丁基苯酞对帕金森模型小鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元数及TH、TNF-α蛋白表达的影响

目的研究丁基苯酞(dl-3n-butylphthalide,NBP)对由MPTP诱导的C57BL/6小鼠帕金森模型中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元数及TH、TNF-α蛋白表达的影响,进一步探讨其保护机制。方法 24只C57BL/6小鼠,随机分成3组:正常对照组,MPTP组,NBP治疗组。MPTP腹腔注射法制备帕金森模型,免疫组织化学法观察中脑黑质TH阳性神经元细胞数,蛋白质印迹法观察中脑黑质TH、TNF-α蛋白含量的变化。结果 (1)与正常对照组比较,MPTP组可见帕金森病小鼠中脑黑质TH阳性神经元明显减少(P0.01);与MPTP组比较,NBP治疗组帕金森病小鼠中脑黑质TH阳性神经元数目明显增加(P0.01);(2)与正常对照组比较,MPTP组帕金森病模型小鼠中脑黑质TH蛋白表达减少(P0.01),而TNF-α蛋白表达增加(P0.05);(3)与MPTP组比较,NBP治疗组帕金森病模型小鼠中脑黑质TH蛋白表达明显增加(P0.01),而TNF-α蛋白表达减少(P0.05)。结论丁基苯酞可能通过提高中脑黑质中TH的含量及减少TNF-α炎性介质表达发挥对MPTP所致C57BL/6小鼠帕金森模型的神经元保护作用。     

PD模型中GDNF与星形胶质细胞对黑质DA能神经元的影响

目的探讨星形胶质细胞和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)在帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)中对多巴胺(dopamine neurons,DA)能神经元损伤的影响。方法成年大鼠右侧前脑侧束注射6羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备PD模型。PD模型右侧黑质内注射GDNF,于注射后第6周采用免疫组织化学方法观察星形胶质细胞神经纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)以及多巴胺能神经元酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylasa,TH)的变化。结果模型组、PBS和GDNF组注射侧与非注射侧星形胶质细胞相比,均发现GFAP阳性细胞明显增多,DA能神经元数量明显减少(P<0.05)。GDNF组与模型组相比,发现GFAP阳性细胞明显增多,同时残存的DA能神经元数量有所增加(P<0.05)。结论黑质内注射GDNF可能通过激活的星形胶质细胞保护PD大鼠模型黑质DA能神经元。     

稳定表达GDNF／EGFP融合基因的骨髓基质干细胞对多巴胺能神经元的保护作用

目的　 构建GDNF基因修饰的骨髓基质干细胞 ,并观察其对多巴胺能神经元的营养支持作用。方法　 应用逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)方法从新生小鼠大脑皮层细胞克隆出GDNFcDNA片段 ,以pEGFP C1为载体导入骨髓基质干细胞 (MSCs) ,制备稳定表达GDNF/EGFP融合基因的MSCs工程细胞 ,用联合培养的技术通过倒置显微镜和免疫组织化学的方法观察MSCs和GDNF基因修饰的MSCs工程细胞与多巴胺能神经元的相互作用。 结果　MSCs和GDNF基因修饰的MSCs工程细胞共培养均能促进多巴胺能神经元的存活和生长 ,MSCs工程细胞作用更强。 结论　 成功构建了GDNF基因修饰的MSCs工程细胞 ,该细胞对多巴胺能神经元有明显营养保护作用 ,在帕金森病治疗中可能有重要价值     

稳定表达GDNF基因的骨髓基质干细胞对多巴胺能神经元的作用

目的 制备胶质细胞源性神经生长因子(GDNF)基因修饰的骨髓基质干细胞(MSCs)，观察其对多巴胺能神经元的作用，探索治疗帕金森氏病的新途径。方法 应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法从新生小鼠大脑皮层细胞克隆出GDNF cDNA片断，以pEGFP-C1为载体导入MSCs，制备稳定表达GDNF基因的MSCs工程细胞，采用联合培养的技术通过倒置显微镜和免疫组织化学的方法观察MSCs和GDNF基因修饰的MSCs工程细胞与多巴胺能神经元之间的相互作用。结果 MSCs和GDNF基因修饰的MSCs工程细胞均能促进多巴胺能神经元的存活和生长，MSCs工程细胞作用更强。结论 成功构建了GDNF基因修饰的MSCs工程细胞，该细胞对多巴胺能神经元有明显营养保护作用，在帕金森病治疗中可能有重要价值。     

