愈合,3例瘘口未见缩小,1例死亡,完全治愈率80.0%（16/20）;术后住院天数（17.9±8.9）d。OTSC组5例患者均完全治愈,完全治愈率100.0%。其中1例难治性食管瘘患者采用多次OTSC联合钛夹夹闭的方式逐步缩小瘘口直至完全愈合,瘘口愈合时长为102 d,剩余4例患者采用单纯OTSC治疗,术后住院天数（5.3±1.7）d。结论 内镜下微创技术可有效治疗消化道瘘,且具有创伤小、操作简便、愈合快、安全等优点,值得临床推广。     

金属钛夹在消化内镜微创治疗中的应用

目的探讨内镜下金属钛夹在治疗消化道疾病中的应用。方法使用FUJINON电子胃镜、结肠镜及Olympus金属钛夹治疗消化道息肉、出血及瘘口封闭等52例。结果胃镜下治疗消化道息肉9例，消化道出血4例，平滑肌瘤2例；结肠镜下治疗结肠息内36例，直肠瘘1例均获得较好疗效。结论内镜金属钛夹治疗消化道息肉、平滑肌瘤、消化道出血及瘘口封闭疗效肯定，创伤小，是内镜微创治疗术中的一个重要辅助方法。     

经皮内镜下胃肠造口术联合置入金属支架治疗晚期食管癌的应用研究

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃肠造口术(PEG/J)联合带膜食管金属内支架置入术,在晚期癌性食管梗阻及食管气管瘘患者中姑息治疗的有效性。方法对17例晚期食管癌患者进行PEG/J联合食管内支架置入术治疗,其中食管及食管贲门结合部梗阻12例,癌性食管气管瘘5例。随访观察其疗效。结果手术成功率100%,操作时间平均(25±10)min,术后无严重并发症发生。术后2～5d,口服碘油造影显示所有患者梗阻解除、瘘口封闭。术后3～7d,均可以口服流质或半流质饮食,所有患者均摆脱了肠外营养支持。结论PEG/J联合食管支架治疗晚期食管癌操作简便、安全、有效,显著改善晚期癌性食管梗阻及食管气管瘘患者的生活质量。     

胃镜辅助下置放小肠营养管126例回顾性分析

通过肠内途径提供胃肠道营养支持对危重患者的预后至关重要.临床上建立肠内营养途径的方法有多种,其中胃镜辅助下小肠营养管的置放以其直观、可靠、成功率高的优点为临床广泛应用.目前胃镜下置放营养管的方法亦有很多报道,本研究通过回顾性分析对比2种不同的胃镜辅助置管方法. 1.临床资料:2008年3月至2011年3月间我院共行胃镜辅助下小肠营养管置入术126例,其中男82例、女44例,年龄16 ～82岁,平均53岁.患者中食管、胃术后48例(包括胃瘫25例、吻合口狭窄18例、吻合口瘘5例),腹部其他手术后胃瘫26例,上消化道梗阻性病变7例,食管癌、胃癌伴痿各1例,急性胰腺炎31例,脑血管疾病12例.     

经肛窦道腔置入双腔胃管持续冲洗治疗结肠瘘一例

背景消化道瘘是外科手术的难治性并发症之一.随着内镜技术的进步,内镜下治疗消化道瘘也逐步发展,与外科手术相比,具有安全、微创、低治疗成本等诸多优势.病例简介我院收入了一例以腹痛及反复腹泻为主要症状的66岁的女性患者.内镜下发现一处位于直肠与乙状结肠交界处的结肠瘘,瘘腔内可见大量白色脓性物.应用结肠镜下经肛金属夹固定双腔胃管并持续冲洗成功治愈.结论经肛窦道腔置入双腔胃管持续冲洗是一种微创、简单、经济且有效的治疗结肠瘘的方法,金属夹固定双腔胃管可保证冲洗效果.     

