Considerations against concurrent functional endoscopic sinus surgery and rhinoplasty

Over the last decade, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has become the surgical modality of choice in the treatment of inflammatory sinus disease refractory to medical therapy. During the same interval, interest in cosmetic surgery procedures, including rhinoplasty, has exploded. Some of the published literature endorses the performance of concurrent FESS and rhinoplasty. This article addresses some of the concerns regarding the combined approach and its limitations. It offers the reader a framework for surgical risk assessment when concurrent procedures are considered.     

The utility of concurrent rhinoplasty and sinus surgery: a 2-team approach

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficiency of and patient satisfaction with a 2-team approach for combined rhinoplasty and sinus surgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective medical chart analysis of consecutive patients with sinus disease and functional nasal obstruction. Forty-four patients (29 women and 15 men; age range, 22-75 years) had severe nasal obstruction with chronic sinusitis and were found to have indications for this procedure. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months after surgery. Patients completed a standardized questionnaire at the time of medical chart review, and 36 patients completed a telephone interview. RESULTS: All 44 patients underwent rhinoplasty with an endoscopic sinus procedure. Twenty-seven procedures (61%) were endonasal, whereas 17 (39%) were open rhinoplasty. Patients with internal nasal valve collapse underwent 28 butterfly grafts, 6 spreader grafts, and 8 batten grafts. The endoscopic sinus procedures consisted of maxillary antrostomy (30/44 [68%]) and ethmoidectomy (28/44 [63%]). Overall, 20 (65%) of 31 patients reported a postsurgical nasal airway that was significantly improved. Most sinus symptoms were resolved postoperatively, with 25 (71%) of 35 patients describing their improvement as significant. Thirty-two (92%) of 36 patients stated that they would recommend the concurrent procedure. CONCLUSION: Patients presenting with nasal obstruction and chronic sinusitis tolerated combined rhinoplasty and sinus procedures without added morbidity.     

Adjunctive cosmetic procedures during rhinoplasty and sinus surgery

A number of patients undergoing nasal surgery such as endoscopic sinus surgery and rhinoplasty request whether facial cosmetic procedures can be performed at the same time. This report outlines some of the more common adjunctive procedures.     

Powered endoscopic septoplasty for septal deviation and isolated spurs

Septoplasty is commonly performed for nasal airway obstruction or rhinologic headache due to contact irritation, often in conjunction with other nasal procedures, including cosmetic rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery.Traditionally, it is performed before these procedures via a "headlight" technique. This article describes the use of the microdebrider in 29 cases of endoscopic septoplasty. Many of the procedures were performed in conjunction with functional endoscopic sinus surgery; however, several were performed as an isolated procedure or with inferior turbinoplasty. The technique is described in detail. All 29 patients had significant improvement in their symptoms, and no patient developed a perforation or postoperative hematoma. Conversion to a traditional septoplasty was required in 1 case because of the severity of the deviation. Power-assisted endoscopic septoplasty is a useful adjunct in cases involving isolated septal spurs or moderate septal deviations. Patients with severe nasal obstruction due to caudal deflection of the septum off the nasal spine are better served with traditional headlight septoplasty.     

鼻内窥镜手术中的轮廓化问题

目的探讨鼻腔轮廓化的方法与效果。方法回顾性分析行鼻腔轮廓化109例患者的临床资料,其中下鼻甲肥大16例,中鼻甲肥大14例,中、下鼻甲均肥大35例,鼻中隔偏曲17例,下鼻甲肥大合并鼻中隔偏曲16例,泡状中鼻甲合并鼻中隔偏曲6例;鼻中隔偏曲同时伴有下鼻甲肥大及泡状中鼻甲5例。83例鼻腔或中鼻道见息肉样组织。先在鼻内镜下分别行鼻腔息肉切除,鼻中隔偏曲矫正、下甲外移或部分粘膜下骨切除、中甲部分切除后,再行鼻窦开放手术。结果经鼻腔轮廓化后,鼻窦手术视野扩大,操作顺利。术后5例失访,其余均随访满6个月。除1例鼻腔通气不佳外,余术后鼻腔均清理方便、通气满意。89例窦口上皮化良好;10例窦口不畅;5例复发。结论通过鼻内镜行鼻腔轮廓化后再行鼻窦手术,视野宽阔,操作方便,术后清理方便,使鼻窦炎手术效果更佳。     