慢性间断性缺氧对帕金森病模型小鼠认知功能及海马神经元结构的影响

目的 探讨慢性间断性缺氧对帕金森病模型小鼠认知功能、海马神经元结构及突触素表达水平的影响.方法 采用百草枯腹腔注射联合慢性间断性缺氧制备帕金森病伴睡眠障碍小鼠模型,通过电迷宫和跳台实验评价其学习和记忆能力,HE和Nissl染色观察海马神经元形态及数目变化、免疫组织化学染色检测海马神经元突触素表达水平、电子显微镜观察海马神经元超微结构.结果 与对照组比较,百草枯组、慢性间断性缺氧组及其联合组小鼠学习和记忆成绩显著下降(均P＜ 0.05),电迷宫和跳台实验总反应时间延长、错误反应次数增加;Nissl染色阳性神经元数目减少、突触素表达水平升高.光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察显示,百草桔组、慢性间断性缺氧组及其联合组小鼠海马神经元均有不同程度损害,但以百草枯联合慢性间断性缺氧组最为明显(均P=0.000).结论 慢性间断性缺氧可加重百草枯所致帕金森病模型小鼠的学习和记忆障碍,可能与海马神经元结构损害、突触功能减弱有关.     

GDNF基因修饰的骨髓基质干细胞分泌物对多巴胺能神经元的营养作用

目的:克隆GDNF基因并修饰骨髓基质干细胞,观察该工程细胞分泌物对多巴胺能神经元的营养作用。方法:应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法从新生小鼠大脑皮层细胞克隆出GDNFcDNA片断,以pECPP-Cl为载体导入骨髓基质干细胞,制备稳定表达GDNF基因的MSCs工程细胞,收集并浓缩MSCs和GDNF’基因修饰的MSCs工程细胞的条件培养液,通过MTT、倒置显微镜和免疫组织化学的方法观察MSCs和GDNF基因修饰的MSCs工程细胞分泌物对多巴胺能神经元的营养作用。结果:MSCs和GDNF基因修饰的MSC工程细胞分泌物均能促进多巴胺能神经元的存活和生长,MSCs工程细胞作用更强。结论:成功构建了GDNF基因修饰的MSCs工程细胞,该细胞对多巴胺能神经元有明显营养保护作用,在帕金森病治疗中可能有重要价值。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶1和胶质细胞源性神经生长因子在老龄小鼠LPS-PD模型中的表达特点

目的观察老龄和脂多糖(LPS)刺激二次打击致小鼠PD模型脑组织中组蛋白去乙酰化酶1(Sir T1)和胶质细胞源性神经生长因子(GDNF)的表达水平。方法 C57BL/6小鼠随机分为老年LPS-PD组(n=8)、青年LPS-PD组(n=8)、老年对照组(n=8)、青年对照组(n=8)。PD模型制作:LPS 20μL(1μg·μL~(-1)),两侧鼻孔滴入,隔日1次,共60 d。对照组用等量生理盐水滴鼻。采用动物行为学爬竿实验测定小鼠行为变化。Western blot检测小鼠脑组织中酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、Sir T1和GDNF表达,免疫组织荧光法检测黑质纹状体区TH表达,分析老龄和LPS刺激作用下多巴胺神经元丢失与Sir T1、GDNF表达量的变化。结果与青年对照组比较,老年LPS-PD组爬竿实验时间延长最为显著,TH、GDNF和SirT1表达下降最为显著(P0.01);老年对照组和青年LPS-PD组运动时间显著延长,TH、SirT1表达显著下降(P0.05),Sir T1表达与TH表达呈正相关性。青年LPS-PD组GDNF表达显著高于青年对照组(P0.05)。老龄和LPS二次打击作用均可导致多巴胺神经元显著丢失,运动协调能力下降。脑内GDNF和SirT1表达量随年龄增长而下降,与多巴胺神经元丢失相平行;但青年LPS-PD组GDNF呈代偿性高表达。结论老龄和LPS二次打击下PD模型多巴胺神经元的丢失可能与GDNF和Sir T1神经保护因子表达下降有一定相关性。     