OTSC吻合夹在内镜下治疗消化道穿孔和瘘中的应用

目前临床上消化道穿孔和瘘的内镜下治疗措施主要包括内镜下夹闭术、支架置入术、内镜下缝合术和组织密封剂封堵等,而内镜下夹闭术主要包括普通的TTSC内镜夹闭合术以及更先进的OTSC吻合夹闭合术。与传统的TTSC内镜夹相比较,OTSC吻合夹的翼展较大,能够咬合更多的组织,夹闭力度也更强,且通过使用配套的双臂钳或内镜锚,能将穿孔或瘘的周边组织全部拉入透明帽内,可以有效闭合直径在30 mm以下的穿孔,甚至能够闭合消化道全层。OTSC吻合夹闭合术作为外科手术的一种替代方式,在临床治疗消化道缺损方面将有着广泛的应用前景。     

内镜治疗在晚期胰腺癌姑息治疗中的作用分析

目的评价内镜治疗在晚期胰腺癌姑息治疗中的作用。方法回顾1例晚期胰腺癌手术无法切除的典型病例。患者相继出现上消化道梗阻、梗阻性黄疸、消化道出血等问题,多次接受内镜下肠道、胆道多支架治疗及消化道止血治疗,并在经口无法正常完成内镜治疗时采用经腹壁小肠造瘘逆行进镜完成内镜逆行胰胆管造影及胆道支架置入术。结果上消化道梗阻、梗阻性黄疸、消化道出血得到治愈,直至死亡未再复发,生存期达10个月,生存质量好。结论内镜是治疗晚期胰腺癌继发消化管梗阻（胃肠道、胆管、胰管）的首选方法,安全、有效。     

鼻肠管及空肠营养性造口管早期肠内营养在上消化道肿瘤术后的临床应用比较分析

目的比较鼻肠管及空肠营养性造口管早期肠内营养在上消化道肿瘤术后的临床应用情况。方法在接受早期肠内营养的226例术后上消化道肿瘤患者中,148例采用鼻肠管,78例采用空肠营养性造口管。结果 226例上消化道肿瘤患者术后实施早期肠内营养效果良好。应用空肠营养性造口管的患者不良反应发生率较低(P<0.01)。结论不论是鼻肠管还是空肠营养性造口管,术后早期肠内营养具有保护胃肠黏膜屏障、促进肠道激素分泌、防止细菌易位、提高机体免疫功能等作用。空肠营养性造口管引起的不良反应较低。     

新型消化道瘘封堵器在胸腔胃气管瘘中的临床应用 初探（含视频）

初探一种新型消化道瘘封堵器治疗胸腔胃气管瘘的有效性和安全性。回顾性分析2020年7—8月在南京医科大学第一附属医院消化内科接受新型消化道瘘封堵器治疗的5例胸腔胃气管瘘患者的病例资料。观察患者总手术时间、封堵时间、术中和术后并发症情况、术后住院时间和患者满意度。定期随访,术后1个月进行短期封堵疗效评估。5例患者均为男性,年龄58~69岁,瘘病程3~16个月,瘘口长径0.3~1.0 cm。5例患者均成功置入新型消化道瘘封堵器,总手术时间38~88 min,封堵时间8~24 min。术后住院时间3~5 d,患者满意度评分均为10分。术中、术后均未发生严重并发症。术后1个月,4例患者瘘口完全封堵;1例患者进食呛咳症状完全缓解,但因严重肺部感染继发多脏器功能衰竭于术后1个月死亡。临床应用该新型消化道瘘封堵器治疗胸腔胃气管瘘是有效和相对安全的。     

组织牵拉夹联合金属夹在闭合内镜黏膜下剥离术术后创面中的应用

目的 评价内镜下组织牵拉夹联合金属夹在闭合内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)术后创面中的效果和安全性。 方法 收集2020年6月1日—2020年6月30日期间因消化道病变于江苏省人民医院消化科行ESD治疗并使用组织牵拉夹联合金属夹夹闭手术创面的患者的资料,观察患者缝合时间、术中和术后并发症及术后住院时间等指标。 结果 本研究共纳入6例患者,其中男1例、女5例,年龄（59.2±9.0）岁,胃病变4例,结肠病变2例。ESD术后创面直径（2.7±0.9）cm,缝合时间（8.8±1.8）min。患者均使用1枚组织牵拉夹,使用金属夹3~11枚,平均7枚;除1例升结肠病变患者出现术中穿孔,余无术中或术后出血;患者术后住院（4.2±1.5）d。 结论 内镜下组织牵拉夹联合金属夹能有效、安全地闭合ESD术后创面。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘空肠置管术在高位肠外瘘患者中的临床应用

