扫路机作业对首都空气质量的影响及对策研究

扫路机作为道路清扫机具,其使用可大大提高道路清扫作业效率,改善环卫工人工作条件和劳动强度,已在我国大城市的道路清扫作业中广泛应用。扫路机作业产生的二次污染也是不容忽视的问题。扫路机作业时,盘刷区域中TSP含量可达3．75mg／m^3,而垃圾真空输送系统排出的气体中PM10含量高达1．36mg／m^3,平均每台扫路机每天气体总排放量达6000m^3。通过实验,发现扫路机影响环境质量主要表现在两个方面,即作业扬尘与残留垃圾灰土二次扰动扬尘。本文介绍了几种形式扫路机作业扬尘机理及改进方法,同时提出了通过采用新型设备、改进作业工艺以及提高路面质量以降低二次扰动扬尘的方法。     

基于降低扫路机作业扬尘的新技术研究与应用

北京市采用"冲、扫、洗、收"的组合作业工艺,路面尘土量值呈逐年下降的趋势。然而,不同形式的扫路机在作业过程中会产生二次扬尘。为了降低二次扬尘,需研究其产生原因并找到解决办法。以纯吸式扫路机为研究对象,通过抑尘技术的比选、抑尘装置的研究、性能试验和使用效果评价,确定了静电除尘器能够有效降低纯吸式扫路机作业扬尘,进而降低道路清扫作业时对空气环境造成的影响。     

北京市扫路机作业扬尘监测与分析

通过对北京市道路扬尘与扫路机作业扬尘等监测数据的分析,找出了一些影响扫路机作业扬尘的原因．并提出了建议。     

扫路机扫(吸)净率、作业扬尘试验方法对比研究

介绍了国内不同归口单位的扫路机的扫净率和作业扬尘试验方法,以及欧洲标准EN 15429-3:2015规定的扫路机的扫净率和作业扬尘试验方法,比较分析了国内外试验方法的差异性,提出了国内试验方法的改进方向。     

纯电动自吸式清洁车在环卫作业中的应用

北京市海淀环卫中心引入纯电动自吸式清洁车,探索该设备在道路清扫保洁中的应用情况。试验结果表明,该设备在道路清扫保洁作业及精细化作业方面,较人工作业有较大优势,能有效清理马路牙子、树坑等卫生死角,其作业路面尘土残存量一般均能稳定在5 g/m~2以下,且能有效地减少道路清扫作业中的二次扬尘污染,提高了环卫作业的管理水平。     

某陶瓷厂采用综合防尘措施效果分析

某陶瓷厂1962年投产,生产方式以半机械化操作为主。采用综合防尘措施前(1983—1986)主要生产工序为干法生产,原料破碎、大碾碾磨及石膏模型加工工序粉尘浓度为49.3 mg/m~3、986mg/m~3、127.3mg/m~3,均超标,扬尘点合格率仅为0—34.4％。1987年实行综合防尘措施,坚持湿式作业,并通过健全管理制度有效地控制二次扬尘的产生,主要生产工序粉尘平均浓度均在2mg/m~3以下(石膏模型加工在10％以下)。扬尘点合格率波动在80～90％间,效果非常显著。     

北京市道路尘土残存量和近地面扬尘监测及其影响因素

对北京市道路尘土残存量及近地面扬尘进行监测,分析了城六区道路尘土残存量和近地面扬尘的总体情况,总结了两者的规律及影响因素,并提出针对道路清扫保洁作业的合理化建议.     

北京市生活垃圾转运站密闭化管理探究

针对北京市生活垃圾转运站的作业特点及其对周边环境造成的恶臭和扬尘污染等问题,分析了转运站产生污染的原因与部位,对生活垃圾转运站密闭化作业与管理提出了相应对策。     

北京市背街小巷地区提升清扫保洁作业水平方法研究

根据目前北京市背街小巷地区采用人工清扫保洁,可见垃圾去除较好但道路尘土去除效果差、整体环境卫生水平低的现状,结合背街小巷地区道路狭窄、环境复杂、人行为主的特点,提出了采用小型纯电动扫路机,以人机结合的作业方式去除道路尘土,同时兼顾清除可见垃圾的作业方式。在北京市西城、朝阳、海淀3个区4个街道,使用3种不同人机结合作业方式开展了试验,并监测了道路尘土残存量变化以及可见垃圾污染水平。监测结果表明:开展人机结合作业后,所有试验路段可见垃圾去除均维持在较好水平,同时道路尘土残存量均较本底值有明显下降,最大降幅达到77.2%。     

