结膜松弛症诊断治疗技术

结膜松弛症是由于球结膜过度松弛和/或下睑缘张力高,造成松弛球结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内、外眦部之间形成皱褶,引起眼表泪液学异常,并伴有眼部不适等症状的疾病。结膜松弛症多发生于老年人,常主诉眼部干涩、异物感、泪溢。诊断结膜松弛症的关键是裂隙灯检查见松弛的球结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内眦部、外眦部之间。结膜松弛症根据症状和体征在临床上分为四级。结膜松弛症的球结膜组织发生以弹力纤维减少、胶原纤维溶解为主要的组织病理改变,泪液中出现蛋白质及酶的异常表达,泪液排泄出现障碍。结膜成纤维细胞中基质金属蛋白酶MMP-1及MMP-3过度表达,使得MMPs与TIMPs之间失去平衡,可能使胶原纤维溶解,弹力纤维变性,导致球结膜基质和Tenon’s的过度降解,引起眼表泪液学异常的病理循环,而发生结膜松弛症。结膜松弛症眼部刺激症状严重者,可以给予泪液制剂、润滑剂和皮质类固醇或抗组胺等药物。上述方法无效,选择手术治疗:(1)结膜新月形切除术;(2)结膜缝线固定术;(3)结膜切除羊膜移植术;(4)角膜缘结膜梯形切除术;(5)双极电凝治疗术;(6)下睑缘高张力减弱术。上述手术方法对治疗结膜松弛症都有效,但各有缺点,且有不同适应证。     

《结膜松弛症》一书出版

张兴儒著、陈家祺审的《结膜松弛症》一书已由上海科技出版社出版。结膜松弛症是常见病,主诉眼部干涩、异物感、泪溢,是由于球结膜过度松弛或下睑缘张力高,造成松弛结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内眦部、外眦部之间引起眼表泪液学异常,并伴有眼部不适等症状的疾病。本书总结了国内外有关结膜松弛症研究成果,从结膜松弛症的病因、发病机理、临床表现、诊断标准、治疗     

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《结膜松弛症》一书出版张兴儒著、陈家祺审的《结膜松弛症》一书已由上海科技出版社出版。结膜松弛症是常见病,主诉眼部干涩、异物感、泪溢。是由于球结膜过度松弛或下睑缘张力高,造成松弛结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内眦都、外眦部之间引起眼表泪液学异常,并伴有眼部不适等症状的疾病。本书总结了国内外有关结膜松弛症研究成果,从结膜松弛症的病因、发病机理、临床表现、诊断标准、治疗     

《结膜松弛症》一书出版

张兴儒著、陈家祺审的《结膜松弛症》一书已由上海科技出版社出版。结膜松弛症是常见病,主诉眼部干涩、异物感、泪溢,是由于球结膜过度松弛和(或)下睑缘张力高,造成松弛结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内眦部、外眦部之间引起眼表泪液学异常,并伴有眼部不适等症状的疾病。本书总结了国内外有关结膜松弛症研究成果,从结膜松弛症的病因、发病机理、临床表现、诊断标准、治疗效果等方面系统地进行了论述,是目前关于结膜松弛症的唯一专著。     

《结膜松弛症》一书出版

张兴儒著、陈家祺审的《结膜松弛症》一书已由上海科技出版社出版。结膜松弛症是常见病，主诉眼部干涩、异物感、泪溢，是由于球结膜松弛和（或）下睑缘张力高，造成松弛结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内眦部、外眦部之间引起眼表泪液学异常，并伴有眼部不适等症状的疾病。     

《结膜松弛症》一书出版

张兴儒著、陈家祺审的《结膜松弛症》一书已由上海科技出版社出版。结膜松弛症是常见病，主诉眼部干涩、异物感、泪溢，是由于球结膜过度松弛和（或）下睑缘张力高，造成松弛结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内眦部、外眦部之间引起眼表泪液学异常，并伴有眼部不适等症状的疾病。     

