休克期切痂对烫伤大鼠肝、肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1表达及促炎/抗炎平衡的影响

目的 观察休克期切痂对烫伤大鼠组织早期和晚期炎症介质变化规律及相应器官功能的影响,探讨休克期切痂改善预后的分子机制。方法 Wistai大鼠30％Ⅲ度烫伤后随机分为24h切痂组和72h切痂组。分别检测肝、肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)、白介素-10(IL-10)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达。结果烫伤后2d,肝、肺组织HMGB1、TNF-α mRNA表达增强,而IL-10mRNA伤后8d增强;24h切痂大鼠伤后4d肝、肺组织HMGB1和TNF-α mRNA表达下调,伤后8d其IL-10 mRNA表达恢复正常;72h切痂大鼠伤后8d肝、肺IL-10mRNA仍维持较高水平。伤后2．8d肝组织内TNF-α蛋白水平呈双峰改变,4d时减少;24h和72h切痂组肝TNF-α维持在正常范围;伤后2、4d肝TNF-α／IL-10比例升高,24h切痂可降低TNF-α／IL-10。此外,24h切痂组4、8d血浆天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶含量及肺组织髓过氧化物酶活性显著降低。结论休克期切痂可阻断严重烫伤大鼠肝、肺组织早期和晚期炎症介质过度表达,维持促炎／抗炎介质平衡,改善多脏器功能。     

休克期切痂对大鼠肺组织ICAM-1、NF-QmRNA表达的影响

目的研究烧伤后肺组织细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-a(TNF-a)表达和肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性变化的规律,探讨实施休克期切痂对上述指标变化的影响。方法Wistar大鼠176只,30％体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤,采用逆转录PCR方法分别观察伤后不同时相点及不同时机切痂后肺组织ICAM-1、TNF-amRNA的表达及肺脏MPO活性变化。结果烫伤后肺组织ICAM-1及TNF-a的mRNA表达在伤后4h即已升高,分别在伤后12h和24h达到高峰,伤后8h和24h切痂组动物切痂后再次出现一峰值,但低于第一个峰值,伤后96h恢复正常。未切痂组和96h切痂组在伤后7d仍未恢复正常;休克期切痂动物的肺组织MPO活性伤后96h恢复正常,而非休克期切痂组动物一直维持较高水平。结论尽早切痂去除坏死组织可阻断炎症介质及细菌毒素的释放,避免了内皮细胞大量合成ICAM-1等粘附分子,减轻由粘附分子介导的中性粒细胞对内皮细胞的进一步损害。     

烫伤休克期切痂植皮对骨骼肌蛋白降解率影响的实验研究

目的　探讨严重烫伤休克期切痂的必要性。　方法　用大鼠 30 %Ⅲ度背部烫伤模型 ,观察大鼠严重烫伤后骨骼肌蛋白降解率的变化 ,以及实施休克期切痂前后骨骼肌蛋白分解的变化。大鼠随机分为烫伤组、休克期切痂组和非休克期切痂组 3组 ,每组 5个时间点 (含伤前对照 )每时间点8只大鼠。两切痂组分别于伤后 1d和 4d切痂植皮 ,采用无创技术和骨骼肌充分氧供离体孵育系统测定伸趾长肌蛋白降解率。　结果　烫伤后 1d伸趾长肌总蛋白降解率较伤前显著增加 (t=2 988～3 12 4均P <0 0 1) ,差异均有非常显著意义 ;余时间点变化不明显 ,烫伤组、休克期切痂组和非休克切痂组相比差异无显著性意义。然而伸趾长肌肌纤维蛋白降解率在烫伤后各时间点均较伤前值显著增加 (均t=2 977～ 4 72 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,差异均有非常显著性意义。休克期切痂组组较大休克切痂组在伤后 2、4、5d显著降低 (tz=2 311,P <0 0 5 ;t4,5=3 0 5 4 ,3 319,P <0 0 1) ,差异均有显著和非常显著性意义 ;其中休克期切痂组伸趾长肌肌纤维蛋白降解率均值分别为每 3h 3 17、2 33、1 75nmol/g。两切痂组比较差异无显著意义 ,仅在伤后 5d轻度下降。结论　休克期切痂有助于减轻烫伤后骨骼肌蛋白的高分解代谢反应。     

