膝关节多发韧带损伤的修复与重建

目的 探讨关节镜下重建膝关节前十字韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)、后十字韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)、后内侧韧带结构(posteromedial complex,PMC)或后外侧韧带结构(posterolateral complex,PLC)损伤的疗效.方法 2005年3月至2007年5月,43例膝关节多发韧带损伤患者采用异体肌腱于关节镜下重建ACL和PCL,同期重建增强PMC或PLC损伤.其中24例行ACL和PCL重建+PMC重建,19例行ACL和PCL重建+PLC重建.根据国际膝关节文献委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)评分和Lysholm膝关节功能评分表对患膝功能进行评估.结果 全部患者随访24～48个月,平均(33.10±9.65)个月.患者在0°和20°应力测试时稳定性均完全恢复.IKDC评分入院时均为显著异常(D级),术后随访时正常(A级)29例(67%,29/43)、接近正常(B级)11例(26%,11/43)、异常(C级)3例(7%,3/43).患者术前Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(46.7±4.2)分,末次随访时为(89.6±2.8)分,差异有统计学意义(t=8.563,P＜0.01).结论 膝关节多发韧带损伤可于关节镜下行ACL和PCL联合重建,同期行关节外韧带结构修复增强,能有效恢复关节功能,治疗效果满意.

Abstract：

Objective To describe the surgical technique and outcomes of arthroscopic reconstruction anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and repair of the injured posteromedial complex (PMC) or posterolateral complex (PLC) structures of the knee joint in treatment of multiple ligaments injuries of knee. Methods From March 2005 to May 2007, 43 patients with multiple ligaments injuries of knee underwent arthroscopic reconstruction. Twenty-four patients were treated with arthroscopic reconstruction of combined ACL and PCL with allograft tendons and augmentation of PMC. The other 19 patients were treated with repair the PLC in addition to reconstruction of ACL and PCL. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm knee score were used for function evaluation. Results All patients were followed up for 24 to 48 months with an average of 33.10±9.65 months. The stability recovered when stress was applied to the knee at 0° and 20° of flexion. According to IKDC there was a significant improvement from severely abnormal (graded D) in 43 cases before surgery to normal (graded A) in 29 cases (67%), nearly normal (graded B) 11 cases (26%) and abnormal (graded C) 3 cases (7%) at follow-up. The average Lysholm score of the all cases were 46.7±4.2 and 89.6±2.8 before operation and at final follow-up, respectively (t=8.563, P＜0.01). Conclusion Excellence clinical results and good stability were achieved with arthrescopic reconstruction of ACL and PCL combined with repair or augmentation of the PMC and PLC simultaneously.     

A follow-up study of arthroscopic combined reconstruction of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments with allograft patellar tendon

Objective： To evaluate the therapeutic effect of combined reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament （ ACL ） and posterior cruciate ligament （ PCL ） simultaneously by using allograft patellar tendon under arthroscopy. Methods： From May 2003 to November 2005, 10 cases of ruptured ACL and PCL were fixated with compressed screws and reconstructed under arthroscopy with allograft patellar tendon simultaneously. The clinical results were evaluated according to IKDC, Lysholm, and Tegner clinical rating scales. Results. All patients were followed up for 12-30 months （mean： 18 months ）. At the last follow-up, there was no knee extension limitation and knee flexion was between 120° and 135°, with an average of 128.38°. The Lysholm score of the 10 cases was 66. 5 ± 5. 6 before operation and 89.8 ± 3.4 at last follow up. The difference was statistically significant （ P 〈 0.01 ）. The average Tegner activity score decreased from 6.9 ± 1.7 （ range ： 4-9 ） before injury to 5.5 ± 1. 6 （rang： 2-9） at the follow-up （P=0.53）. At the end of follow-up, IKDC score was graded as A in 4 cases （40.0 % ）, B in 5 （50.0 % ）, and C in 1 （10.0%）. Of the 10 patients, 8 returned to the same sports level as before injury and 2 were under the level. Conclusion. Arthroscopic combined reconstruction of ACL and PCL with allograft patellar tendon has the advantages of minimal trauma in surgery and reliable satisfactory outcome.     

