Cerebral tumor

<正>209384 Microsurgical treatment of communicative skull base chordoma/Wei Wei(魏伟,Dept Neurosurg,Tianjin Med Univ Gene Hosp,Tianjin 300052)…∥Chin J Urol.-2009,32(2).-98～100Objective To investigate the appropriate surgical approaches and microsurgical resection of communicative skull base chordoma.Methods Twenty two cases of communicative skull base chordomas were microsurgically treated from 1995 to 2005 and followed up.The tumors were removed with extended anterior skull base approach in eigtht cases,with modified Weber-Ferguson(transmaxillary)approach in eigth cases,and with transmandibular approach in six cases.Some cases were resected with combined approaches including pterional aporach in 3 cases,subtemporal-zygomatic approach in 1 case,and suboccipital-retromastoid approach in 2 cases.Results Total,subtotal and partial removal of the tumors were achieved in 10 cases,7 and 5 cases respectively.No patients died and had severe nervous system dysfunction after surgery.However,one had CSF rhinorrhea,one with infection,three with cranial nerve dysfunction.Twenty patients were followed-up with average 3.4 years,12 returned to normal or partial works,5 can take care of themselves,1 needed help,2 died from tumor recurrence.Conclusion The treatment of communicative skull base chordoma is a challenge to neurosurgeon.The key point is the total removal of the tumor with the microsurgical technique and the appropriate approach depends on the location of the tumor.Moreover,skull base reconstruction is also important to avoid the cerebrospinal fluid leak and infection.8 refs.     

Original article： Anterior and middle skull base reconstruction after tumor resection

Background Surgical management of skull base tumors is still challenging today due to its sophisticated operation procedure. Surgeons who specialize in skull base surgery are making endeavor to promote the outcome of patients with skull base tumor. A reliable skull base reconstruction after tumor resection is of paramount importance in avoiding life-threatening complications, such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage and intracranial infection. This study aimed at investigating the indication, operation approach and operation technique of anterior and middle skull base reconstruction. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on 44 patients who underwent anterior and middle skull base reconstruction in the Department of Neurosurgery at Beijing Tiantan Hospital between March 2005 and March 2008. Different surgical approaches were selected according to the different regions involved by the tumor. Microsurgery was carried out for tumor resection and combined endoscopic surgery was performed in some cases. According to the different locations and sizes of various defects after tumor resection, an individualized skull base soft tissue reconstruction was carried out for each case with artificial materials, pedicled flaps, free autologous tissue, and free vascularized muscle flaps, separately. A skull base bone reconstruction was carried out in some cases simultaneously. Results Soft tissue reconstruction was performed in all 44 cases with a fascia lata repair in 9 cases, a free vascularized muscle flap in 1 case, a pedicled muscle flap in 14 cases, and a pedicled periosteal flap in 20 cases. Skull base bone reconstruction was performed on 10 cases simultaneously. The materials for bone reconstruction included titanium mesh, free autogenous bone, and a Medpor implant. The result of skull base reconstruction was satisfactory in all patients. Postoperative early-stage complications occurred in 10 cases with full recovery after conventional treatment. Conclusions The specific characteristics of skull base defects in various regions require different reconstruction materials and methods. The individualized reconstruction based on different skull base defects can achieve satisfactory results.     

Anterior and middle skull base reconstruction after tumor resection

Background  Surgical management of skull base tumors is still challenging today due to its sophisticated operation procedure. Surgeons who specialize in skull base surgery are making endeavor to promote the outcome of patients with skull base tumor. A reliable skull base reconstruction after tumor resection is of paramount importance in avoiding life-threatening complications, such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage and intracranial infection. This study aimed at investigating the indication, operation approach and operation technique of anterior and middle skull base reconstruction.
Methods  A retrospective analysis was carried out on 44 patients who underwent anterior and middle skull base reconstruction in the Department of Neurosurgery at Beijing Tiantan Hospital between March 2005 and March 2008. Different surgical approaches were selected according to the different regions involved by the tumor. Microsurgery was carried out for tumor resection and combined endoscopic surgery was performed in some cases. According to the different locations and sizes of various defects after tumor resection, an individualized skull base soft tissue reconstruction was carried out for each case with artificial materials, pedicled flaps, free autologous tissue, and free vascularized muscle flaps, separately. A skull base bone reconstruction was carried out in some cases simultaneously.
Results  Soft tissue reconstruction was performed in all 44 cases with a fascia lata repair in 9 cases, a free vascularized muscle flap in 1 case, a pedicled muscle flap in 14 cases, and a pedicled periosteal flap in 20 cases. Skull base bone reconstruction was performed on 10 cases simultaneously. The materials for bone reconstruction included titanium mesh, free autogenous bone, and a Medpor implant. The result of skull base reconstruction was satisfactory in all patients. Postoperative early-stage complications occurred in 10 cases with full recovery after conventional treatment.
Conclusions  The specific characteristics of skull base defects in various regions require different reconstruction materials and methods. The individualized reconstruction based on different skull base defects can achieve satisfactory results.