《结膜松弛症》一书出版

张兴儒著、陈家祺审的《结膜松弛症》一书已由上海科技出版社出版。结膜松弛症是常见病,主诉眼部干涩、异物感、泪溢,是由于球结膜过度松弛和(或)下睑缘张力高,造成松弛结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内眦部、外眦部之间引起眼表泪液学异常,并伴有眼部不适等症状的疾病。本书总结了国内外有关结膜松弛症研究成果,从结膜松弛症的病因、发病机理、临床表     

结膜松弛症的病理学研究进展

结膜松弛症是指球结膜过度松弛和(或)下睑缘张力高,造成松弛球结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内外眦部之间形成皱褶引起眼表泪液学异常,并伴有眼部不适症状的疾病。临床并不少见,易被误为正常老年性改变而被忽略。近年来在其病理学方面研究取得了较大进展。本文对结膜松弛症的临床表现及分级、组织病理学特点,超微结构改变,发病机制及尚待解决的问题作一扼要综述。     

结膜松弛症

结膜松弛症为老年人常见眼病,是由于球结膜过度松弛和(或)下睑缘张力增高,造成松弛的球结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘以及内、外眦部之间形成皱褶,引起眼表泪液学异常,并伴有眼部干涩、异物感、溢泪不适等症状的疾病.     

结膜松弛症手术治疗临床观察

结膜松弛症可由于球结膜过度松弛和／或下睑缘张力高，导致松弛的球结膜堆积在眼球与下睑缘、内外眦部之间而引起眼表泪液学异常。我科采用手术治疗结膜松弛症效果良好，报告如下。     

结膜松弛症的发病机理研究

结膜松弛症的发病机理是出现了球结膜、泪液和睑缘三者平衡失调,眼表自动反馈调节系统失灵。球结膜组织发生以弹力纤维减少为主要的组织病理改变,泪液中出现蛋白质及酶的异常表达,在瞬目或闭眼时下睑缘张力增高向上推压已经过度变薄、弹性下降、张力降低、与其下方组织结合疏松的球结膜,松弛结膜就会明显堆积在下睑缘上、内、外眦部之间,形成皱褶,突出于眼表曲面,影响泪液的流动、分布、排泄,在松弛结膜上不能形成正常泪膜,而发生干燥、充血、水肿、上皮角化、泪河变窄或残缺不全,泪液不能正常流动到泪湖区,泪湖不能聚泪,泪液不能进入泪点,使泪液排泄出现障碍,泪液清除延缓又可导致大量降解酶的堆积,可能使胶原纤维溶解,弹力纤维变性,引起眼表泪液学异常的病理循环,而发生结膜松弛症。     

Conjunctival cytology features of giant papillary conjunctivitis associated with ocular prostheses

PURPOSE: In this study, the conjunctival cytology features of giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) associated with ocular prosthesis wear was examined. METHODS: In a prospective study, 12 consecutive patients diagnosed with GPC associated with ocular prosthesis wear were examined. Impression cytology specimens were taken from the upper eyelid tarsal conjunctiva, the bulbar conjunctiva, and the lower eyelid tarsal conjunctiva of each socket, with the contralateral eye serving as a matched control. RESULTS: The randomized impression cytology specimens showed no significant change in goblet cell density or epithelial cell morphology when comparing the GPC and control specimens. The GPC specimens did have a statistically significant increase in conjunctival inflammation and mucous strands on all three sample areas. In addition, the GPC specimens from the upper and lower tarsal conjunctiva had a honeycomb pattern consistent with giant papillae. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to describe the honeycomb pattern created by giant papillae on impression cytology and the changes of GPC on the lower tarsal conjunctiva.     