异体胫前肌腱"Y"形双束双隧道重建后十字韧带的疗效分析

Objective To investigate the clinical results of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction by double bundle-double tunnel Y-shape of the anterior tibialis tendon allograft. Methods From March 2001 to January 2008, 47 patients underwent PCL reconstruction were included. The allogeneic adult anterior tibialis tendon was prepared into the Y-shape double bundles with the length of 130 mm; A bundle was defined as A-side; B-side was two short bundle (B1, B2 bundle). A bundle was 70 mm in length with a diameter of 10-12 mm. B1 bundle (anterolateral bundle) was 55 mm long with a diameter of 6 mm; B2 bundle(posteromedial bundle) was about 50 mm with a diameter of 6 mm. The allograft ligament was installed through the antero-medial approach. Absorbable interface screws were fixed in the tibial tunnel firstly, and then in the femoral tundles. When being fixed, anterolateral bundle was in flexion of 90°, postero-medial bundle was in 30°. Assisted exercise with knee an angle-locked walking aid had continued for 8-10 weeks. Results The average operating time were 45 min. The average follow-up time was 49.5 months. Preoperative Lachmann was positive in all cases while Lachmann was negative in 39 cases, weakly positive in 5 cases, and positive in 4 cases postoperatively. Post-operative KT-1000 testing, Lysholm score and Tegner activity levels has improved significantly compare with the pre-operative ones. Conclusion The double folded bundles of adult anterior tibialis tendon has sufficient length and diameter for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with power tension. The methods of ligament passing through the tunnel has improved to ease the procedure.     

异体胫前肌腱"Y"形双束双隧道重建后十字韧带的疗效分析

Objective To investigate the clinical results of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction by double bundle-double tunnel Y-shape of the anterior tibialis tendon allograft. Methods From March 2001 to January 2008, 47 patients underwent PCL reconstruction were included. The allogeneic adult anterior tibialis tendon was prepared into the Y-shape double bundles with the length of 130 mm; A bundle was defined as A-side; B-side was two short bundle (B1, B2 bundle). A bundle was 70 mm in length with a diameter of 10-12 mm. B1 bundle (anterolateral bundle) was 55 mm long with a diameter of 6 mm; B2 bundle(posteromedial bundle) was about 50 mm with a diameter of 6 mm. The allograft ligament was installed through the antero-medial approach. Absorbable interface screws were fixed in the tibial tunnel firstly, and then in the femoral tundles. When being fixed, anterolateral bundle was in flexion of 90°, postero-medial bundle was in 30°. Assisted exercise with knee an angle-locked walking aid had continued for 8-10 weeks. Results The average operating time were 45 min. The average follow-up time was 49.5 months. Preoperative Lachmann was positive in all cases while Lachmann was negative in 39 cases, weakly positive in 5 cases, and positive in 4 cases postoperatively. Post-operative KT-1000 testing, Lysholm score and Tegner activity levels has improved significantly compare with the pre-operative ones. Conclusion The double folded bundles of adult anterior tibialis tendon has sufficient length and diameter for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with power tension. The methods of ligament passing through the tunnel has improved to ease the procedure.     

Histological comparison of after reconstruction of fate of ligamentous insertion anterior cruciate ligament： autograft vs allograft

Objective ：To analyze the histological results and the biological remodeling of ligamentous insertion after the reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament （ ACL ） with autograft or allograft tendon. Methods： Extensor digitorum tendon was harvested from hind limb as graft material and transplanted to reconstruct the resected ACL in 12 mongrel dogs. Each free tendon end was secured by holding sutures and then the sutures were tied to the post screw at the femoral and tibial bony tunnel outlet after transplantation respectively. Autograft was randomly performed on one side of knee while allograft on the other side of knee. After transplantation, the histological analysis was undertaken at the 6th, 12th weeks and the 6th month using hematoxylineosin （HE） stain under light microscope. Results： The insertion structure of normal ACL typically consisted of four layers, i. e. , dense connective tissue, fibrocartilage, mineralized fibrocartilage and bone. There was a distinct regular tidemark line between fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage. At the 6th week postoperatively, loose connective tissue presented in the interspace between graft and bony tunnel wall in both autograft and allograft groups. At the 12th week postoperatively, the collagenons fibers between autograft and tunnel wall became well organized and the four layers of insertion with discontinuous tidemark line were demonstrated indistinctly in autograft group but not in allograft group. At the 6th month postoperatively, both of a clear and continuous tidemark line and distinct four layers could be seen in autograft group. In allograft group, only a waved discontinuous tidemark line was shown and either the anatomic morphology or the maturity of insertion was inferior to that of autograft group. Conclusions： At the 6th month postoperatively, although the ligament-eartilage insertion is primarily formed after ACL reconstruction with autograft or allograft tendon, the histological morphology and the maturation of insertion of autograft tendon are better than those of allograft group, which suggests that postoperative rehabilitation should be paid more attention and could be safer if little delayed during ACL reconstruction with allograft tendon.     

