分水岭梗死与侧支循环相关性的研究

脑分水岭梗死约占全部脑梗死的10％，其发生除受颈动脉系统狭窄／闭塞影响，还与侧支代偿状况有着密切的关系，探讨脑动脉系统病变引起分水岭梗死的类型及与侧支代偿的关系有着重要的临床意义。     

颈内和大脑中动脉狭窄与闭塞的梗死类型及卒中机制的研究

目的 研究单侧动脉粥样硬化性MCA/ICA狭窄与闭塞的急性缺血性脑卒中患者在DWI上的梗死类型及发病机制.方法 起病48h内DWI诊断的急性脑梗死伴有动脉粥样硬化性MCA/ICA狭窄与闭塞的131例患者,有潜在心源性栓子患者除外.急性期DWI上梗死病灶分为：（1）单发病灶（小的穿动脉梗死灶;大的穿动脉梗死灶,皮层支梗死,大面积梗死,分水岭梗死）;（2）多发梗死病灶.结果 131例患者,ICA51例,MCA80例.ICA出现最多的梗死类型：穿支动脉伴分水岭梗死,但与MCA比较,皮层支伴分水岭梗死具有统计学意义（8/51,P=0.001）.MCA以穿支动脉伴皮层支梗死最多,且与ICA比较,具有统计学意义（12/80,P=0.003）.MCA中任何皮层支梗死与狭窄程度无关,ICA中任何分水岭梗死与狭窄程度相关.结论 颈内和大脑中动脉狭窄与闭塞在DWI上的梗死类型有明显的不同,提示有着不同的卒中发病机制.     

TCD脑血流动力学参数与大面积脑梗死颅内侧支循环代偿及神经预后的关系

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）脑血流动力学参数与大面积梗死颅内侧支循环代偿及神经预后的关系。方法 选取2021-08—2022-08在南充市中心医院治疗的大面积梗死患者86例,其中单纯前交通动脉（ACoA）代偿患者20例,单纯后交通动脉（PCoA）代偿患者18例,单纯眼动脉（OA）代偿患者15例,ACoA合并PCoA代偿患者20例,无侧支代偿患者13例;根据改良Rankin量表（mRS）评估,预后良好患者68例,预后不良患者18例;比较各分层患者TCD脑血流动力学参数：大脑中动脉收缩期峰值流速（Vs）、舒张期峰值流速（Vd）、平均血流速度（Vm）、搏动指数（PI）和阻力指数（RI）的差异,分析其与患者颅内侧支循环代偿及神经预后的关系。结果 入院2周后大脑中动脉Vs、Vd和Vm比较中：ACoA合并PCoA代偿组>ACoA代偿组>PCoA代偿组>OA代偿组>无侧支代偿组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;入院2周后大脑中动脉PI、RI比较中：ACoA合并PCoA代偿组相似文献   

CTA评估分水岭脑梗死患者侧枝循环的初步研究

目的初步探讨侧枝代偿在分水岭脑梗死(CWI)发病中的作用。方法应用CT血管成像(CTA)技术,回顾性分析于我院住院治疗的139例分水岭脑梗死(包括皮质型、内侧型及混合型)患者的颅内动脉,比较各组患者相关血管病变及侧枝代偿情况。结果 (1)CTA显示110例患者存在颈动脉系统病变,其中49例为颈内动脉(ICA)狭窄/闭塞,61例为大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄/闭塞;(2)在内侧型分水岭梗死(IWI)患者中,存在MCA狭窄/闭塞者(46例)高于ICA狭窄/闭塞(31例)和无明显狭窄(16例),差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);(3)ICA狭窄/闭塞时,前交通动脉(ACOA)未开放者在IWI患者所占比例(25/31例)明显多于皮质型分水岭梗死患者(5/11例)和混合型分水岭梗死患者(3/7例),差别有统计学意义(P=0.033);(4)MCA狭窄/闭塞时,软脑膜侧枝代偿较差者在皮质型分水岭梗死患者所占比例(6/9例)明显多于IWI患者(11/46例)和混合型分水岭梗死患者(1/6例),差别有统计学意义(P=0.028)。结论颈动脉系统病变所致的IWI受MCA的狭窄/闭塞影响程度更大;ICA狭窄/闭塞所致IWI梗死与ACOA缺乏或发育不良有关,ACOA的存在可以明显减少IWI发生;MCA病变时软脑膜代偿的出现可增加受累皮质的血供,软脑膜侧枝代偿较差可促进皮质型分水岭脑梗死的发生。     

