细颗粒物对呼吸系统疾病作用的研究进展

195 2年伦敦烟雾事件 ,使大气颗粒污染物倍受关注。几十年来 ,科学工作者对大气颗粒物做了大量研究。随着人们对颗粒污染物认识的加深 ,美国环保局 (EPA )也将大气颗粒物的监测由 1 972年颁布的悬浮颗粒物 (TSP)到后来增加可吸入性颗粒物 (IP,PM1 0 ) ,再到 1 997年增加细颗粒物(PM2 .5 ) ,并于 2 0 0 1年对此进行了修改 〔1〕。大气颗粒物的粒径范围是 0 .0 1～ 1 0 0 μm之间 ,又称总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP) ,其中粒径 (AD)≤ 1 0 μm的大气颗粒物可以进入人体呼吸系统 ,而被称为可吸入性颗粒物 (IP,PM1 0 ) ;粒径 (AD)≤ 2 .5 μm的…     

宜昌市大气颗粒物对急救人次急性影响

目的探讨湖北省宜昌市大气颗粒物对急救人次的急性影响。方法收集2014年1月—2017年12月宜昌市的日急救人次、细颗粒物(PM_2.5)和可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)日均浓度以及气象条件等资料,采用广义相加模型分别分析PM_2.5、PM₁₀与非创伤急诊人次数、呼吸系统和循环系统急诊人次数的暴露–反应关系。结果宜昌市2014—2017年PM_2.5和PM₁₀日均浓度平均为(72.2±50.7)和(107.6±60.9)μg/m³,非创伤急救人次数、呼吸系统急救人次数和循环系统急救人次数的日平均值分别为(33.3±8.6)、(2.6±2.2)和(5.1±3.4)人次;相关分析结果显示,非创伤急救人次数、呼吸系统急救人次数和循环系统急救人次数与PM_2.5和PM₁₀暴露均呈正相关(均P <0.05);当PM_2.5日均浓度每升高10μg/m³,当天日均非创伤急救...     

合肥市大气PM2.5污染与居民呼吸系统疾病住院量的关系

目的 探讨合肥市大气PM2.5暴露对居民呼吸系统疾病住院量的影响.方法 收集合肥市2019年逐日大气污染物监测资料、气象资料及呼吸系统疾病住院资料.采用基于Poisson分布的GAM模型,评估PM2.5暴露对居民呼吸系统疾病住院量的影响.计算PM2.5浓度每升高10 μg/m3,居民呼吸系统疾病住院量增加的超额风险(E...     

大气颗粒物污染与呼吸系统疾病就诊量的关系研究

目的探讨北京市大气颗粒物短期暴露对人群呼吸系统疾病就诊量的影响。方法收集北京市2013年10月至2015年12月逐日大气污染物资料、气象资料以及某三级综合性医院的呼吸系统疾病就诊资料,采用时间序列数据的Poisson回归模型,分析大气颗粒物日均浓度与呼吸系统疾病每日就诊量之间的关系。结果调整了气象因素、长期趋势、季节趋势、星期几效应、假日效应等因素的影响后,大气PM_(10)浓度每上升10μg/m~3,人群呼吸系统疾病急诊量的相对危险度(RR)为1.002 7(95%CI:1.000 8～1.004 6);且女性的RR值略高于男性,分别为1.002 8(95%CI:1.000 4～1.005 1)与1.002 6(95%CI:1.000 4～1.004 9)。结论北京市大气PM_(10)浓度的短期升高可能会导致医院每日呼吸系统疾病急诊量数的增加。     

妊娠期空气颗粒物暴露与早产

越来越多的研究证据表明,孕妇妊娠期颗粒物暴露可通过母体影响胎儿的发育,导致早产、低出生体重、胎儿生长受限和潜在的不良心血管和呼吸道结局。但研究结果并不一致,且生物学机制尚不明确。本文通过对近年来国内外主要几种颗粒物人体暴露来源和其对早产影响及生物学机制作一简要综述,为控制空气污染和减少早产等不良妊娠结局的发生以及进一步探讨其可能的生物学机制提供基础依据。     

空气中悬浮颗粒物与呼吸系统疾病关系研究进展

颗粒物在呼吸道诱发炎症反应并导致炎性细胞因子的产生,诱发上皮细胞的增生,增加了呼吸道疾病的发生率;其中多环芳香烃化合物有显著的致癌作用,长期刺激导致癌变,增加肺癌的发病率和死亡率.该文就近年来有关空气悬浮颗粒物与呼吸道疾病关系的研究进展进行综述.     