Hughes technique, amniotic membrane allograft, and topical chemotherapy in conjunctival melanoma with eyelid involvement

A 59-year-old woman presented with a pigmented mass in the inferior tarsal conjunctiva of the left eye with an associated diffuse, multifocal pigmentation involving largely the inferior half of the bulbar conjunctiva, fornix, and eyelid skin. Histopathologic examination of map biopsies disclosed conjunctival melanoma from primary acquired melanosis. Surgical excision of the inferior bulbar conjunctiva, fornix, and lower eyelid with histopathologic free margins was performed. Adjuvant cryotherapy was applied. The bulbar conjunctiva and lower fornix were reconstructed with an amniotic membrane allograft. Lower eyelid reconstruction was accomplished by use of the Hughes technique. Topical mitomycin C (0.04%) was applied after surgery. After 2 years of follow-up, no tumor recurrence has been detected and the eyelid and conjunctival defect have been satisfactorily corrected. This combined surgical procedure using amniotic membrane allograft and a composite tarsoconjunctival flap is shown to be useful in the treatment of an advanced conjunctival neoplasia with extensive eyelid involvement.     

Ocular adnexal lymphoma: Five case reports and a literature review

This article reports the clinical course and treatment of ocular adnexal lymphoma based on a retrospective review of five cases with a histologically approved ocular adnexal lymphoma at Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital over 10 years. Extranodal B-cell lymphoma in the orbit, lacrimal gland, eyelid, or conjunctiva was found in these patients. Four of them were female, and they were aged 45–64 years. All patients were also consulted with hematologists for possible systemic involvement and therapeutic plan. The patient with retrobulbar and orbital apex involvement received systemic chemotherapy. The patient with lacrimal gland involvement experienced tumor recurrence after local excision, and therefore received adjuvant radiotherapy. The remaining three patients had localized lymphoma on the eyelid or bulbar conjunctiva, and they all showed no recurrence after surgical excision. The incidence of ocular adnexal lymphoma has risen worldwide over the last few decades. Although most cases are confined to ocular adnexal, some may also be associated with disseminated lymphoma. Accurate diagnosis and staging is mandatory for appropriate treatment. Generally speaking, localized and low-grade ocular adnexal lymphoma involved eyelid or conjunctiva seem to have good outcome after surgical excision only. Systemic chemotherapy should be considered in patients with advanced disease or systemic manifestations, and radiotherapy also offers a good choice for lacrimal gland lymphoma.     

结膜松弛症泪液学及治疗研究进展

结膜松弛症是与年龄相关的常见眼表疾病.松弛结膜堆积在睑缘内外眦部之间,引起泪液分泌、排泄、成分的改变,导致泪液学异常,泪河残缺、泪膜不稳定,出现眼干涩、视物模糊等症状,降低眼视觉质量和生活质量.目前的治疗包括局部眼液对症治疗、中药保守治疗以及手术.常用的手术方式有结膜新月形切除术、结膜缝线固定术、双极电凝治疗术、下睑缘张力减弱术等,均可以不同程度改善患者的泪液学症状和体征.     

Superficial conjunctiva cauterization to reduce moderate conjunctivochalasis

AIM: We report here a simple surgical approach to reduce moderate conjunctivochalasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A non-comparative prospective interventional case series study of fifteen consecutive patients with moderate conjunctivochalasis was carried out. On the inferior bulbar conjunctiva 10 to 20 superficial burns were performed with an electrical bipolar cauter to reduce moderate conjunctivochalasis. Before and around a mean time of six months after surgery digital photographs of the conjunctivochalasis were taken at the slit lamp. The maximal height of the conjunctivochalasis above the lower eyelid margin measured before surgery was compared with the height of the conjunctivochalasis measured after surgery around the same location (one eye per patient). RESULTS: In each patient, gentle and superficial cauterization induced contraction of the bulbar conjunctiva and reduction of the conjunctivochalasis. No complications were noted during or after the procedure. Mean (+/- SD) maximal conjunctivochalasis height above the lower eyelid margin was higher before (2.3 +/- 0.9 mm) than after surgery (0.8 +/- 0.6 mm). Preoperative values of conjunctivochalasis height were significantly (p < 0.001) different from the postoperative ones (Wilcoxon rank signed test). CONCLUSIONS: Gentle superficial cauterization of the inferior bulbar conjunctiva can induced significant reduction of a moderate conjunctivochalasis.     