     

Preoperative surgical planning for intracranial meningioma resection by virtual reality

Background  The Dextroscope system by Volume Interactions (Singapore) had been applied to minimally invasive neurosurgery in many units. This system enables the neurosurgeon to interact intuitively with the three-dimensional graphics in a direct manner resembling the way one communicates with the real objects. In the paper, we explored its values in pre-operation surgical planning for intracranial meningiomas resection.

Methods  Brain computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) were performed on 10 patients with parasagittal and falcine meningiomas located on central groove area; brain CT, MRI and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) were performed on 10 patients with anterior skull base meningiomas and 10 patients with sphenoid ridge meningiomas. All these data were transferred to Dextroscope virtual reality system, and reconstructed. Then meningiomas, skull base, brain tissue, drainage vein and cerebral arteries were displayed within the system, and their anatomic relationships were evaluated. Also, the simulation operations were performed.

Results  For parasagittal and falcine meningiomas, the relationships of tumor with drainage vein and superior sagittal sinus were clearly displayed in the Dextroscope system. For anterior skull base and sphenoid ridge meningiomas, the relationships of tumor with bilateral internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, middle cerebral arteries and skull base were vividly displayed within the virtual reality system. Surgical planning and simulation operation of all cases were performed as well. The real operations of all patients were conducted according to the simulation with well outcomes.

Conclusions  According to the virtual reality planning, neurosurgeons could get more anatomic information about meningioma and its surrounding structures, especially important vessels, and choose the best approach for tumor resection, which would lead to better prognosis for patients.

     

Cerebral tumor

Establishment of glioma bank for the molecular biologic research;Experimental study of vaccination with fusions of dendritic cells and C6 glioma cells expressing TGF-beta anti-sense gene in the treatment of intracranial gliomas; Microsurgical treatment of skull base chordoma ; Nerve functional preservation during microsurgical resection of giant cerebellopontine angle meningiomas; Surgical treatment of skull base tumor;Ultrastructure of stereotactic biopsy specimens from peritumoral edema area in astrocytomas;Isolation and study of one novel full-length gene related to human glioma; Application of neuronavigation in resection of intracranial deep tumor;The anesthesia management of meningioma resection under microsurgery;……     

神经内镜下脑脊液鼻漏的鞍底及前颅底手术修补

目的 探讨神经内镜下修补脑脊液鼻漏及颅底重建的方法和技术要点.方法 回顾分析厦门大学附属中山医院神经内镜下脑脊液鼻漏的鞍底和前颅底手术修补26例患者的临床特性、手术治疗特点及随访资料.其中男19例,女7例;平均年龄31.5岁,包括筛窦型6例,蝶窦型14例,混合型6例,无额窦型.结果 本组脑脊液鼻漏包括外伤性17例,鞍区术后6例,鼻内镜术后2例,垂体瘤伽马刀术后1例.全部经单鼻孔神经内镜下手术修补治愈,其中1次手术修补成功22例,占84%,2次手术者4例.术后随访时间6个月～4年,平均2年,未出现复发脑脊液鼻漏和新的神经功能缺失.结论 神经内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补成功的关键在于准确定位漏口,牢靠颅底重建和修补材料的固定及术后持续腰池引流的选择应用.经鼻神经内镜下修补脑脊液鼻漏是一个可靠、有效、微创值得推广的手术方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the methods and techniques of repairing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and reconstructing the defects of skull base under endoscopy. Methods The clinical data of 26 patients undergoing endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea were analyzed retrospectively. There were 19males and 7 females with an average age of 31. 5 years old. Rhinorrhea was classified into 4 types: ethmoidalsinus type (n=6), sphenoid sinus type (n=14) and mixed type (n=6) and frontal sinus type (n=0).Results The causes of rhinorrhea were as follows: traumatic leakage (n=17) , post-operative breakage of saddle area (n=6) , damage after endonasal surgery (n=2) rhinorrhea after γ-knife for pituitary (n=1).All cases were successfully repaired via an endoscopic endonasal approach. Among them, 22 patients were repaired only once while 4 patients with recurrent CSF rhinorrhea were repaired again. The follow-up period was from 6 months to 4 years. And satisfactory outcomes were achieved in all. Conclusion Accurate localization of CSF leakage, reliable reconstruction of skull base, secure fixation of adhesive materials and continuous lumbar CSF drainage are keys surgical techniques. Endoscopic repair of front skull base and saddle bottom of CSF rhinorrhea is a reliable, effective and mini-invasive surgical approach worth further popularization.     