气温与大气颗粒物对呼吸系统影响的交互作用研究进展

近年来热浪和低温天气频繁出现,而国内大气污染所引起的雾霾天气也日趋严重,所带来的呼吸系统健康问题值得关注。已有证据显示气温过低或过高及雾霾主要成分——大气颗粒物均与呼吸系统疾病的死亡和发病有关。该文综述了气温及大气颗粒物对呼吸系统的影响及其机制,并寻找两者在呼吸系统影响中的交互作用依据及作用机制,为后续研究提供文献依据。综述发现气温与大气颗粒物对呼吸系统影响的交互作用机制可能是通过气温与大气颗粒物对呼吸系统内炎性因子等的影响(内因)及气温对大气颗粒物浓度的影响(外因)共同作用。     

合肥市大气颗粒物污染对成人内科门诊量影响的时间序列分析

目的探讨合肥市大气颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))暴露对成人内科门诊量的影响。方法收集合肥市2016—2018年逐日大气污染物监测资料、气象资料及成人内科日门诊量资料。采用广义相加模型(GAM)的时间序列分析方法,控制时间趋势、气象因素、星期几效应等混杂因素,评估颗粒物浓度对成人内科门诊量的影响,包括滞后效应(lag0~lag7 d)和累积滞后效应(lag01~lag07 d),同时分析引入其他污染物后,对大气颗粒物浓度与成人内科门诊量效应的影响。计算大气颗粒物浓度每升高10μg/m^(3),成人内科门诊量增加的超额风险(ER)及95%可信区间(95%CI)。结果合肥市大气颗粒物浓度升高与成人内科日门诊量增加存在关联。PM_(2.5)每升高10μg/m^(3),成人内科日门诊总量、呼吸系统疾病日门诊量和循环系统疾病日门诊量效应值分别在lag04、lag07和lag04 d达到最大,ER(95%CI)分别为1.04%(0.39%~1.70%)、0.74%(0.06%~1.43%)和2.61%(1.27%~3.96%);PM_(10)每升高10μg/m^(3),成人内科日门诊总量和呼吸系统疾病日门诊量效应值分别在lag0和lag07达到最大,ER(95%CI)分别为0.41%(0.06%~0.76%)和0.77%(0.29%~1.26%)。结论合肥市PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度升高可能会增加成人内科门诊量,且具有一定的滞后性。     

哈尔滨市PM2.5污染水平对人群呼吸系统疾病影响

目的探讨黑龙江省哈尔滨市大气中PM2.5的污染水平及其对人群呼吸系统疾病的影响。方法2009-2011年在哈尔滨市城区人口相对密集的道里、道外区设点监测PM2.5浓度,收集气象资料、城区人群呼吸系统疾病门诊就诊率和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的数据,运用统计学方法进行PM2.5的污染水平描述及对人群呼吸系统疾病危险度评估。结果 监测数据表明,2009-2011年哈尔滨市PM2.5污染水平逐年加重,采暖期(每年的1-4月和11-12月)PM2.5浓度均高于非采暖期(每年的5-10月),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Pearson相关分析结果表明,采暖期PM2.5浓度与平均温度、最高气温、最低气温、降水总量、日照时数均呈负相关(P<0.05);2009-2011年哈尔滨市第二医院采暖期呼吸内科门诊就诊率均高于非采暖期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);2009、2010、2011年PM2.5日均浓度分别增加44、35、60 μg/m³时,呼吸系统疾病就诊人数分别增加11.6%、18.9%、35.8%。结论 哈尔滨市PM2.5污染严重,每年的采暖期是预防人群呼吸系统疾病的重要时期。     

大气颗粒物对人体皮肤健康影响的研究进展

近年来我国大气污染问题日益严重,国内外大量研究表明,大气污染与许多健康效应直接或间接相关。已有流行病学研究证实,大气颗粒物污染与皮肤疾病的发病率密切相关。该文从氧化应激与炎症反应、芳香烃受体(Ah R)的活化、皮肤表面微生物的影响,就现有大气颗粒物对皮肤健康影响的流行病学及毒理学研究进行综述。     