以降低尘负荷为目标的道路清扫保洁作业工艺探讨

分析了尘负荷在路面上的分布情况以及清扫保洁作业对扬尘污染的影响,并对各种现有手段的作业效果进行了试验研究,同时调研了北京市现行的道路清扫保洁作业工艺.以此为依据探讨了以降低道路尘负荷为目标的清扫保洁作业工艺,在北京市某区进行了实践,验证了该作业工艺作业效果较好.     

A methodology for the determination of fugitive dust emissions from landfill sites

This study focuses on the development of a methodology for the determination of the contribution of fugitive dust emissions from landfill sites to ambient PM₁₀ concentrations and the subsequent exposure to working personnel. Fugitive dust emissions in landfills mainly originate from resuspension due to truck traffic on paved and unpaved roads and from wind-blown dust from landfill cover soil. The results revealed that exposure to PM_10, originating from fugitive dust emissions in the landfill site, was exceeding the health protection standards (50 μg m^?3). The higher average daily PM₁₀ concentration (average value) for weekdays was equal to 275 μg m^?3 and was computed for the areas nearby the unpaved road located inside the landfill facilities that lead to the landfill cell. The percentage contributions of road and wind-blown dust to the PM₁₀ concentrations on weekdays were equal to 76 and 1?%, respectively. The influence of the background concentration is estimated close to 23?%.     

城市道路路面尘土污染研究现状分析

分析了我国高校及研究机构对城市道路路面尘土污染的研究现状、路面尘土污染的危害、路面尘土污染量的采样方法、路面尘土污染引起的扬尘量估算等内容,提出了在城市道路路面尘土污染领域应根据我国城市道路的基本情况,发挥各学科的优势,开展深入的科学研究工作。     

北京市道路路面尘土粒度分析研究

介绍了北京市道路路面尘土污染的基本情况、利用监测车和吸尘器采集路面尘土的方法、采集尘土样品的预处理和干式粒度分析方法、粒度分析结果的表达方法、尘土总量中不同粒度尘土量的计算方法,分析了北京市三环路采集样品的粒度分布特点,总结了北京市道路路面尘土粒度分布的特征.     

Ambient PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> impacts brought by the extreme flooding event of March 24–26, 2015, in Copiapó, Chile

On March 24–26, 2015, the Chilean city of Copiapó (27° 22′ S, 70° 20′ W), located in the hyperarid Atacama Desert, suffered an intense flooding brought by an extreme, unique rainfall event with a 35-year record of daily precipitation. A receptor model (positive matrix factorization, version 5) analysis, applied to ambient PM₁₀ chemical speciation from three short-term sampling campaigns, resolved four sources: crustal/road dust, sea salt, secondary sulfates, and emissions from Paipote copper smelter located 8 km east of Copiapó. Wind trajectories computed with US NOAA’s Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) supported the above source identification and explained variability in source contributions. It was found that crustal/road dust increased 50 μg/m³, in April 8–10, 2015, as compared with values in November 2014 and October–November 2015, respectively. This was the dominant PM₁₀ source after the flooding and before debris were cleaned up, being on order of magnitude higher that the other source contributions. The Paipote copper smelter contributed with primary PM₁₀ emissions and secondary sulfates; this combined contribution averaged 11.8 μg/m³. Sea salt contributions contributed an average of 3.3 μg/m³. In normal conditions, crustal/road dust averaged 2.9 μg/m³, but the other resolved sources also contributed with crustal elements as their emissions are transported by winds to Copiapó. The positive matrix factorization solution included an unresolved concentration of 7.4 μg/m³. The small number of samples and the lack of measurements of nitrate, ammonia, and organic and elemental carbon may explain this result. Hence, sources such as secondary nitrates and combustion sources plus fugitive dust from sources surrounding Copiapó might be included in that unresolved concentration.     