Classification and surgical management of benign biliary strictures

Abstract Objective:To summarize and analyze the causes,types and surgical treatment for benign biliary strictures (BBS),Methods:A total of 568 patients with BBS were diagnosed and treated at our center from 1975 to 1998,Among them,352 were females and the mean age was 48.5,The types of biliary stricture were proposed according to their sites and degrees.The causes of BBS were analyzed and different procedures were performed in relation to the types of strictures.Results:In lines with the classification,all 568 patients were divided into 6 types,that is ,Type I,papillary stricture(n=7);Type IIor Ⅲ,stricture of common bile or hepatic duct with common hepatic duct longer (n=79),or shorter (n=82),than 2 cm respectively;Type IV,Common hepatic duct absence but with intact confluence(n=35);Type V.stricture of the confluence(n=102);and Type VI,Stricture of left of right main intrahepatic duct (n=199);The major causes of BBS were lithiasis(54.58%);operative strictures(44.96%)and postoperatively inflammatory strictures(2.28%).Of 568 patients,546 underwent varied operations,In278 followed patients,excellent results were achieved in 210(75.53%).The mortality rate was 1.69%(9 patients),The incidece rate of complica tions was 14.29%(78 patients).Conclusion:The lithiasis,operative and postoperative inflammatory strictures are 3 major causes of BBS.Different procedures should be used according to the different types of BBS,and bilio-enteric anastomosis is the most common treatment for the cases.     

Transsphenoidal approach to chordoma invading the sphenoid bone and clivuss

Objective To discuss the indication and methods on the surgical treatment of chordoma in volving the sphenoid bone and clivus how to improve the surgical outcome. Methods All patients were treated by transspenoidal approach surgery. Results Subtotal removal in 73.7% , and partial removal in 26.3% . No operative mortality the five-year survival rate was 58 % . Conclusion This aproach is less destructive, less time-concuming, less complications, easy to perform, and adapted to the majority of chordoma invading the sphenoid bone and clivus. Radical surgical removal and postoperative radiotherapy is an efficacious treatment and may prolong disease-free survival. 8 refs,4 figs.     

10 cases of meningioma in skull base clinical report treated by microsurgery

［Abstract］Objective　To summary the experience of microsurgery of meningioma in skull base treatment. Methods　To study the clinical data of 10 cases patients of meningioma in skull base who were subjected to microsurgery by using retrospective analysis. Among the 10 patients,there were 3 cases of meningioma of the olfactory groove. There were 2 cases of sphenoid ridge meningioma,meningioma in the middle cranial fossa, meningioma in the cerebellopontine angle respectively．There was 1 case of meningioma of velarium in temporal lobe. Results　In 7 cases, the meningioma was completely removed. And in another 3 cases, the meningioma got subtotal resection. During and after the operation, there were no severe complications observed or death occurrence in all the 10 cases of meningioma patients. Two months post of operation,all patients got a significant amelioration in their symptoms. A total of 9 cases were followed up. There was 1 case of IIa type meningioma recurred. Conclusion:     

The diagnosis and treatment of phyllodes tumor of the breats: report of 14 cases

Objective To evaluate the potential prognostic factors, and to better define appropriate treatment strategies for patients with phyllodes tumor of the breast. Methods Fourteen patients treated primarily for phyllodes tumor of the breast were reviewed retrospectively. Results The median age was 35 years. According to the histologic criteria of WHO .there were 5 benign cases (36 %), 5 borderline cases (36 %), and 4 malignant cases (29 %). Seven patients underwent local excision, 4 cases did simple mastectomy, and 3 cases did modified radical mastectomy. Follow-up was obtained for 11 cases, with an average of 19 months. One patients died from metastasis 2 years after a modified radical mastectomy. Three patients treated by local excision presented local recurrence. Conclusion The outcome of phyllodes tumor appears to be determined by the biology of the tumor rather than by treatment modality. A wide local excision, with an adequate margin of normal breast tissue is the preferred initial therapy for phyllod     