Infant exposure to fine particulate matter and traffic and risk of hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis in a region with lower ambient air pollution

Few studies investigate the impact of air pollution on the leading cause of infant morbidity, acute bronchiolitis. We investigated the influence of PM_2.5 and other metrics of traffic-derived air pollution exposure using a matched case-control dataset derived from 1997 to 2003 birth and infant hospitalization records from the Puget Sound Region, Washington State. Mean daily PM_2.5 exposure for 7, 30, 60 and lifetime days before case bronchiolitis hospitalization date were derived from community monitors. A regional land use regression model of NO₂ was applied to characterize subject's exposure in the month prior to case hospitalization and lifetime average before hospitalization. Subject's residential proximity within 150 m of highways, major roadways, and truck routes was also assigned. We evaluated 2604 (83%) cases and 23,354 (85%) controls with information allowing adjustment for mother's education, mother's smoking during pregnancy, and infant race/ethnicity. Effect estimates derived from conditional logistic regression revealed very modest increased risk and were not statistically significant for any of the exposure metrics in fully adjusted models. Overall, risk estimates were stronger when restricted to bronchiolitis cases attributed to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) versus unspecified and for longer exposure windows. The adjusted odds ratio (OR_adj) and 95% confidence interval per 10 mcg/m³ increase in lifetime PM_2.5 was 1.14, 0.88-1.46 for RSV bronchiolitis hospitalization. This risk was also elevated for infants who resided within 150 m of a highway (OR_adj 1.17, 0.95-1.44). This study supports a developing hypothesis that there may be a modest increased risk of bronchiolitis attributable to chronic traffic-derived particulate matter exposure particularly for infants born just before or during peak RSV season. Future studies are needed that can investigate threshold effects and capture larger variability in spatial contrasts among populations of infants.     

青岛市大气污染对人体健康经济损失评估

目的 对青岛市区1981～2000年大气污染状况进行综合质量评价，并对青岛市大气污染健康影响状况进行回顾性分析。方法 采用大气质量综合指数，对青岛市区大气环境质量进行评价；采用修正人力资本法，对大气污染导致人体健康危害的经济损失进行定量评估。结果 青岛市区呼吸系统疾病高发，肺癌死亡率显高于对照区。结论 大气污染是造成健康危害的重要环境因素之一，NOx污染亦应引起重视。     

空气细颗粒物与呼吸系统的健康损害

空气细颗粒物(PM 2.5)是重要的环境空气污染物,主要来源于工业生产、汽车尾气和城市建设等人为活动.随着我国经济的高速发展,越来越严重的空气颗粒物污染可引起一系列健康危害,汇总国内外相关研究内容显示,长期接触高浓度的空气细颗粒可引起成人和儿童肺功能下降,增加慢性阻塞性肺病的发作,表现为慢阻肺的人院率和死亡率升高.人群流行病学研究提示空气细颗粒物可能增加儿童哮喘的发病和发作,并与成人哮喘急性发作有关.空气细颗粒导致慢阻肺和哮喘的机制仍不十分清楚,可能与颗粒物及组分造成的呼吸道氧化损伤、炎性反应、粘液大量分泌,以及直接对小气道壁的损伤有关,详细机制有待深入研究.     