休克期切痂对大鼠肺组织ICAM-1、TNF-α mRNA表达的影响

目的 研究烧伤后肺组织细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达和肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性变化的规律,探讨实施休克期切痂对上述指标变化的影响。方法 Wistar大鼠176只,30％体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤,采用逆转录PCR方法分别观察伤后不同时相点及不同时机切痂后肺组织ICAM-1、TNFα mRNA的表达及肺脏：MPO活性变化。结果烫伤后肺组织ICAM-1及TNFα的mRNA表达在伤后4h即已升高,分别在伤后12h和24h达到高峰,伤后8h和24h切痂组动物切痂后再次出现一峰值,但低于第一个峰值,伤后96h恢复正常。未切痂组和96h切痂组在伤后7d仍未恢复正常;休克期切痂动物的肺组织MPO活性伤后96h恢复正常,而非休克期切痂组动物一直维持较高水平。结论 尽早切痂去除坏死组织可阻断炎症介质及细菌毒素的释放,避免了内皮细胞大量合成ICAM-1等粘附分子,减轻由粘附分子介导的中性粒细胞对内皮细胞的进一步损害。     

利多卡因对脓毒症大鼠肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨利多卡因对脓毒症大鼠肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1( HMGB1) mRNA表达的影响.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠50只,体重200 ～ 250 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为5组(n＝10):假手术组(S组)、脓毒症组(L组)、低、中和高剂量利多卡因组(LL1组、LL2组和LL3组).除S组外,其他4组采用盲肠结扎穿孔术制备大鼠脓毒症诱发急性肺损伤模型.LL1组、LL2组和LL3组分别于术毕、术后1、2h时腹腔注射利多卡因5、10、20 mg/kg,S组和L组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于术后24、48 h时处死5只大鼠,取肺组织,测定HMGB1 mRNA表达、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性和NF-κB活性,光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,其他4组肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达上调,MPO活性升高(P<0.05);与L组比较,LL1组、LL2组和LL3组肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达下调,MPO活性降低(P<0.01);LL1组、LL2组和LL3组肺组织HMGB1 mRNA表达依次下调,MPO活性依次降低(P<0.05).LL1组、屿LL2和LL3组肺组织NF-κB活性逐渐降低,肺组织损伤程度逐渐减轻.结论 利多卡因减轻脓毒症大鼠急性肺损伤的机制与下调肺组织HMGB1基因表达有关,其下调HMGB1基因表达的机制与抑制NF-κB活化有关.     

休克期切痂对大鼠肝组织ICAM-1及TNF-αmRNA表达的影响

目的研究烧伤后肝组织细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达及肝组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)变化的规律,探讨实施休克期切痂对上述指标变化的影响,论证及早切除焦痂的重要性.方法Wistar大鼠176只,30%Ⅲ°烫伤,采用逆转录PCR方法分别观察伤后不同时相点及不同时机切痂后肝组织ICAM-1、TNF-α mRNA的表达及肝组织MPO活性变化.结果烫伤后肝组织ICAM-1及TNF-α的mRNA表达在伤后4h即已升高,分别在伤后12h和24h达到高峰;8h和24h切痂组动物切痂后再次出现一峰值,但低于第一个峰值,伤后96h恢复正常;未切痂组和96h切痂组在伤后7天仍未恢复正常.休克期切痂组MPO活性96时恢复正常,未切痂组和非休克期切痂组伤后7天仍未恢复正常.结论及早切痂去除了坏死组织,阻断了炎症介质及细菌毒素的释放,避免了内皮细胞大量合成ICAM-1等粘附分子,减轻了由粘附分子介导的中性粒细胞对内皮细胞的进一步损害.     

休克期切痂对烫伤大鼠外周血淋巴细胞凋亡及单核细胞抗原呈递功能的影响

目的观察不同时相点切痂对烫伤大鼠外周血淋巴细胞凋亡及单核细胞抗原呈递功能的影响。方法将136只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(8只)、单纯烫伤组(64只)、休克期切痂组(40只)、非休克期切痂组(24只)。对照组不作烫伤处理;其他组均造成30％TBSAⅢ度烫伤,其中后两组分别于伤后36、120 h行切痂植皮术。单纯烫伤组分别于伤后6、12、24、72、120、168、216、288 h处死;两个切痂组分别于伤后72～288 h、168～288 h(时间间隔同上)处死,留取血液标本检测淋巴细胞凋亡率、单核细胞主要组织相容性抗原(MHC)Ⅱ类分子阳性表达率、干扰素(IFN)γ及白细胞介素(IL)4浓度的变化,并行相关性分析。结果伤后6 h开始,单纯烫伤组淋巴细胞凋亡率迅速升高,24 h达峰值(18．19±1．42)％,之后迅速回落,于伤后72 h降至低谷(8．25±0．56)％,随着时间延长又逐渐升高,288 h时(17．81±1．99)％接近峰值,均明显高于对照组(P<0．05);伤后168～288 h两个切痂组淋巴细胞凋亡率明显低于单纯烫伤组(P<0．01)。单纯烫伤组伤后6 h单核细胞MHC-Ⅱ类分子阳性表达率急剧下降,伤后24 h已低于对照组[(37．2±2．4)％]的20％,之后逐渐升高,伤后288 h为(18．8±2．8)％,明显低于两个切痂组(P<0．01)。伤后6 h开始,单纯烫伤组血浆IFN-γ浓度迅速上升,24 h时达峰值(440．8±25．1)ng／L,之后逐渐回落,288 h降至低谷(51．3±37．0)ng／L;而IL-4水平则呈线性上升,于伤后288 h达峰值(78．1±2．8)ng／L;伤后72～288 h单纯烫伤组单核细胞MHC-Ⅱ类分子阳性表达率与休克期切痂组IFN-γ／IL-4比值呈明显的负相关(r= -0．96,P<0．05)。结论大鼠烫伤后切痂能明显抑制淋巴细胞凋亡,减缓IFN-γ／IL-4倒置的趋势,改善单核细胞抗原呈递功能。其中在单核细胞免疫功能恢复方面,休克期切痂较非休克期切痂效果显著。     