Histological comparison of fate of ligamentous insertion after reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament: autograft vs allograft

Objective: To analyze the histological results and the biological remodeling of ligamentous insertion after the reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL) with autograft or allograft tendon. Methods: Extensor digitorum tendon was harvested from hind limb as graft material and transplanted to reconstruct the resected ACL in 12 mongrel dogs. Each free tendon end was secured by holding sutures and then the sutures were tied to the post screw at the femoral and tibial bony tunnel outlet after transplantation respectively. Autograft was randomly performed on one side of knee while allograft on the other side of knee. After transplantation, the histological analysis was undertaken at the 6th, 12th weeks and the 6th month using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stain under light microscope. Results: The insertion structure of normal ACL typically consisted of four layers, i. e. , dense connective tissue, fibrocartilage, mineralized fibrocartilage and bone. There was a distinct regular tidemark line between fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage. At the 6th week postoperativcly, loose connective tissue presented in the interspace between graft and bony tunnel wall in both autograft and allograft groups. At the 12th week postoperatively, the collagenous fibers between autograft and tunnel wall became well organized and the four layers of insertion with discontinuous tidemark line were demonstrated indistinctly in autograft group but not in allograft group. At the 6th month postoperatively, both of a clear and continuous tidemark line and distinct four layers could be seen in autograft group. In allograft group, only a waved discontinuous tidemark line was shown and either the anatomic morphology or the maturity of insertion was inferior to that of autograft group. Conclusions: At the 6th month postoperatively, although the ligament-cartilage insertion is primarily formed after ACL reconstruction with autograft or allograft tendon, the histological morphology and the maturation of insertion of autograft tendon are better than those of allograft group, which suggests that postoperative rehabilitation should be paid more attention and could be safer if little delayed during ACL reconstruction with allograft tendon.     

全关节镜下膝关节后外复合体重建

目的 介绍全关节镜下腘肌腱重建、腘肌腱联合腘腓韧带重建或膝关节后外复合体(posterolateral corner,PLC)解剖重建的手术技术,探讨全关节镜下PLC重建治疗膝关节后外不稳定的效果.方法 2008年8月至2010年4月,共完成全关节镜下后十字韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)+PLC重建手术34例.患者在接受手术时平均年龄34.1岁(15～52岁);男32例,女2例;从受伤到手术平均10.7个月.所有病例均为陈旧性损伤,且均为复合韧带损伤.所有PCL损伤的病例都存在PLC损伤.合并前十字韧带损伤6例(17.6%),合并前十字韧带、内侧副韧带损伤2例(5.9%),合并内侧副韧带损伤5例(14.7%).对膝关节PLC损伤进行分型,采用不同的重建技术进行治疗.对于A型旋转不稳定,采用全关节镜下腘肌腱重建、腘肌腱联合腘腓韧带重建;对于C型后外不稳定,采用全关节镜下PLC解剖重建.结果 14例患者获得随访并进行二次关节镜检查,平均随访18.5个月(13～25个月).终末随访包括:膝关节查体、KT-1000测量、膝关节应力像和胫骨外旋稳定性.使用膝关节应力像测量胫骨后移程度,胫骨后移由术前平均15.56mm减少为术后5.16mm,手术前后差异有统计学意义.使用屈膝30°位胫骨外旋试验评估膝关节后外旋转不稳定.对比患侧与健侧胫骨外旋的差值,由术前平均14.92°减小为术后-0.22°,手术前后差异有统计学意义.术后患者平均屈曲受限4.23°,无伸膝受限.结论 对于膝关节PLC损伤导致的不稳定,采用全关节镜下PLC重建的手术技术,能够有效恢复膝关节后外旋转不稳定.这种手术技术能够与PCL重建联合应用.