Ambient air pollution and respiratory health effects in mail carriers

Mail carriers represent an occupational group suffering from respiratory symptoms and lung function impairment. Although environmental conditions may play role, information on the effects of air pollution exposure in this population is lacking.The present study was conducted in Athens, Greece, in order to investigate the adverse effects of long-term air pollution exposure on respiratory outcomes in mail carriers.A total of 226 mail carriers and 73 office employees were enroled. Information on respiratory symptoms, medical, occupational, residential and smoking history was obtained through a questionnaire. Flow-volume curves were performed in the workplace using a portable spirometer. Individualised personal exposure assessment has been applied based on long-term residential and occupational subject history linked with geographical air pollution distribution. Furthermore, personal measurements were obtained for forty-one mail carriers using NO₂ and O₃ passive samplers, assuming that current air pollution exposure is sufficiently representative of long-term, previous exposure to make a plausible link with current health status.The analysis based on exposures estimated on the basis of residential and work addresses showed that the most exposed to PM₁₀ postal workers have rhinitis at a higher rate (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.01-2.75). In mail carriers there is indication that those exposed to higher concentrations of Ο₃ or PM₁₀ have a greater possibility to present rhinitis (OR=1.63, 95% CI: 0.93-2.88 and OR=1.70, 95% CI: 0.96-3.03, respectively). The effect of O₃ on rhinitis became even more apparent in the analysis based on exposures assessed by personal measurements (OR=6.74, 95% CI: 1.24-36.55). Exposure to NO₂ was significantly associated with decrements in lung function. For office employees the exposure to air pollutants was not associated to any adverse respiratory outcome.Our findings suggest that air pollution is a contributing factor for the occurrence of rhinitis and lung function impairment in mail carriers.     

Cumulative exposure to particulate matter air pollution and long-term post-myocardial infarction outcomes

Introduction

Chronic environmental exposure to particulate matter < 2.5 μm in diameter (PM_2.5) has been associated with cardiovascular disease; however, the effect of air pollution on myocardial infarction (MI) survivors is not clear. We studied the association of chronic exposure to PM_2.5 with death and recurrent cardiovascular events in MI survivors.

Methods

Consecutive patients aged ≤ 65 years admitted to all medical centers in central Israel after first-MI in 1992–1993 were followed through 2005 for cardiovascular events and 2011 for survival. Data on sociodemographic and prognostic factors were collected at baseline and during follow-up. Residential exposure to PM_2.5 was estimated for each patient based on data recorded at air quality monitoring stations. Cox and Andersen–Gill proportional hazards models were used to study the pollution-outcome association.

Results

Among the 1120 patients, 469 (41.9%) died and 541 (48.3%) experienced one or more recurrent cardiovascular event. The adjusted hazard ratios associated with a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 exposure were 1.3 (95% CI 0.8–2.1) for death and 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–1.9) for multiple recurrences of cardiovascular events (MI, heart failure and stroke).

Conclusion

When adjustment for socio-demographic factors is performed, cumulative chronic exposure to PM_2.5 is positively associated with recurrence of cardiovascular events in patients after a first MI.     

大气颗粒物（PM2.5和PM10）污染与泰州市居民死亡的关系分析

目的 探讨大气颗粒物与泰州市居民非意外、呼吸系统疾病以及循环系统疾病死亡人数之间的关系。方法 收集泰州市2016年1月1日—2020年12月31日的大气颗粒物化验结果及居民死亡数据,采用时间序列的广义相加模型,分别拟合单污染物模型和双污染物模型来分析泰州市大气颗粒物浓度与每日非意外、呼吸系统、循环系统疾病死亡人数的关系。结果 2016—2020年期间,PM2.5、PM10的平均质量浓度分别为43.60μg/m³和71.58μg/m³。单污染物模型研究表明四日移动平均滞后的PM2.5(lag03)和PM10(lag03)对非意外、循环系统疾病死亡影响最大,大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10的浓度每升高10μg/m³,非意外死亡人数分别增加0.82%和0.54%,循环系统疾病死亡人数分别增加1.40%和0.88%。PM2.5当日浓度PM2.5(lag0)和PM10两日移动平均滞后的PM10(lag01)对呼吸系统疾病死亡影响最大,PM2.5、PM10浓度每升高10μg/m³,呼吸系统疾病死亡人数分别上升0....     

Acute effects of ambient temperature and particulate air pollution on fractional exhaled nitric oxide: A panel study among diabetic patients in Shanghai,China

Background

Epidemiological studies have shown the associations of ambient temperature and particulate matter (PM) air pollution with respiratory morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. The aim of this study is to investigate the associations of temperature and fine and coarse PM with fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a well-established biomarker of respiratory inflammation.

大气颗粒物与心脑血管疾病之间关系的研究进展

高血压、冠心病和脑卒中心脑血管疾病(CVD)已成为重要的公共卫生问题.2006年浙江省人群因冠心病、高血压、慢性风湿性心脏病、先天性心脏病和脑血管病5种CVD而损失的期望寿命为2.05岁[1].