不同时期切痂对烫伤大鼠骨骼肌和脂肪组织葡萄糖转运蛋白-4 mRNA表达水平的影响

目的 -探讨大面积烫伤后实施休克期切痂对大鼠骨骼肌、脂肪组织葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)mRNA表达水平的影响。方法采用30％Ⅲ度TBSA烫伤大鼠模型,分别于伤后8、24、96h切痂,测定血清胰岛素、胰高血糖素、皮质醇及血糖水平,采用RT-PCR法检测烫伤和切痂后大鼠骨骼肌、脂肪组织GLUT4 mRNA表达水平。结果休克期切痂使血糖、胰高血糖素、皮质醇水平下降;伤后骨骼肌、脂肪组织GLuT4 mRNA表达水平下降,休克期切痂可促使其回升。结论大面积烫伤后大鼠骨骼肌、脂肪组织GIMT4 mRNA表达减少,休克期切痂可促使其恢复,有利于糖代谢的改善,减轻高代谢状态。     

丙酮酸乙酯对烫伤延迟复苏大鼠肾组织高迁移率族蛋白B1表达和急性肾损伤的影响

目的观察丙酮酸乙酯（EP）对烫伤延迟复苏大鼠肾组织高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）表达及急性肾损伤的影响。方法采用30％体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤延迟复苏大鼠模型,78只大鼠随机分为假伤组（n=18）、烫伤组（n=30）和EP治疗组（n=30）;采用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测各组大鼠肾组织HMGB1 mRNA表达,蛋白印迹法及免疫组化法检测。肾组织HMGB1蛋白表达;同时测定血尿素氮（BUN）含量并观察。肾组织病理变化。结果与假伤组比较,严重烫伤后。肾组织HMGBl基因／蛋白表达于伤后8～72h显著增强（P〈0．05）,BUN含量在伤后8h及24h显著升高（P〈0．05）。与烫伤组比较,EP治疗组肾组织8、24、72h时HMGBl表达均显著下调,BUN含量在8、24h时亦明显下降（P〈0．05）;光镜下观察烫伤组肾组织炎性细胞浸润,肾小管结构破坏出现浊肿、变性,而EP处理后。肾脏病理改变不同程度地减轻。结论HMGB1作为晚期炎性因子参与了烫伤后。肾组织炎症反应的病理过程,应用EP治疗可有效下凋。肾组织HMGB1表达,并显著减轻烫伤延迟复苏所致的急性肾损伤。     

休克期切痂对烫伤大鼠γ干扰素、白细胞介素4 mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨烫伤大鼠伤后不同时间切痂对Th1细胞因子γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和Th2细胞因子白细胞介素4(IL-4)循环水平的变化及其mRNA在脾脏T淋巴细胞表达的影响。方法160只健康雄性Wistar大鼠背部30％Ⅲ度烫伤后,随机分为单纯烫伤对照组和伤后8h、24h、96h切痂组,分别在伤后4、12、24、48、96、120、168h活杀动物,采集血液和脾脏标本。ELISA法检测血浆内IFN-γ、IL-4浓度;Ficoll分离液法、贴壁法和尼龙毛柱吸附法提取纯化脾脏T淋巴细胞,一步法提取细胞总RNA、RT-PCR法扩增目的基因、琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析IFN-γ和IL-4 mRNA的表达。结果烫伤4h大鼠循环内上述细胞因子的浓度大幅升高,同时其mRNA表达迅速上调。Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ及其mRNA表达在烫伤后24h达峰值,其后逐渐下降;Th2型细胞因子IL4的循环浓度及mRNA表达进行性增加;伤后7d出现明显偏向Th2型反应的现象。切痂组两个细胞因子浓度增加及其mRNA表达上调的变化幅度小于单纯烫伤对照组,其中8h切痂组的变化最小,24h和96h切痂组次之。结论休克期切痂有利于抑制严重烧伤后Th2型细胞因子的过度表达。     