Abstract：

Objectiye To introduce the surgical technique of arthroscopy assisted anatomical posterolateral corner (PLC) reconstruction,including popliteal ligament,popliteofibular ligament and lateral collateral ligament,and evaluate the results of this technique.Methods From August 2008 to April 2010,34arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and PLC reconstruction surgeries were performed.The average age of the patients was 34.1 (15-52) years.There were 32 males and 2 females.The average time period from injury to surgery was 10.7 months.All patients were chronic injuries and combined ligament injuries,including PCL and PLC injuries.Some cases had other ligament injury,including 6 patients of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury (17.6%),2 of ACL combined medial cruciate ligament (MCL) injuries (5.9%),and 5 of MCL injuries (14.7%).According to Fanellis classification,for type A posterolateral rotation instability,we performed arthroscopic popliteal ligament reconstruction or popliteal ligament combined popliteofibular ligament reconstruction.For type C posterolateral instability,we performed arthroscopic PLC anatomical reconstruction.Results During the follow-up period,14 patients had undergone a second look arthroscopic examination and removal of hardware.The average follow-up time was 18.5 months (13-25 months).At the final follow-up,physical examination,stability evaluation with KT-1000 and Telos stress view,and dial test were performed.The posterior displacement of the knee had decreased from 15.56 mm preoperatively to 5.16mm postoperatively.The external rotation instability had decreased from 14.92° preoperatively to -0.22°postoperatively.The average limitation of knee flexion was 4.23° and no knee extension was limited.Conclusion With the surgical technique of arthroscopy assisted anatomical PLC reconstruction,we can restore the external rotation stability of knee.This technique can be performed combine with PCL reconstruction.     

Akagi胫骨前后轴在全膝关节置换术中的定位作用

Objective To investigate the relationship between tibial anteroposterior axis and other anatomic landmarks in determining the rotation of tibial prosthesis in total knee arthroplasty using computed tomography. Methods Transverse CT scans of 40 volunteers' right knee in full extension were made. The anteroposterior axis of the tibia was defined as a line which was perpendicular to the transepicondylar axis and passing through the middle point of the posterior crnciate ligament. At the tibial plateau and optimum re-section level, the mean medial percentage width of intersection point of the patellar tendon anti the antero-posterior axis was measured. The mean angle between the anteroposterior axis and a line connecting the middle of the posterior cruciate ligament and the medial of the patellar tendon and the medial 1/3 of the patellar tendon were measured. Results At the tibial plateau level, the mean medial percentage width of intersection point of the patellar tendon was 10.1%±8.3%. At the optimum resection level, the mean medial percentage width of intersection point of the patellar tendon was 0.2%±10.0%. At the optimum resection lev-el, the mean angle between the anteroposterior axis and a line connecting the middle of the posterior cruciate ligament and the medial of the patellar tendon was 0.1°±2.7°. The mean angle between the anteroposterior axis and a line connecting the middle of the posterior cruciate ligament anti the medial 1/3 of the patellar tendon was 10.3°±3.6°. Conclusion There was a tendency to align the tibial component in external rotation relative to the femoral component when the medial 1/3 of the patellar tendon was used. The line connecting the middle of the posterior cruciate ligament and the medial of the patellar tendon can be used as a reliable axis for correct rotational orientation of the tibial component.     

Anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the early results of anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and compare with the results of native ACL of the contralateral knee.M...     

Multiple-ligament injured knee

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristic of the multiple-ligament injured knee and evaluate the protocol, technique and outcome of treatment for the multipleligament injured knee. Methods: From October 2001 to March 2005, 9 knees with combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tears in 9 patients were identified with clinical and arthroscopic examinations. Of them, 5 knees were combined with ruptures of posteromedial corner (PMC) and medial collateral ligament (MCL), 4 with disruptions of posterolateral corner (PLC), 2 with popliteal vascular injuries and 1 with peroneal nerve injuries. Six patients were hospitalized in acute phase of trauma,2 received repairs of popliteal artery and 4 had repairs of PMC and MCL. Reconstructions of ACL and PCL with autografts under arthroscope were performed in all patients at 4 to 10 weeks after trauma, including reconstruction of PLC with the posterior half of biceps femoris tendon tenodesis in 4 patients and reconstructions of PMC and MCL with femoral fascia in 1 patient. Results: No severe complications occurred at early stage after operation in the 9 patients. All of them were followed up for 10-39 months with an average of 23. 00 months±9. 46 months. Lysholm score was 70-95 with an average of 85.00±8.29. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score was from severely abnormal (Grade D) in 9 knees at initial examination to normal (Grade A) in 2 knees, nearly normal (Grade B) in 6 knees and abnormal in 1 knee at the last follow-up. Of the 9 patients, 7 returned to the same activity level before injury and 2 were under the level. Conclusions:The multiple-ligament injured knee with severe instability is usually combined with other important structure damages. Therefore, careful assessment and treatment of the combined injuries are essential. Reconstructions of ACL and PCL under arthroscope, combined with repairs or reconstructions of the extraarticular ligaments simultaneously or in stages, have advantage of minimal trauma in surgery and satisfactory outcome.     