Foreign-body inclusion cyst presenting on the lateral nasal sidewall 1 year after rhinoplasty

Hemostasis and decreased risk of synechiae formation are benefits of nasal packing after sinus surgery; however, these must be weighed against the possible complications, which can include devastating toxic shock syndrome. Nasal packing is often impregnated with an ointment that allows for a less traumatic placement into and removal from the nasal cavity, as well as providing some antibiotic coverage for nasal bacterial flora. Orbital complications secondary to the petroleum-based packing have been reported. When sinus surgery is performed in conjunction with a rhinoplasty, there is a possibility of petroleum ointment migrating into intranasal incisions or osteotomy sites. A 15-year-old girl was examined 1 year after endoscopic sinus surgery combined with an open rhinoplasty had been performed at another institution. Physical examination showed a widened nasal dorsum with an open-roof deformity and a 1-cm firm mass lateral to her lateral nasal sidewall. The pathological examination after removal of the cyst showed a foreign-body inclusion cyst or lipogranuloma. The cyst contained a petroleum-based substance.     

Endoscopy-assisted rhinoplasty

In nasal surgery some surgical steps are done without the aid of direct vision. In these situations, surgeons must use their experience and judgment. I have adapted techniques used in endoscopic sinus surgery to perform some of the surgical steps of functional and aesthetic rhinoplasty. Between September 1999 and February 2000, 11 patients underwent endoscopic-assisted septorhinoplasty, and 18 patients underwent traditional closed rhinoplasty. The following parameters were compared: surgical bleeding, postoperative edema and ecchymosis, dorsum irregularity, and operative time for each technique. The following steps were clearly visualized with the endoscope: raising the periosteum from the nasal bone, resecting the nasal hump, and rasping the nasal bones. The use of endoscopic instruments does not change the surgical steps required. Rather, it allows direct vision of steps previously not viewable.     

The analgesic effects of gabapentin in monitored anesthesia care for ear-nose-throat surgery

We investigated the efficacy and safety of gabapentin in rhinoplasty or endoscopic sinus surgery patients. Patients received either oral placebo or gabapentin 1200 mg 1 h before surgery. After standard premedication, 25 patients in each group received propofol, fentanyl, and local anesthesia at the operative site. Sedation was maintained by a continuous infusion of propofol adjusted according to the Ramsay scale. Sedation and pain scores were obtained at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min during surgery and 30 min and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h after the procedure. Diclofenac 75 mg IM was administered as a rescue analgesic. Postoperative pain scores and intraoperative pain scores at 45 and 60 min were significantly lower in the gabapentin group. Fentanyl (122 +/- 40 microg versus 148 +/- 42 microg; P < 0.05) and diclofenac (33 +/- 53 mg versus 111 +/- 92 mg; P < 0.001) consumption was smaller and the time to first analgesic request (18 +/- 9 h versus 9 +/- 7 h; P < 0.001) was longer in the gabapentin group. A more frequent incidence of dizziness was found in the gabapentin (versus placebo) group (24% versus 4%, respectively). We conclude that gabapentin provided a significant analgesic benefit for intraoperative and postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing ambulatory rhinoplasty or endoscopic sinus surgery; however, dizziness may be a handicap for ambulatory use.     

The endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure for salvage of chronic frontal sinusitis after osteoplastic flap failure

OBJECTIVE: While reported results utilizing the osteoplastic flap procedure are very good, some patients fail the surgery due to recurrent or persistent frontal sinus disease. This study was performed to evaluate the utility of the endoscopic modified Lothrop sinus surgery for osteoplastic flap failure. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective chart analysis and telephone survey of 10 patients from outside our institution for whom an osteoplastic flap with fat obliteration failed were salvaged using a computerized endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure. RESULTS: The main complaints were headache/pressure and recurrent infection. The usual pathology was chronic sinusitis and/or mucocele. The frontal recess and floor of the frontal sinus were the most common areas of persistent disease. Symptomatic clinical improvement was noted in more than 90% of patients. CONCLUSION: Salvage endoscopic modified Lothrop sinus surgery is recommended for a limited number of traditional osteoplastic flap failures. Computerized surgical navigation may help avoid complications in situations with abnormal anatomy and previous dissection. SIGNIFICANCE: The endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure should be considered to salvage failed osteoplastic flap sinus obliteration.     

Concurrent rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery: a review of the pros and cons and a template for success

Historically concurrent FESS/rhinoplasty was avoided due to concerns of increased risk of complication. Recent studies have shown that FESS/rhinoplasty can be performed simultaneously with good outcomes and no significant increase in complications. A thorough and effective approach to the patient with sinonasal obstruction requires attention to aesthetic, functional, and inflammatory issues. Medical treatment is an important adjuvant to surgery in order to optimize outcomes by improving patient symptoms long-term. Surgery for these patients should be performed in a careful, stepwise approach to address the nasal septum, inferior turbinates, paranasal sinuses, and external nasal structures.     

Unilateral endoscopic approach for repair of frontal sinus cerebrospinal fluid leak

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak closure remains one of the most difficult surgeries for skull base surgeons, particularly with frontal sinus involvement. Technological advances in endoscopic surgery increasingly allow for less morbid approaches to the frontal sinus. We describe a series of patients who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus CSF leak repair utilizing a unilateral approach, to evaluate the utility and outcomes of this method. We performed a retrospective review of four cases in tertiary care centers. Participants included patients with CSF leak involving the frontal sinus. Main outcome measures included cessation of CSF leak and frontal sinus patency. Three patients were closed on the first surgical attempt; one with a communicating hydrocephalus required a revision procedure. Leak etiologies included prior craniotomy for frontal sinus mucopyocele, spontaneous meningoencephalocele, erosion due to mucormycosis, and prior endoscopic sinus surgery. The frontal sinus remained patent in three of four patients. No patients have evidence of a leak at a minimum of 1 year after surgery. The repair of frontal sinus CSF leaks is possible in specific cases with an endoscopic unilateral approach in leaks with multiple etiologies. Surgeons should consider this approach when selecting the appropriate procedure for repair of frontal sinus CSF leaks.     

Revision endoscopic frontal sinus surgery with surgical navigation.

BACKGROUND: Revision surgery of the frontal sinus remains one of the most difficult operations for the endoscopic surgeon. Most agree that knowledge and recognition of its complex anatomy and sparing of frontal recess mucosa are keys to a successful operation. The use of surgical navigation systems may allow for more precise dissections and greater rates of frontal recess patency. METHODS: Retrospective review of all patients undergoing revision endoscopic frontal sinus surgery with surgical navigation was performed with a minimum 24-month follow-up. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients underwent revision endoscopic frontal sinus surgery with surgical navigation. The average follow-up was 32 months. Fifty-eight (86.6%) had a patent frontal recess and significant subjective improvement in symptoms. No patient underwent external frontal sinus obliteration, and there were no major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic techniques with surgical navigation are effective in revision frontal sinus cases. The dissection of remnant agger nasi, obstructing frontal and supraorbital cells are necessary to widen the anterior-posterior as well as the medial-lateral dimensions of the recess. Computer navigational systems appear to serve as a valuable adjunct in preoperative planning and safe intraoperative dissection.     

Initial report on postoperative healing after endoscopic sinus surgery with the microdebrider

Synechiae formation is a frequent occurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery and may cause symptomatic sinus outflow tract obstruction. Various means are used to reduce the incidence of synechiae formation. These include meticulous operative technique, partial middle turbinate resection, middle meatus spacers or stents, and postoperative debridement. The microdebrider is a powered rotary shaving device that precisely resects tissue, minimizing inadvertent mucosal trauma and stripping. We present 40 cases of endoscopic sinus surgery performed with the microdebrider. Patients had at least a 5-month follow-up and demonstrated rapid mucosal healing, minimal crust formation, and a low incidence of synechiae formation. These initial data suggest that the microdebrider may be advantageous in surgery for chronic sinusitis. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:800-3.)     