颈动脉病变与前循环梗死亚型关系

目的研究颈动脉病变与前循环梗死亚型之间的关系。方法采用彩色多普勒超声对116例颈内动脉系统脑梗死患者双侧颈总及颈内动脉进行探查,观察颈动脉病变特点,分析不同类型粥样斑块与脑梗死亚型的相关性。结果①68·2%的脑梗死患者存在不同程度的颈动脉病变,69·8%的患者颈动脉轻度狭窄;②左侧半球梗死的患者其同侧颈动脉粥样斑块数量远大于对侧,右侧半球梗死的患者其同侧斑块数量也大于对侧(P<0·005),同时随着颈部病变血管和斑块数量增加,颅内病变范围及程度也增加(P<0·005);③皮质支及动脉主干型脑梗死患者中不稳定性斑块35例,稳定性斑块9例;中央支梗死、分水岭区梗死及白质损害患者中不稳定性斑块分别为5例、4例、9例,稳定性斑块为17例、7例、20例。结论①颈内动脉系统病变与前循环梗死相关,同时颈动脉狭窄程度并不是前循环梗死唯一相关因素,颈动脉粥样斑块性质可能与其密切相关;②颈动脉病变与颅内病灶存在对应关系,同时颈动脉粥样硬化的程度和范围与脑梗死的程度相关,而且Willis环不仅对脑血流供应起调节和代偿作用,同时也促使微血栓向对侧及其他血管转移;③不稳定性斑块与皮质支脑梗死及动脉主干型脑梗死相关而稳定性斑块则与中央支脑梗死、分水岭区梗死及弥漫白质损害相关。     

颈内和大脑中动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的分水岭梗死类型与机制的研究

目的研究单侧动脉粥样硬化性大脑中动脉(MCA)及颈内动脉(ICA)重度狭窄或闭塞所致急性缺血性脑卒中患者分水岭梗死(WI)类型及发病机制。方法起病48h内DWI诊断的急性分水岭梗死伴有动脉粥样硬化性MCA/ICA重度狭窄与闭塞的患者102例,其中MCA组38例,ICA组64例,有潜在心源性栓子患者除外。急性期DWI上分水岭梗死病灶分为:(1)单纯分水岭梗死病灶;(2)含分水岭梗死的多发梗死病灶。结果 ICA组单纯分水岭梗死病灶较多,其中前+内分水岭梗死的例数最多,与MCA组比较具差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ICA组复合梗死病灶中,出现最多的梗死类型为穿支动脉伴分水岭梗死,与MCA组比较差异具有统计学意义。MCA组以穿支动脉伴皮层支梗死伴分水岭梗死最多,且与ICA组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论颈内和大脑中动脉重度狭窄与闭塞所致分水岭梗死的类型有明显的不同,提示有着不同的发病机制。     

基底动脉闭塞的DSA分析

目的 探讨脑干梗死经DSA全脑血管造影证实基底动脉闭塞后的临床与预后,以期对临床治疗有一定的指导意义。方法 选取14例在临床中发现并经脑血管造影证实为基底动脉闭塞而临床症状轻微的患者。分析基底动脉闭塞后的临床表现与侧支代偿之间的关系。结果 （1）基底动脉近端闭塞,临床表现多以眩晕发作为主（占91％）;中段或远端闭塞,则多表现为间断性意识障碍（占66．7％）。（2）基底动脉近端闭塞,侧支血流多由颈外动脉和锁骨下动脉分支及椎动脉颅外段的肌支或脊髓前动脉代偿供血;基底动脉中、远段闭塞,侧支血流多由小脑后下动脉与小脑上动脉吻合（占100％）。结论 基底动脉闭塞若侧支代偿充分,可不表现明显的脑干缺血表现或表现轻微。内科治疗效果较好。     