Editorial Commentary: The Pivot Shift and Lachman Examinations: Teammates With Distinct Roles

The pivot shift and Lachman examinations are “teammates” with complementary but distinct roles in the successful diagnosis and treatment of anterior cruciate ligament rupture and injury to the surrounding soft-tissue envelope of the knee. The Lachman test measures anterior tibial translation in response to an applied anterior tibial load. This test assesses the integrity of the native or reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament and the secondary medial restraints including the medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament. In contrast, the pivot shift exam creates coupled tibiofemoral motions in response to a complex combination of multiplanar loads. This test assesses the stabilizing role of the native or reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament and the secondary lateral restraints including the lateral meniscus and anterolateral complex. The pivot shift grade depends not only on the soft the tissue stabilizers of the knee but also on the shape of the proximal tibia and the distal femur including lateral tibial slope and femoral condylar offset. Both examinations have unique strengths and weaknesses, but when combined as diagnostic tools, they achieve far more collectively than what each can achieve alone.     

Meniscal transplantation in the human knee: a preliminary report

Meniscectomy can result in degenerative disease, with younger patients developing problems in middle age (1). In addition, loss of a major portion of a medical meniscus may increase instability in an anterior cruciate deficient knee (2). For these two reasons, it is theoretically desirable to transplant menisci in selected patients. In this paper, six patients who underwent allograft transplantation of a meniscus (four medial and two lateral) are presented to demonstrate the apparent success of the operative procedure. Follow-up extends from 24 to 44 months, June 1986 to March 1988. All patients are free of episodes of locking. Four have undergone arthroscopy, which demonstrated healing of the meniscus and no evidence of shrinkage. KT 1,000 values returned to normal in four cases, with concomitant reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It is hoped that meniscal transplantation will offset the development of degenerative changes; however, this supposition will remain unproven for decades. Meniscal transplantation seemed to improve stability in the knees undergoing ACL reconstruction. Arthroscopy performed after transplantation revealed that healing does indeed occur. There was no evidence of rejection, confirming the feeling that meniscal tissue is "immunologically privileged." Meniscal transplantation is offered as an adjunct to other reconstructive procedures in cases of meniscal deficient knees.     

自体与γ射线照射和非照射异体骨-髌腱-骨重建前十字韧带的比较研究

目的 比较自体与γ射线照射和非照射异体骨-髌腱-骨(bone patellar tendon bone,B-PT-B)重建膝关节前十字韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的临床疗效.方法 107例ACL断裂患者随机分为三组:36例采用自体B-PT-B(自体组),36例采用深低温冷冻保存异体B-PT-B(异体组),35例采用γ射线照射深低温冷冻保存异体B-PT-B(γ射线组).由同一术者采用标准关节镜技术完成ACL重建.结果 自体组(36例)平均随访39.5个月、异体组(34例)36.3个月、γ射线组(33例)37.6个月.(1)自体组术中髌骨骨折1例、术后膝前痛2例,异体组出现迟发感染1例.自体组手术时间较异体组、γ射线组长,术后发热天数较异体组、γ射线组短.(2)自体组、异体组轴移试验、Lachman试验或前抽屉试验及KT-2000检测结果 的差异无统计学意义,与γ射线组比较差异均有统计学意义.γ射线组ACL重建失败率(36%)高于自体组(8%)、异体组(9%).三组Daniel单腿水平跳跃试验、IKDC评分及Lysholm-Tegner运动水平评分的差异无统计学意义.结论 深低温冷冻异体与自体B-PT-B重建ACL短期疗效接近.经γ射线照射后异体B-PT-B重建ACL的膝关节前后及旋转稳定性均降低.     