扩大的经前颅底入路切除蝶筛窦及斜坡区肿瘤

目的：探讨采用扩大的经前颅底入路切除蝶筛窦及侵犯斜坡区肿瘤的临床应用。方法：自19997年6月至2001年3月采用该入路切除蝶筛窦及斜坡区肿瘤26例,其中肿瘤位于筛板8例,筛蝶窦8例,鼻筛窦5例,蝶斜坡区5例。结果：26例中肿瘤全切除17例,次全切除7例,大部分切除2例。术后发生并发症8例。结论：该入路可充分暴露病变,术野开阔,对脑组织损伤小,适合作蝶筛窦区及侵犯斜坡肿瘤的手术方法。     

经鼻内窥镜脑脊液鼻漏及脑膜脑膨出手术13例

目的：探讨经鼻内窦镜脑脊液鼻漏及脑膜脑膨出手术的有效性。方法：回顾性研究13例脑脊液鼻漏及脑膜脑膨出的诊断及治疗。结果；13例患者中颅底缺损位于筛顶及额隐窝5例，蝶窦4例，筛板4例。13例中脑膜脑膨出4例，其中3例有外伤史，1例为先天性。经鼻内窥镜手术后随访6-27mo，11例（84.6％）无复发。1例术后10d抽取碘纺纱条时复发，另1例碟窦非霍杰金氏淋巴瘤术后3mo化疗时复发。无手术并发症。结论：经鼻内窥镜手术直视下切除脑膜膨出组织，修补漏口，避免开颅，是治疗脑脊液鼻漏及鼻内脑膜脑脑膨出的理想手术方法。     

颅底内外沟通性肿瘤的手术治疗

前、中颅底内外沟通性肿瘤22例,均经CT和脑血管造影确诊,手术全切除17例,次全切除5例,无手术死亡。随访4个月～3年,显效9例,进步4例,改善4例,恶化2例。作者强调手术应根据肿瘤所侵袭的范围和蔓延方向采用不同的入路,以充分显露,尽可能全切除肿瘤。生物粘合剂和明胶海绵对修补硬脑膜以及重建颅底有效。     

影响鞍区脑膜瘤全切除的局部病理因素

用显微外科技术连续切除鞍上与鞍旁区脑膜瘤３８例，术中着生观察了肿瘤附着部位、肿瘤颅底侵犯与颅底外生长、颅内扩展部位及对邻近结构的影响。３１例（８１．６％）获肿瘤全切除，余获次全或大部切除，无死亡。本资料表明，肿瘤直接包裹脑底动脉，侵蚀海绵窦、眶上裂、视神经孔与蝶骨体等结构是影响肿瘤全切除或根治的主要因素。     

颅底肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的：为了进一步探讨用显微外科治疗的方法治疗颅底肿瘤的·临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2007年2月至2012年2月期间进入我院治疗的颅底肿瘤患者55例的病例资料，所有患者用显微外科方法进行治疗，讨论了对颅底肿瘤的确诊方法和治疗方法，治疗后统计患者的手术入路选择和术后并发症情况，最后根据颅神经功能损伤的恢复情况计算治疗有效率，以此评价显微外科治疗颅底肿瘤的临床疗效。结果：55例患者中，术后颅内水肿者1例，皮下积液者3例，脑水肿者2例，脑积水2例，颅神经功能恢复者28例，症状明显改善者17例，失败10例，总有效率（症状恢复者和改善者均计为有效）为81．8％。结论：显微外科治疗的方法治疗颅底肿瘤具有满意的临床疗效。     

嗅神经母细胞瘤的MRI诊断价值

目的 :探讨 MRI在嗅神经母细胞瘤的诊断和分期中的价值。方法 :回顾性分析 4例经手术病理证实的嗅神经母细胞瘤的 MRI表现。扫描序列为 SE序列 ,且均行 Gd- DTPA增强扫描。结果 :按 Kadish分期标准 :本组 4例均为 C期 ,侵犯范围为鼻腔 4例 ,同侧筛窦及眼眶均受侵犯 2例 ,蝶窦、上颌窦和前颅窝均受侵 1例 ,眼眶及前颅窝均受侵者 1例。 MRI、T1 加权像呈低、中等信号 ,T2 加权像呈中等、高信号 ,病灶强化均匀或不均匀。结论 :MR扫描可界定嗅神经母细胞瘤的侵犯范围 ,冠状面扫描有助于显示眶内、颅内病变 ,必不可少。 MR扫描有利于肿瘤的 Kadish分期 ,从而指导临床制定合理的治疗方案。     