TIA进展成脑梗死的脑梗死模式和血管病变特征

目的分析前循环TIA进展成脑梗死的脑梗死模式和血管病变特征,试探讨其发病机制。方法利用DSA、颈动脉超声和TCD综合定位责任血管狭窄(≥50%)或闭塞及症状侧颈动脉斑块性质,常规MRI研究前循环TIA进展成脑梗死的梗死模式。结果 51例TIA进展成脑梗死患者的MRI脑梗死模式和血管病变特征:皮层下梗死最常见37例(69.8%),其次是分水岭梗死8例(15.1%),区域性梗死5例(9.4%),皮层梗死3例(5.7%)。统计严重血管病变(≥50%狭窄或闭塞)如下:(1)皮层下梗死组血管严重病变17例(45.9%),检出责任侧不稳定斑块6例(16.2%);(2)分水岭梗死组血管严重病变7例(87.5%),检出责任侧不稳定斑块2例(25%);(3)区域性梗死组血管严重病变5例(100%),检出责任侧不稳定斑块2例(40%);(4)皮层梗死血管严重病变3例(100%),检出责任侧不稳定斑块2例(66.7%)。结论前循环TIA进展成脑梗死的梗死类型以皮层下梗死最常见,血流动力学和动脉-动脉栓塞机制均为TIA进展成脑梗死的主要机制。     

缺血性卒中病变血管和侧支循环代偿的研究

目的 观察缺血性卒中患者的责任病变血管及其侧支循环代偿方式,探讨脑动脉闭塞或严重狭窄时侧支循环的代偿作用与牛津郡社区卒中项目(OCSP)临床症状分型之间的关系.方法对211例缺血性卒中患者采用OCSP分型(完全型前循环梗死36例,部分前循环梗死94例,后循环梗死31例,腔隙性梗死50例),进行数字减影全脑血管造影检查,判定梗死的责任血管、侧支循环是否建立及代偿方式.结果 检出有病变血管的患者198例,共累及病变血管206支,责任血管为颈内动脉98条、大脑中动脉54条、椎动脉27条、颈总动脉6条、基底动脉5条、锁骨下动脉4条、大脑前动脉及大脑后动脉各2条;经Willis环代偿98例,软脑膜支吻合115例,颅外代偿46例.结论脑动脉病变最多位于颈内动脉、大脑中动脉,其次位于椎动脉,前循环病变较后循环病变具有更高的梗死发生率;侧支循环代偿以Willis环最充分,软脑膜支吻合最常见;脑梗死的临床分型受病变血管与侧支循环代偿的综合影响.     

急性分水岭区脑梗死-凸面蛛网膜下腔出血三例

目的探讨颈动脉颅内或颅外段狭窄或闭塞导致后分水岭区凸面蛛网膜下腔出血(cSAH)与前循环急性脑梗死(ACI)的发病机制、影像学特征及治疗,以提高对该类型卒中的认识。方法报道3例颈动脉颅内或颅外段狭窄或闭塞导致cSAH患者的临床表现、CT和MRI所见及治疗。结果 3例患者临床表现以局灶性神经功能损害为主,且均存在动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,头颅CT显示病变对侧大脑皮质沟高密度影,并出现新发梗死灶。MRA证实例1病变侧颈动脉颅内及颅外段狭窄,例2病变侧大脑中动脉闭塞,例3病变侧颈动脉颅内段狭窄。结论颈动脉颅内或颅外段狭窄或闭塞导致的急性分水岭区ACI可以cSAH为首发表现。     

The variable clinical and CT findings after carotid occlusion: the role of collateral blood supply.