Single-stage strategy for management of anterior table frontal sinus fractures involving the frontal sinus outflow tract

Treatment of frontal sinus fractures has been controversial for years. The aim of treatment, besides cosmetic restoration, is to create a “safe” sinus especially in those with evidence of injury to the frontal sinus outflow tract. Early and late complications include acute and chronic sinusitis, mucocoele and mucopyocoele formation, brain abscess and osteomyelitis. Osteoplastic flap with frontal sinus obliteration or cranialisation is most commonly performed. With the advent of modern endoscopic and advanced imaging techniques, endoscopic sinus surgery for treatment of diseases of the frontal sinus is ever increasing. In this paper, we describe our successful experience using a single-stage, combined open and transnasal endoscopic technique in management of patients with anterior table frontal sinus fractures involving the frontal sinus outflow tract.     

Use of nebulized antibiotics for acute infections in chronic sinusitis

OBJECTIVE: Infections in patients with chronic sinusitis after surgery can be difficult to treat. Nebulized antimicrobial therapy was studied as a treatment option. Study Design: Patients with chronic sinusitis, previous sinus surgery, and an acute infection were offered nebulized antibiotics or standard therapy. Cultures were taken and sensitivity testing was performed. Retrospective chart reviews were also performed. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were included. The most common side effects were sore throat and cough. Symptomatic and endoscopic data before and after nebulized therapy showed a longer infection-free period (average, 17 weeks) compared with standard therapy (average, 6 weeks). Improvements in posterior nasal discharge, facial pain/pressure, and emotional consequences were noted. CONCLUSION: Nebulized therapy was safe and effective in this cohort. Endoscopy and outcome measure changes showed consistent improvements. SIGNIFICANCE: A novel therapy for acute sinus infections in patients with chronic sinusitis and previous endoscopic sinus surgery is presented.     

阿司匹林对鼻内镜手术围术期出血影响的临床观察

目的探讨阿司匹林对鼻内镜手术围术期出血的影响。方法回顾性分析2018-10—2021-03于郑州大学第一附属医院鼻科行鼻内镜手术并长期口服阿司匹林的67例患者的临床资料。根据围术期阿司匹林用药情况分为持续用药组(31例)和停药组(36例)。选取同期行鼻内镜手术未口服阿司匹林的中老年患者为对照组(30例)。记录术中出血量、血栓弹力图、术后出血情况及并发症,并对影响长期口服阿司匹林患者行鼻内镜手术的危险因素行Logistic回归分析。结果(1)3组患者中两两间的最大振幅(MA)、凝血综合指数(CI)差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组术后均有1例发生出血,行数据方差分析,3组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者中,以及单纯鼻窦炎患者中,3组患者两两间的术中出血量差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。当显著性水平为0.05时,影响鼻内镜手术的独立危险因素为停用阿司匹林和BMI值。结论阿司匹林对鼻内镜手术围术期出血无明显影响,长期口服阿司匹林患者鼻内镜手术前可不停用阿司匹林。     

内镜经鼻蝶切除伴有蝶窦气化不良的鞍区病变

目的探讨单鼻孔内镜下经鼻蝶切除伴有蝶窦气化不良的鞍区病变的方法。方法 2007年1月～2009年1月,内镜下经鼻蝶切除伴有蝶窦气化不良的15例鞍区病变,其中鞍前型蝶鞍8例,甲介型5例,骨性病变填塞蝶窦2例。结果无手术死亡病例,肿瘤全切12例(80.0%),次全切2例(13.3%),部分切除1例(6.7%)。病理类型包括垂体瘤12例(巨大腺瘤3例,大腺瘤7例,微腺瘤2例),脊索瘤2例,骨纤维结构不良1例。经1～3年随访(平均2.1年),术后复发1例,术后垂体功能低下1例。结论内镜经鼻蝶手术适用于大部分伴有蝶窦气化不良的病例,且效果良好。     