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘空肠置管术治疗高位肠外瘘患者的方法、并发症及疗效。方法回顾性分析经皮内镜下胃造瘘空肠置管术治疗我院24例高位肠外瘘患者的手术操作时间、成功率、并发症、导管留置时间及肠瘘治愈率。结果所有患者均置管成功,成功率为100%,平均置管时间为(16.5±3.8)min,无置管相关并发症;置管后并发症发生率为12.5%(3/24):2例营养管堵塞,1例造瘘管周围感染,平均导管留置时间(83.7±46.2)d。18例患者肠瘘愈合,治愈率为75%(18/24),5例肠瘘未愈行外科手术治疗,1例因原发病死亡。结论经皮内镜下胃造瘘空肠置管术具有操作简单易行、安全,住院时间短,空肠营养管越过肠瘘给予肠内营养等优点,可用于高位肠外瘘患者的临床治疗。     

Mini-laparoscopically guided percutaneous gastrostomy and jejunostomy

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic tube placement can be problematic under certain circumstances: absence of transillumination of the abdominal wall, percutaneous jejunostomy in patients with a PEG tube and recurrent aspiration, enteral feeding access after gastrectomy, and obstruction of the upper GI tract. As an alternative in these problematic situations, a technique was developed for placing feeding tubes under visual control by using mini-laparoscopy. METHODS: Placement of a feeding tube with mini-laparoscopy with the patient under conscious sedation was considered for 17 patients in whom standard PEG placement was impossible. Techniques used were the following: combined mini-laparoscopy/endoscopy for placement of a percutaneous gastrostomy or jejunostomy, and mini-laparoscopic-guided direct tube placement in cases of obstruction of the upper GI tract. OBSERVATIONS: In 13 patients, mini-laparoscopic-assisted tube placement was successful. In 4 patients, adhesions or peritoneal carcinomatosis prevented laparoscopic visualization of the stomach or small bowel. The combined mini-laparoscopic/endoscopic approach allowed a successful insertion of gastric tubes in 6 patients and jejunal tubes in 4 patients. Direct insertion of a percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube without enteroscopy was feasible in all 3 patients with obstruction of the upper GI tract. No complication occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Mini-laparoscopy-assisted tube placement is a simple and safe alternative when endoscopic percutaneous tube placement is problematic or not feasible.     

Percutaneous sonographic gastrostomy: method, indications, and problems

Objectives: This study evaluated the application of ultrasound (US) guidance in the percutaneous placement of gastric feeding tubes in patients in whom endoscopic placement of a nutrition tube is not possible.
Methods: Thirty-eight patients with upper gastrointestinal obstruction were entered in a prospective study with US-guided nutrition tube application. Feasibility of placement, side effects, and nutritional states were monitored for a mean follow-up of 4 months.
Results: Ultrasound allowed rapid puncture after filling of the stomach with water through a nasal tube in 34/38 cases. In four cases a total upper gastrointestinal obstruction required an initial stomach insufflation through a direct puncture. Puncture-related major complications were not observed. Minor complications during the observation time were one late dislocation, five cases with broken material after about 6 months (four could be changed by using the Seldinger technique), and two minor local infections. The nutrition through feeding tubes stabilized body weight and body composition parameters.
Conclusion: The percutaneous sonographic gastrostomy (PSG) is a safe and minimally invasive procedure for enteral nutrition in all cases with upper gastrointestinal obstruction when endoscopic placement of a feeding tube is not possible. Percutaneous sonographic gastrostomy may help to stabilize the nutritional parameters and general condition in patients with malignant diseases.     