A retrospective review of 61 cases of angiographically confirmed occlusion of one or both carotid arteries was carried out to look at the evidence that the presence of collateral blood supply influenced the extent and type of cerebral infarction. Forty six patients had bilateral angiography from which it was possible to assess collateral filling of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. As expected, patients with no CT scan evidence of infarction more frequently had transient ischaemic attacks or retinal infarcts than did those with visible cerebral infarcts. Patients with small cortical ischaemic lesions usually had appropriate neuropsychological or neurological deficits. Three patients with cortical watershed infarcts had a fluctuating deficit. Of the patients with bilateral angiograms 67% showed some filling via collaterals of the middle cerebral artery, and 43% of the internal carotid artery in the siphon. Those with collateral filling were mostly found to have normal CT scans or evidence of peripheral cortical lesions. By contrast most watershed and full territory infarcts were found in individuals whose angiograms showed no collateral filling. It is suggested that in many cases infarction occurs despite collateral flow and is due to distal embolism and that this may be relevant to the recently reported failure of the EC/IC bypass operation.     

Clinical and neuroradiological features of internal watershed infarction and the occlusive diseases of carotid artery system

Abstract

Background: To describe the clinical and neuroradiological features of internal watershed (IWS) infarction and to analyze the relationship between IWS infarction and occlusive diseases of carotid artery system.

Methods: We identified 27 IWS infarction patients with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging by commonly used templates within 10 days after the onset. Patients with potential cardiac sources of embolism were excluded. Occlusive diseases of carotid arteries were assessed by magnetic resonance angiography or digital subtraction angiography. Baseline characteristics, clinical course, prognosis, neuroradiological features and symptomatic arteries were analyzed.

Results: Two patterns were identified: 14 patients had confluent IWS (C-IWS) infarction, and 13 patients had partial IWS (P-IWS) infarction. Twelve patients in C-IWS group and 10 patients in P-IWS group had severe stenosis (>70%) or occlusion in either the internal carotid artery (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA). Occlusive diseases of ICA and non-lacunar syndrome were more prevalent in C-IWS group, while occlusive diseases of MCA and lacunar syndrome were more prevalent in P-IWS group. Concomitant small cortical lesions ipsilateral to IWS infarcts were more common in C-IWS group than in P-IWS group, and were significantly associated with ICA diseases. Clinical deterioration during the first seven days after admission and poor outcome assessed by the Modified Rankin Score 3 months after stroke were more prevalent in C-IWS group than in P-IWS group.

Conclusions: There is a relatively definite relationship between IWS infarction and occlusive diseases of carotid arteries. The distribution of symptomatic arteries (ICA or MCA) in C-IWS group is significantly different from that in P-IWS group. Both hypoperfusion and microembolism are probable mechanisms. There may be some differences in their roles in pathogenesis of C-IWS and P-IWS infarction. Microembolism may contribute C-IWS infarction in addition to hypoperfusion, which is the major pathogenesis of P-IWS infarction.     

经颅多普勒对分水岭脑梗死的检查评价

目的探讨经颅多普勒对分水岭脑梗死的临床使用价值。方法所有病例均行头MRI、TCD以及主动脉弓、全脑血管造影（DSA）检查,并证实为分水岭脑梗死。结果一侧颈内动脉系统狭窄或闭塞的10例患者中TCD示6例患侧ACA1血流方向逆转,4例患侧OA血流方向逆转,7例健侧ACA,血流速度高于患侧,6例患侧PCA血流速度增快;14例大脑中动脉主干或上干狭窄或闭塞的患者中TCD示6例大脑中动脉阶段性高流速,6例大脑中动脉未探及血流,2例大脑中动脉低流速伴高PI;1例一侧颈内动脉系统轻度狭窄的患者TCD无明显的变化。结论经颅多普勒能够有效地评价分水岭脑梗死患者脑血管狭窄和侧枝循环的代偿情况。     

Role of collateral flow on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of collateral blood flow via the anterior and posterior communicating arteries (ACoA and PCoA) and via the ophthalmic artery (OphA) on cerebral hemodynamics, metabolism, and border zone infarcts in 57 patients with unilateral symptomatic occlusions of the internal carotid artery. Collateral flow via the ACoA and PCoA was determined with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and collateral flow via the OphA with transcranial Doppler (TCD). Volume flow was studied with MRA, metabolism with ¹H MR spectroscopy, CO₂ reactivity with TCD, and the incidence of border zone infarcts with MRI. Compared with controls, patients had deteriorated volume flow, metabolism, and CO₂ reactivity. No differences were found between patients with and patients without collateral flow through the ACoA and/or PCoA, or between patients with or without collateral flow via the OphA. Patients without collateral flow via any of these collaterals had decreased volume flow in the middle cerebral artery, decreased N -acetylaspartate/choline, and increased lactate/ N -acetylaspartate, compared with the other patients. Patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion have deteriorated cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. Different collateral flow patterns via the ACoA, PCoA, or OphA have no effect on the hemodynamic and metabolic parameters, as long as one of these pathways is present.     