Ocular surface changes in pterygium.

PURPOSE: To evaluate ocular surface abnormalities in eyes with pterygium. METHODS: Impression cytology was performed on 56 pterygia in 50 eyes with primary or recurrent pterygium. Superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal bulbar conjunctivae were evaluated. RESULTS: The ocular surface morphology directly over the pterygium was found to be abnormal in 100% of cases. This was significant compared with abnormalities in 2.4% in the superior bulbar conjunctiva, 54.5% in the inferior bulbar conjunctiva, and 58.1% in the clinically unaffected interpalpebral conjunctiva. The epithelial cells in pterygium demonstrated squamous metaplasia in 73.2% of cases, with marked enlargement and elongation of the cells and pyknotic changes in the nuclei. Squamous metaplasia was also seen in the inferior conjunctiva (31.7%) and the clinically unaffected interpalpebral conjunctiva (54.8%) but without the advanced changes seen over the pterygium (p < 0.001). A low cellular yield was obtained over the pterygium in 98.2% of cases but only 22.7% in the inferior conjunctiva and 22.6% in the clinically unaffected interpalpebral conjunctiva (p < 0.001). Mucinous hyperplasia signifying increased goblet cell density was observed over the surface of the pterygium in 87.5% compared with 2.4% in the superior conjunctiva, 15.9% in the inferior conjunctiva, and 12.9% in the clinically unaffected interpalpebral conjunctiva (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The cytology of surface cells in pterygium exhibits squamous metaplasia with increased goblet cell density. A graded series of ocular surface changes exists throughout the bulbar conjunctiva in eyes with pterygium, with the most advanced changes occurring directly over the pterygium surface.     

Treatment of large conjunctival nevus by resection and reconstruction using amniotic membrane

Background Nevus of the bulbar conjunctiva is a benign pigmented lesion of the ocular surface. Unless a biopsy is required for ruling out malignant melanoma, a nevus is usually excised for cosmetic reasons only. However, with large lesions involving two or more quadrants of the bulbar conjunctiva, a total resection can be difficult. In this report, we present a case of a huge nevus treated by surgical excision and amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction of the bulbar conjunctiva.Methods A 54-year-old Japanese man was referred to our clinic with suspected malignant tumor of the bulbar conjunctiva in his right eye. A large and diffuse pigmented tumor with numerous small cysts was present mainly on the upper bulbar conjunctiva. Resection of the conjunctival tumor and amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction of the bulbar conjunctiva were performed.Results The histopathological diagnosis was conjunctival nevus. Epithelialization of the bulbar conjunctiva over the amniotic membrane sheet was completed 4 weeks after resection. At 44-month follow-up, there was no recurrence or any postoperative complication.Conclusion Surgical resection combined with reconstruction by amniotic membrane transplantation is effective for the treatment of large conjunctival nevus.     

Conjunctivochalasis: a systematic review

Conjunctivochalasis (CCH) is a conjunctival condition characterized by loose, redundant conjunctival folds, most typically in the inferior bulbar conjunctiva of both eyes. Although CCH is a common cause of ocular irritation and discomfort, especially in the elderly, it is often overlooked in clinical practice. CCH may be associated with various ocular and nonocular conditions; however, the most important risk factor is aging. Although often asymptomatic, CCH may cause symptoms related to tear film instability and/or delayed tear clearance. Pathogenesis of CCH remains largely unknown but may involve different elements such as aged conjunctiva, unstable tear film, mechanical friction, ocular surface inflammation, and delayed tear clearance. Contradictory results have been reported on histopathologic changes in CCH, with some studies showing a normal microscopic structure. For symptomatic CCH, medical treatment may include lubrication and anti-inflammatory medications. For symptomatic patients who fail to respond to medical treatment, a surgical procedure may be considered. Although various surgical procedures have been used for CCH, more often, it consists of conjunctival cauterization or excision of the redundant conjunctiva, with or without amniotic membrane transplantation.