Comparison of direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy and PEG with jejunal extension

BACKGROUND: Jejunostomy tubes can be placed endoscopically by means of percutaneous gastrostomy with jejunal extension (PEG-J) or by direct percutaneous jejunostomy. These 2 techniques were retrospectively compared in patients requiring long-term jejunal feeding. METHOD: An endoscopy database was used to identify all patients who underwent endoscopic jejunal feeding tube placement from January 1996 to May 2001. Patients with a history of upper GI surgery were excluded. There were 56 patients with a direct percutaneous jejunostomy and 49 with a percutaneous gastrostomy with jejunal extension. Patients in the direct percutaneous jejunostomy group received a 20F direct jejunostomy tube; a 20F PEG tube with a 9F jejunal extension was used in the percutaneous gastrostomy with jejunal extension group. Medical records for the period of 6 months after establishment of jejunal access were reviewed. Complications and need for further endoscopic intervention within this time frame were recorded. The duration of feeding tube patency (number of days from established jejunal access to first endoscopic reintervention) was compared for both groups. RESULTS: Feeding tube patency was significantly longer in patients who had a direct percutaneous jejunostomy compared with those with a percutaneous gastrostomy with jejunal extension. Within the 6-month period, 5 patients with a direct percutaneous jejunostomy required endoscopic reintervention for tube dysfunction compared with 19 patients who had a percutaneous gastrostomy with jejunal extension (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: For patients who require long-term jejunal feeding, a direct percutaneous jejunostomy with a 20F tube provides more stable jejunal access compared with a percutaneous gastrostomy with jejunal extension with a 9F extension and has a lower associated rate of endoscopic reintervention.     

三腔胃肠管辅助治疗内镜术后消化道穿孔的作用研究

目的探讨三腔胃肠管辅助治疗内镜操作后上消化道穿孔的疗效。方法采用前瞻性对照研究，对112例内镜操作后出现上消化道穿孔的患者进行保守治疗，对实验组（留置三腔胃肠管及肠内应用雷贝拉唑片剂）与对照组（留置传统胃管及静脉使用奥美拉唑针剂）之间腹痛、腹胀的缓解率、胃液pH值、创面愈合时间、住院时间及保守治疗成功率等情况进行比较。结果实验组6h内腹痛缓解率61．3％、12h腹痛缓解率83．2％，均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。实验组住院时间、钛夹未夹闭创面病例的创面愈合时间，均明显短于对照组（P〈0．05）。2组的胃液pH值及保守治疗成功率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论三腔胃肠管辅助治疗内镜术后消化道穿孔的效果理想。     

Effects of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement on gastric antral motility and gastric emptying

Background Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the preferred method for providing enteral nutritional support in patients with dysphagia. We examined gastric antral myoelectrical activity and gastric emptying before and after PEG tube placement to evaluate the effects of PEG on gastric motility.Methods PEG was performed in 41 patients; 21 fed by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and 20 who received nasogastric tube feeding (NGF). Antral myoelectrical activity and gastric emptying were examined before and 4 weeks after PEG tube placement.Results The percentage of normal-range electrogastrograms (EGGs) was significantly lower in the TPN group than in the NGF group in both the pre- and postprandial periods before PEG tube placement. Enteral feeding after PEG tube placement improved gastric motility in the patients with TPN. The percentage of normal-range EGGs increased significantly after PEG tube placement in both the pre- and postprandial periods, and plasma concentrations of paracetamol increased significantly after PEG tube placement in patients with TPN. A total of 7.3% of the patients developed the complication of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) after PEG tube placement. Gastric myoelectrical activity and gastric emptying were improved in these patients with GER after PEG tube placement. In contrast, the prevalence of esophageal hiatus hernia was significantly higher in patients with GER after PEG tube placement than in patients without GER after PEG tube placement.Conclusions Prolonged TPN with bowel rest induces physiological dysfunction of gastric motility. Enteral nutrition is the preferable physiological nutritional route. GER after PEG tube placement is not related to gastric motility. Esophageal hiatus hernia seems to be a major risk factor for GER complications after PEG tube placement.     

Transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy for placement of nasoenteric feeding tubes in patients with severe upper gastrointestinal diseases

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of small‐caliber transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy for the placement of nasoenteric feeding tubes (NET) in patients with severe upper gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. METHODS: Between January 2007 and March 2010, 51 patients underwent transnasal endoscopy for the placement of NET in Peking University Third Hospital. Indications for NET included esophageal stricture or gastric outlet obstruction because of corrosive esophagitis or gastritis, partial obstruction due to malignancy, stenosis in stoma or efferent loop, gastroparesis, metallic stent in upper GI tract, tracheoesophageal fistula, severe acute pancreatitis, anorexia nervosa and intensive care patients. The tubes were endoscopically placed using the guidewire technique. The position of the tube was confirmed by the immediate second endoscopy or abdominal X‐ray. If the initiate placement was not correct, an adjustment or a second placement was conducted immediately. RESULTS: Initial post‐pyloric placement of NET was achieved in 43 of 51 patients (84.3%), but the total success rate reached 98.0% (50/51) after the second placement. The time required for the procedure ranged from 10 to 35 min, with a median time of 20.4 min. Epistaxis occurred in 2 patients. There were no complications of hemorrhage, perforation or aspiration. CONCLUSION: The transnasal endoscopic placement of NET was feasible in patients with upper GI diseases, especially in those with changed anatomy.     

Endoscopic approaches to enteral nutritional support

Enteral is preferred to parenteral nutritional support for acute and chronic diseases because it is more physiological and associated with fewer infection complications. Nasal tube feedings are generally used for 30 days or less and percutaneous access for the longer-term. Feeding by naso-gastric tubes is appropriate for most critically ill patients. However, trans-pyloric feeding is indicated for those with regurgitation and aspiration of gastric feeds. Deep naso-jejunal tube feeding is appropriate for patients with severe acute pancreatitis. There are several methods for endoscopic placement of naso-enteric tubes. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is used for most persons requiring long-term support. Long-term jejunal feeding is most often used for persons with chronic aspiration of gastric feeds, chronic pancreatitis intolerant to eating, or persons in need of concomitant gastric decompression. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with a jejunal tube extension is fraught with tube dysfunction and dislocation. Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tubes may be more robust, but are less commonly performed.     

Palliative percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement for gastrointestinal cancer: Roles,goals, and complications

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement is an invaluable tool in clinical practice that has an important role in the palliative care of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. While there is no extensive data regarding the use of this procedure in patients with gastrointestinal malignancy, inferences can be made from the available information derived from studies of similar or mixed populations. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes can be used to provide enteral nutrition for terminal malignancies of the upper gastrointestinal tract as well as for decompression of malignant obstructions. The rates of successful placement for cancer patients with either of these indications are high, similar to those in mixed populations. There is no conclusive evidence that the procedure will help patients reach nutritional goals for those needing alimental supplementation. However, it is effective at relieving symptoms caused by malignant obstruction. A high American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status score and an advanced tumor stage have been shown to be independent predictors of poor outcomes following placement in cancer patients. This suggests the potential for similar outcomes in the palliative care of patients with advanced stage gastrointestinal cancer who may be in relatively poor physiologic condition. However, this potential should not preclude its use in patients with terminal gastrointestinal cancer considering the high rate of successful tube placement, the possible benefits and the ultimate goal of comfort in palliative care.     

急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血临床分析

目的分析非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床特征。方法回顾分析我院消化内科2009年1月-2011年12月期间收治的经胃镜证实的301例非静脉曲张性上消化道出血病例,分析总结非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的常见病因及临床诊治情况。结果非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的常见病因依次为消化性溃疡、消化道肿瘤、急性胃黏膜病变,内科保守治疗的有效率为96.35%(290/301),内镜下止血成功率93.55%(58/62)。结论消化性溃疡是非静脉曲张性上消化道出血最常见的病因。在消化道出血的救治中,急诊内镜、选择性血管造影以及内外科的紧密配合与协作发挥着重要作用。