哈尔滨市街道扬尘污染状况分析

为了解哈尔滨市街道扬尘污染状况，采用大流量采样器，在哈尔滨市两条有代表性的街道采集大气颗粒物，以１．５ｍ和４．５ｍ高度处大气颗粒物浓度之差作为该路面条件下扬尘浓度估计值。     

Evaluation of the vehicle contributions of metals to indoor environments

A large number of diesel vehicles carrying gravel and sand shuttle back and forth every day on the major thoroughfares (Tai-16 and Tai-21) from Shinyi to Jiji in Nantou, Taiwan. A total of 10 stations along the major thoroughfares were selected as the exposure sites, whereas a small village located ～9?km from a main traffic route was selected as the control site. Outdoor and indoor aerosol samples were collected using high-volume samplers and Harvard samplers, respectively. The metal concentrations of outdoor and indoor PM(10) at the exposure sites were, respectively, higher than those at the control site. The plots between metal contents in the aerosols and road dust showed that diesel vehicles contributed significant amounts of metals to the outdoor and indoor aerosols at the exposure sites. Household dust samples along the roadside within 30?m of the main road in the small towns were collected using the wipe method. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), three major components for household dust were identified: resuspended from road dust, brake wear and diesel emissions. Enrichment factors were applied to assess the contribution of pollution sources to household dust. These factors were calculated with respect to unpolluted river dust samples (EF(river)) and road dust (EF(road)). The differences between EF(river) and EF(road) could be mainly attributed to the effects of resuspension by passing vehicles. Approximately 72%, 68%, 68%, 73% and 86% of the vehicle-related metals Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Mo content, respectively, in household dust were the result of the resuspension of road dust by passing vehicles. The data of daily intakes of five metals (i.e., Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni and Mo) from inhalation and ingestion pathways showed that the doses from the ingestion pathway were much higher than those from the inhalation pathway.     

Air pollution in stone crushing industry,and associated health effects

Stone crushers are small scale industries in the unorganised sector. They provide basic material for road and building construction. They are highly labour intensive. The various unit operations involved in stone crushing viz., size reduction, size classification and transfer operations have the potential to emit process and fugitive dust. A detailed air pollution survey was conducted at Pammal, 26 km to the southwest of Chennai. High volume and respirable particulate samplers were deployed at seventeen locations to monitor SPM and PM10 levels in ambient air. The particle size analysis indicates high percentage of finer particles and silica content posing serious health problems to the people exposed for longer duration. Personal samplers were employed to quantify the total dust and respirable particulate fraction in the work environment, which was found significantly high, when compared to the occupational safety and health standards. Fine inhalable particulate matter (PM2.5) which has more associated human health problems was found high in the work place of stone crushers. Health survey viz., Pulmonary function test, blood sample test, general clinical evaluation was conducted to assess the extent of the damage caused to the workers. This study indicates that most of the people are having respiratory problems. The measurements show that good house keeping practice is essential for effective control of dust, in addition to National Productive Council's (NPC) measures.     

采用不同方法清洁消毒数字减影血管造影机对导管室手术间空气质量的影响

目的 探讨应用不同方法清洁消毒数字减影血管造影(DSA)机对导管室手术间空气质量的影响.方法 在手术间净化空调层流系统正常运行状态下,同一人员分别应用清水及250 mg/L含氯消毒液对DSA机进行擦拭清洁消毒,应用清水和消毒液均清洁消毒两次,在无人和术中两种情况下,分别在擦拭前、擦拭后30、60、120 min进行空气采样和细菌计数.结果 采用清水及含氯消毒液擦拭消毒DSA机器后,导管室手术间空气质量均能达到Ⅲ类一般洁净手术室标准,≥0.5 μm尘粒含尘浓度≤350粒/L、浮游菌≤75 CFU/m3、沉降菌≤2 CFU/(30min·Φ90 mm皿),差异无统计学意义.结论 采用清水擦拭清洁和含氯消毒液擦拭消毒DSA机,对导管室手术间空气质量无明显影响,两者能够达到等同效果.     

济南市区道路积尘负荷的测定及控制措施

介绍了济南市区道路保洁的概况,并通过对济南市道路积尘的测定,绘制道路积尘负荷分布,结合实际情况分析污染因素,提出道路扬尘控制措施.