自体与γ射线照射和非照射异体骨-髌腱-骨重建前十字韧带的比较研究

目的 比较自体与γ射线照射和非照射异体骨-髌腱-骨(bone patellar tendon bone,B-PT-B)重建膝关节前十字韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的临床疗效.方法 107例ACL断裂患者随机分为三组:36例采用自体B-PT-B(自体组),36例采用深低温冷冻保存异体B-PT-B(异体组),35例采用γ射线照射深低温冷冻保存异体B-PT-B(γ射线组).由同一术者采用标准关节镜技术完成ACL重建.结果 自体组(36例)平均随访39.5个月、异体组(34例)36.3个月、γ射线组(33例)37.6个月.(1)自体组术中髌骨骨折1例、术后膝前痛2例,异体组出现迟发感染1例.自体组手术时间较异体组、γ射线组长,术后发热天数较异体组、γ射线组短.(2)自体组、异体组轴移试验、Lachman试验或前抽屉试验及KT-2000检测结果 的差异无统计学意义,与γ射线组比较差异均有统计学意义.γ射线组ACL重建失败率(36%)高于自体组(8%)、异体组(9%).三组Daniel单腿水平跳跃试验、IKDC评分及Lysholm-Tegner运动水平评分的差异无统计学意义.结论 深低温冷冻异体与自体B-PT-B重建ACL短期疗效接近.经γ射线照射后异体B-PT-B重建ACL的膝关节前后及旋转稳定性均降低.     

胫骨-股骨单隧道双束解剖重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨胫骨-股骨单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的近期临床效果。方法对本组2009年4月至2011年4月收治的46例ACL损伤患者进行胫骨-股骨单隧道双束解剖重建ACL,先后钻取胫骨、股骨隧道,屈膝120。由前内侧入路建立股骨隧道,之后引入双束同种异体肌腱（或自体肌腱）,肌腱胫骨端、股骨端（沿肌腱间打入钉鞘形成双束）固定,术后随访,按照IKDC和Lysholm膝关节评分标准评价疗效。结果所有患者均获得1年以上随访。最后随访时,所有患者前抽屉试验阴性,45例患者（97．8％）Lachman试验阴性,1例患者Lachman试验I度阳性。KT-1000检查显示双侧膝关节前向松弛度差值平均为（-0．47±1．39）mm,手术前后有统计学差异（t=36．07,P〈0．01）;其中30例（65．2％）〈0mm,即患侧关节稳定度高于健侧;15例（32．6％）为0～2mm;1例（2．1％）〉2mm。所有患者轴移试验检查均为阴性。活动度检查发现42例伸屈活动度均正常,1例有5。屈膝欠缺,1例患者有10。屈膝欠缺,2例有5。过伸欠缺。从膝关节稳定性方面分析,45例（97．8％）IKDC评级为正常,1例（2．2％）评级为接近正常。综合分析,44例（95．7％）IKDC评级正常,2例（4．3％）为接近正常。术后IKDC膝关节主观评分为（94．9±3．7）分,Lysholm评分为（93．71±3．3）分。受伤前Tegner评分平均为7．3分,最后随访时为6．9分。结论对膝关节ACL断裂患者施行胫骨一股骨单隧道双束解剖重建,能够建立具有高度稳定性的膝关节,使所有患者获得IKDC评级正常或者接近正常的结果。     

骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束前交叉韧带重建的中期疗效观察

背景：骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带（ACL）已被生物力学研究证实能够很好地恢复膝关节稳定性,短期随访效果明确,但缺乏中远期的临床随访观察研究。 目的：探讨关节镜下同种异体胫前肌腱骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束重建ACL的中期临床疗效。 方法：本组40例,均为男性,年龄18~35岁,平均（26.3±8.7）岁。均行关节镜下骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束同种异体胫前肌腱重建,并进行术后随访。采用IKDC评分、Lysholm膝关节功能评分,并进行麦氏征试验、抽屉试验、Lachman试验及轴移试验比较患者术前和术后的膝关节功能恢复情况和评分。 结果：40例全部获得随访,随访时间为24~48个月,平均（36.5±12.5）个月。术前麦氏征阳性8例,抽屉试验阳性27例, Lachman试验及轴移试验40例均阳性。术后上述4项试验均为阴性。术前后IKDC评分与Lysholm膝关节功能评分,均有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。 结论：关节镜下同种异体胫前肌腱骨道内移植物更合理分布的单隧道单束重建ACL的中期疗效满意。     