Ocular motility complications after endoscopic sinus surgery with powered cutting instruments.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe 2 unique cases of ocular motility dysfunction after powered endoscopic sinus surgery and identify potential risk factors for extraocular muscle injury. STUDY DESIGN: Interventional case series. RESULTS: Patient 1 developed a restrictive global ophthalmoplegia after inadvertent entry into the medial orbit during powered endoscopic sinus surgery. Patient 2 had complete loss of adduction of the left eye as a result of transection of the medial rectus muscle by a powered cutting instrument. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in endoscopic sinus surgery technique and instrumentation, serious ophthalmic complications may still occur. Inadvertent entry into the medial orbital wall can result in ocular motility complications. Furthermore, it is possible that attraction of orbital contents into the tip of a powered cutting instrument may occur without significant entry into the orbital cavity. SIGNIFICANCE: It is important for endoscopic sinus surgeons to be aware of the intimate anatomical relationship between the orbit and sinuses, as well as the potential risks of the current instruments used in endoscopic sinus surgery.     

Endoscopically assisted repair of frontal sinus fracture

BACKGROUND: Classic approaches to frontal sinus fracture involve bicoronal or direct forehead incisions. However, these incisions cause paresthesia, scarring, and even alopecia. In the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery, endoscopically assisted surgery is now widely accepted, particularly for esthetic surgery. It also is applied for the management of midface and lower-face fractures, but rarely for treatment of the frontal area. The authors present their experience with the repair of frontal sinus fractures using the endoscopically assisted method. METHODS: The surgery was performed with the patients under general anesthesia. Two slit incisions were placed in the hair-bearing area, through which a 4-mm 30 degrees endoscope was inserted. The subperiosteal dissection was performed toward the fracture site using an endoscopic periosteal elevator. The depressed fracture segments of the anterior table of the frontal sinus were reduced and fixed with microplates to restore the contour of the forehead. Seven consecutive patients received endoscopic correction of frontal sinus depressed fractures. RESULTS: No patients required conversion conventional bicoronal incisions. Good anatomic reduction of the fracture sites, acceptable surgical scar, and esthetic recontour were obtained in all the patients. The postoperative course was uneventful, without any complications. CONCLUSION: The endoscopically assisted method allows feasible reduction and fixation of a frontal sinus fracture. It avoids the complications of traditional methods and yields improved convalescence and esthetic results. It also helps in the diagnosis of unsuspected cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Thus, for anterior table fractures with an intact nasofrontal duct, endoscopically assisted surgery provides an alternative option of treatment.     

Predictive and monitoring value of matrix metalloproteinase-9 for healing quality after sinus surgery

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is considered the standard therapeutic procedure for chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis after failure of medical treatment. We tested the hypothesis that the healing outcome after surgery was correlated to the secretion profile of gelatinase-B (matrix metalloproteinase-9 [MMP-9]) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in nasal fluid. We performed a prospective study in 36 patients bilaterally operated for chronic rhinosinusitits or nasal polyposis and the healing quality was evaluated until 6 months after surgery by standardized nasal endoscopy, using a visual analog scale. Before functional endoscopic sinus surgery and during the postoperative period, TGF-beta1 and MMP-9 in nasal secretions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both MMP-9 and TGF-beta1 showed a significant increase initially after surgery. The healing quality after 6 months was significantly and independently correlated to preoperative MMP-9 concentrations in nasal secretions (p = 0.03), initial disease (p = 0.03), and previous sinus surgery (p = 0.004). Furthermore, concentrations of MMP-9 were significantly lower in patients with good healing (visual analog scale < 3) from week 3 to month 6 compared to patients with poor healing. MMP-9 is the first objective factor suitable to predict and monitor the healing quality after sinus surgery, indicating MMP-9 as a possible therapeutic target.