An unusual rotational injury: pantibial ligamentous injury

Pantibial ligamentous injury including knee dislocation and tibiotalar joint subluxation is an uncommon severe rotational injury. A 21-year-old male injured his right knee falling from a motorcycle. Physical examination revealed effusion on the right knee and ankle, and posterior translation of the tibia as well. The MRI of the right knee and ankle demonstrated the following findings: a complete disruption of cruciate ligaments, the medial collateral ligament, posteromedial corner injury together with a peripheric tear in the medial meniscus, the ruptured deltoid ligament, ankle syndesmosis space widening (>5 mm) and lateral subluxation of talus. Deltoid ligament of the right ankle was repaired and ankle syndesmosis was fixed with a cortical screw. The PCL and ACL were reconstructed arthroscopically with autogeneous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. The midsubstance tear of MCL, posteromedial corner and medial meniscus tear were primarily repaired with nonabsorbable sutures. 3 years after the surgery, the patient was called for the final examination. MRI and X-ray findings of the knee and ankle joint demonstrated the continuity of ACL, PCL, MCL, and deltoid ligament. The patient, who is a farmer, can go back to his job and perform his daily activities. We presented a previously unreported case that involves both simultaneous occurrence of knee dislocation and tibiotalar joint subluxation. We used the term “Pantibial ligamentous injury” for this case.     

Aortic injury

Two cases of aortic injury from trocar insertion during laparoscopic cholecystectomy are described and analyzed. The literature is reviewed and suggestions are offered for avoiding and treating this major complication. Both patients survived and are normal.     

Oesophageal injury

Oesophageal injuries are rare, the majority being iatrogenic, spontaneous (Boerhaave's syndrome) or caustic. Partial thickness injuries are usually not serious, and heal. Due to its location, full thickness injuries of the oesophagus can have catastrophic consequences, leading to significant morbidity and sometimes death. Effective early treatment in experienced centres can lead to successful outcomes, although this relies on a low index of suspicion and rapid clinical recognition of this uncommon problem. Discussion with a specialist centre is mandatory, and it is usually appropriate to transfer the patient to such a centre. CT scan, contrast swallow and selective use of endoscopy by an experienced endoscopist are the investigations of choice, and a multidisciplinary approach to the management involving interventional radiology, interventional endoscopy and surgery will lead to the best outcomes.     

Oesophageal injury

Oesophageal injuries are rare, the majority being iatrogenic, spontaneous (Boerhaave's syndrome) or caustic. Partial-thickness injuries are usually not serious, and heal, but, due to its location, full-thickness injuries of the oesophagus can have catastrophic consequences, leading to significant morbidity and sometimes death. Effective early treatment in experienced centres can lead to successful outcomes, although this relies on a low index of suspicion and rapid clinical recognition of this uncommon problem. Discussion with a specialist centre is mandatory, and it is usually appropriate to transfer the patient to such a centre. Computed tomography scan, contrast swallow and selective use of endoscopy by an experienced endoscopist are the investigations of choice, and a multidisciplinary approach to the management involving interventional radiology, interventional endoscopy and surgery will lead to the best outcomes.     

Brain injury without head injury after multiple trauma

Watershed infarction has previously been described after cerebral trauma, when it is due to raised intracranial pressure or systemic hypotension. A case is reported, so far as is known for the first time, of bilateral watershed infarction following blunt systemic trauma, without injury to the head or neck. The importance of resuscitation in preventing secondary brain injury caused by systemic hypotension is highlighted. The advantages of HMPAO-SPET in detecting cerebral perfusion defects are discussed.     

Effect of thermal injury on endotoxin-induced lung injury

We studied the effects of a burn injury on the response of the lung to endotoxin. Seventeen unanesthetized sheep with lung lymph fistulas were studied. Eight were given Escherichia coli endotoxin (1.5 micrograms/kg) alone and nine were given the same dose 72 hours after a 25% total body surface burn injury. At this time after burn, all physiologic parameters were at baseline levels. A characteristic two-phase lung injury was seen after administration of endotoxin with an initial hypertension phase, characterized by pulmonary artery hypertension, and a second or permeability phase, characterized by an increase in protein-rich lymph flow. all eight animals that underwent only endotoxin administration survived, whereas four of the nine burned animals died during the permeability phase in pulmonary edema. Major physiologic differences between the groups were noted during the permeability phase, including a more severe hypoxia, pulmonary hypertension, and increased postburn lymph flow. Major biochemical changes included significant increases in lymph thromboxane, thromboxane B2, and beta-glucuronidase activity in the burn group. We conclude that the lung is more sensitive to endotoxin after burn, probably as a result of an increased release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism and products of leukocyte activation caused by the body burn.