海绵窦非脑膜瘤性肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨海绵窦非脑膜瘤性肿瘤的鉴别诊断和手术疗效。方法回顾性分析了67例海绵窦区非脑膜瘤性肿瘤的临床表现、诊断与鉴别诊断、手术方式和疗效。67例患者中男32例,女35例,平均年龄(41±16)岁。主要临床表现有:颅神经症状47例(70.1%),内分泌症状11例(16.4%),眼痛9例(13.6%),突眼7例(10.6%),肢体乏力5例(7.5%),头痛、头昏、嗜睡、颞叶癫痫各4例(6.0%),鼻衄1例(1.5%)。所有患者术前均行CT或MRI检查,26例患者术前行数字减影血管造影检查及球囊阻塞试验。所有患者均行手术治疗。手术采用眶-颧-翼点开颅,其中以硬膜下入路手术者20例,硬膜外入路手术者33例,硬膜外与硬膜下入路相结合手术者14例。结果通过硬膜下入路手术者全切8例,次全切除者7例,大部切除者5例,分别占此组病例的40%、35%、25%。通过硬膜外手术者肿瘤全切除27例,次全切除1例,大部切除5例,分别占此组病例的81.8%、3.0%、15.2%。硬膜外与硬膜下入路相结合者(主要为侵袭性垂体瘤与哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤)14例,其中全切除10例(71.4%),次全切除4例(28.6%)。术后随访6个月至10年,原有的神经系统症状有所恢复者39例(58.2%)。加重或新出现的神经系统症状主要为三叉神经麻痹16例(23.8%)、动眼神经麻痹13例(19.4%)及外展神经麻痹9例(13.4%)。结论根据不同的肿瘤类型及肿瘤的生长方式,选择扩大中颅底硬膜外入路,或结合硬膜下入路,可在最大限度切除肿瘤的同时,保护颅神经的功能,获得良好的手术效果。     

颅骨巨细胞瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨颅骨巨细胞瘤的诊断及显微外科治疗.方法 回顾分析首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院从2000年7月至2008年11月收治的23例经手术和病理证实的颅骨巨细胞瘤的临床特点、手术入路及预后.结果 头痛(86.96%)是最常见临床表现,还有第Ⅱ~Ⅻ颅神经受累的症状,平均病程29.3个月,术前Karnofsky生活质量评分(Karnofsky performance scale,KPS)平均76±6.10例位于蝶骨,9例位于颞骨,3例位于后颅窝,1例位于额部.全切除6例、近全切除10例、大部切除7例,无手术死亡.随访到18例患者(78.26%),平均随访35.5个月,所有患者均正常生活.结论 颅骨巨细胞瘤是一种低度恶性肿瘤,对骨骼局部有侵袭性,多见于蝶骨及颞骨,手术是首选的治疗方法,局部复发率及预后与手术切除程度有关,术后放疗的效果不肯定.     

颅底脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的：总结颅底脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗经验．方法回顾分析显微镜直视下手术切除10例颅底脑膜瘤的临床资料,其中嗅沟脑膜瘤3例,蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤、中颅窝底脑膜瘤、桥小脑角脑膜瘤各2例,颞叶天摹脑膜瘤1例．结果肿瘤全切除7例,次全切除3例．无严重并发症或死亡病例．术后2个月全部病人症状改善．9例获随访、2a脑膜瘤复发1例．结论选择好手术入路和运用好显微外科技术可以提高颅底脑膜瘤的全切率,降低死亡率．     

经鼻内窥镜下颅底外侧肿瘤切除术的配合

目的探讨经鼻内窥镜下切除颅底外侧肿瘤术中配合及术后护理问题。方法总结分析32例颅底外侧肿瘤鼻内窥镜下肿瘤切除术,术前准备以及术中、术后的配合问题。结果32例脑颅底外侧肿瘤患者全部顺利完成手术,护士与术者之间配合协调,有效地促进了手术顺利进行。结论医生熟练的鼻内窥镜操作技术和默契的护理配合是经鼻内窥镜下切除颅底外侧肿瘤术取得成功的关键。