经胫骨隧道悬吊固定治疗半月板后根部撕脱损伤

目的观察关节镜下经胫骨隧道拉出悬吊固定技术治疗半月板后根部撕脱损伤的临床效果。 方法自2014年9月至2017年12月,对20例前交叉韧带损伤伴随半月板后根部撕脱损伤的患者,在前交叉韧带单束重建的同时采用关节镜下经胫骨隧道拉出悬吊固定技术修复半月板后根部撕脱损伤。纳入前交叉韧带损伤伴随半月板后根部撕脱损伤的患者,排除术前下肢力线异常者及合并软骨损伤者。术前和术后1年时通过Lysholm评分和Tegner评分对患者膝关节功能进行评估,并通过磁共振(MR)观察术后半月板后根部撕脱损伤愈合情况。定量资料比较采用配对样本t检验。 结果所有患者均进行超过1年的随访,患者术后1年随访时Lysholm评分及Tegner评分较术前均有显著提高(t＝7.98、5.55,均为P<0.05);且MR观察未发现半月板后根部再撕裂或半月板体部外凸。 结论关节镜下经胫骨隧道拉出悬吊固定技术可将半月板后根部撕脱复位并稳定固定于其解剖止点区域,从而维持半月板的环状结构以期最大程度恢复膝关节的功能,短期临床效果良好。     

分期修复重建膝关节多发韧带损伤的临床疗效

目的 :探讨关节镜下分期治疗膝关节多发韧带损伤的临床疗效。方法 :2006年3月至2012年6月,关节镜下分期治疗膝关节多发韧带损伤14例(14膝)。男8例,女6例;年龄20~49岁,平均(31.8±8.1)岁。患者均行X线、MR检查,提示10例前交叉韧带、后交叉韧带及内侧副韧带损伤,4例前交叉韧带、后交叉韧带及后外侧角损伤。合并内侧半月板损伤4例,外侧半月板损伤2例。Ⅰ期手术治疗内侧副韧带损伤、后交叉韧带及半月板,术后固定3周后开始主被动功能锻炼,3~6个月后膝关节活动范围正常且存在明显松弛时Ⅱ期重建前交叉韧带和(或)后交叉韧带。结果:术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染等手术相关并发症发生。患者均获随访,时间24~80个月,平均48.9个月。末次随访时膝关节Lysholm评分达87.1±2.8,优于术前19.6±0.9(t=12.3,P0.01)。国际膝关节评分委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)评级:9例接近正常,5例异常。结论 :关节镜下分期治疗膝关节多发韧带损伤能有效恢复膝关节稳定性和功能。     

陈旧性前十字韧带损伤的诊断

目的评估前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验和MRI在陈旧性前十字韧带损伤诊断中的意义。方法107例手术证实为陈旧性前十字韧带损伤患者,术前均行前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验和MR检查。术后计算各项检查的敏感性,并分析产生假阴性的原因。结果前抽屉试验的阳性率为78.5%,Lachman试验为97.2%,轴移试验为91.6%,而MRI敏感性为93.5%。10例患者的关节镜检查显示前十字韧带近侧撕裂端再附着于后十字韧带。在此10例中,前抽屉试验的阳性率为60%,Lachman试验为80%,轴移试验为60%,而MRI敏感性为40%。本组9例轴移试验假阴性的患者中,有4例为撕裂的前十字韧带再附着于后十字韧带而替代了部分前十字韧带的功能,因此关节镜下显示胫骨外侧髁半脱位受限。2例Lachman试验假阴性的患者经关节镜证实为前十字韧带断端再附着伴有半月板桶柄样撕裂。在10例再附着患者中有3例MRI表现为韧带倾斜度变化。结论Lachman试验对诊断陈旧性前十字韧带损伤敏感性最高。MRI和轴移试验较敏感,但结果受MR检查技术和伴发损伤等诸多因素的影响。     

Survival analysis of human meniscal transplantations

We describe a prospective survival analysis of 63 consecutive meniscal allografts transplanted into 57 patients. The lateral meniscus was transplanted in 34, the medial meniscus in 17, and both menisci (combined) in the same knee in six. For survival analysis we used persistent pain or mechanical damage as clinical criteria of failure. A total of 13 allografts failed (5 lateral, 7 medial, 1 medial and lateral). A significant negative correlation (p = 0.003) was found between rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and successful meniscal transplantation. A significant difference (p = 0.004) in the clinical results was found between lateral and medial meniscal transplants. The cumulative survival rate of the lateral, medial and combined allografts in the same knee, based on the life-table method and the Kaplan-Meier calculation, was 76%, 50% and 67%, respectively. The survival of medial meniscal allografts may improve when reconstruction of the ACL is carried out at the same time as meniscal transplantation in an ACL-deficient knee.