姜黄素对帕金森病小鼠模型黑质多巴胺能神经元损伤的保护作用

目的研究姜黄素对由MPTP诱发的帕金森病小鼠模型的脑保护作用及其可能机制。方法应用免疫组织化学染色法和蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)分别观察姜黄素干预前后帕金森病小鼠中脑黑质-纹状体系统中酪氨酸羟化酶、胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性神经元数目的变化,以及酪氨酸羟化酶、诱导型一氧化氮合酶和胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达水平的变化。结果MPTP组小鼠中脑黑质酪氨酸羟化酶和胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性神经元数目明显减少,与正常对照组及治疗组相比差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。经不同剂量(5mg/kg、50mg/kg和150mg/kg)的姜黄素干预治疗后,小鼠中脑纹状体中的酪氨酸羟化酶蛋白表达水平(相对灰度值)明显升高,而黑质中诱导型一氧化氮合酶和胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达水平明显降低,与MPTP组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);MPTP组与溶剂对照组(MPTP DMSO)之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论姜黄素可以有效地拮抗MPTP诱导的帕金森病小鼠模型黑质多巴胺能神经元的丢失,其机制可能与姜黄素降低黑质多巴胺能神经元活性氧含量以及抑制炎症反应等作用有关。     

帕金森病临床前期小鼠模型的建立

目的建立帕金森病临床前期的小鼠动物模型,了解帕金森病发病前的组织病理学改变,特别是小鼠中脑黑质、纹状体的超微病理及突触数量的变化。方法60只C57Bl/6j小鼠,采用小剂量MPTP多次慢性给药方法(4mg/kg.d)建立帕金森病临床前期小鼠动物模型。通过光学显微镜及电子显微镜观察小鼠黑质及纹状体的超微病理变化;利用色谱分析测定模型小鼠纹状体的多巴胺含量;通过动物爬杆试验(pole test)检测小鼠肢体运动协调的行为学改变。结果鼠脑黑质部分神经细胞变性及纹状体内突触数量减少;各给药组小鼠纹状体内多巴胺的含量均有不同程度的下降,同时各实验组小鼠行为学的定量及定性观察均未出现明显的行为学改变。结论低剂量MPTP慢性给药方式可以建立帕金森病临床前期的小鼠动物模型。该模型的超微形态学、生物化学及动物的行为学等结果可以作为研究帕金森病发病早期的参考指标。     

神经细胞黏附分子在GDNF保护大鼠多巴胺能神经元中的作用

目的研究神经细胞黏附分子(neural cell adhesion molecule,NCAM)在胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)保护帕金森(Parkinson's disease,PD)模型大鼠受损多巴胺(dopamine,DA)能神经元中的作用。方法右侧纹状体内立体定位注射6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备早期PD模型,而后分为4组:对照组(同侧黑质内注射PBS)、NCAM组(同侧黑质内仅注射anti-NCAM抗体)、GDNF组(同侧黑质内注射GDNF)、NCAM阻断组(同侧黑质内注射anti-NCAM抗体30min后注射GDNF),采用免疫组织化学染色技术和免疫印迹技术,观察各组酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)的表达变化。结果GDNF组黑质致密部TH阳性神经元数目及表达的量明显多于PBS组,差别有统计学意义;NCAM阻断组与GDNF组相比,该处TH阳性神经元数目及表达的量明显减少,差别有统计学意义。结论NCAM参与了GDNF保护DA能神经元的作用。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.