Optico-cerebral syndrome: simultaneous hemodynamic infarction of optic nerve and brain

Three (0.5%) of 612 patients with an acute ischemic stroke in the carotid territory also had ipsilateral optic nerve infarction. They had unilateral or bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion and reversed flow in the ophthalmic artery. Hemodynamic infarction was suggested by triggering by a drop in blood pressure, decreased ophthalmic artery flow and perfusion pressure, and cerebral infarction in a watershed area. The "optico-cerebral syndrome" suggests internal carotid artery occlusion with hemodynamic disturbances. In carotid disease, monocular blindness may be due to an optic nerve lesion sparing the retina.     

Watershed infarction on computed tomographic scan. An unreliable sign of hemodynamic stroke.

We identified three patients with computed tomography-defined infarctions that were partly or exclusively located in watershed territories; clinical evaluation and cerebral angiography suggested that the infarcts were of embolic origin. In two patients, arteriography demonstrated minimal carotid plaque without evidence of significant stenosis. The third patient did have high-grade stenosis of the petrous portion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery, but arteriography demonstrated a branch artery occlusion corresponding to the territory of the infarction. Although most authors suggest that watershed territory infarctions arise from hemodynamic events, cerebral embolization may be a common cause.     

Early collateral blood supply and late parenchymal brain damage in patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion

We angiographically studied 80 patients within 6 hours after the onset of ischemic supratentorial infarction. From this group we selected 36 patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion who survived. In these 36 patients, we compared the presence of a collateral blood supply during the early phase with the extent of final parenchymal brain damage obtained by computed tomography 3 months after the event. The presence of a collateral circulation during the first few hours after the stroke reduced the size of the final parenchymal brain damage in patients with middle cerebral artery stem-trunk occlusion. The collateral blood supply was more efficient in patients who had no significant stenosing lesions of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Our data confirm that the lenticulostriate arteries are end arteries not supplied by collateral blood vessels and suggest that lesions formerly thought to be caused by hemodynamic mechanisms (watershed infarcts) or arteriolar lesions (lacunar infarcts) may be due to middle cerebral artery occlusions.     

动脉硬化性大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞所致脑梗死类型

目的探讨动脉硬化性大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞性疾病(MCAOD)所致脑梗死的类型。方法对50例经颅脑MRA或DSA确诊的症状性MCAOD患者进行研究,依据其头部弥散加权成像(DWI)和T2W的改变对脑梗死分型。结果50例患者共发现57条动脉硬化性大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞,未发现病灶的有6(占12．0%)个大脑半球,多发性脑梗死和单发脑梗死分别见于13(占22．8%)个和38(占66．7%)个大脑半球。脑分水岭梗死、流域性脑梗死、半卵圆区脑梗死、多发性散在点状脑梗死(MSSI)、腔隙性脑梗死分别见于18(占31．6%)个、12(占21．1%)个、6(占10．5%)个、2(占3．5%)个和1(占1．8%)个大脑半球。结论MCAOD可引起各种类型的脑梗死,脑分水岭梗死约占1/3,动脉粥样硬化性血栓形成约占1/5,纹状体内囊梗死约占1/5,主要发病机制与动脉-动脉栓塞和低灌注有关。     

A longitudinal study of collateral flow patterns in the circle of Willis and the ophthalmic artery in patients with a symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to assess whether the direction of flow via the circle of Willis and the ophthalmic artery (OphA) changed over time in patients with a symptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) who did not experience recurrent cerebral ischemic symptoms. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with a symptomatic ICA occlusion were investigated within 6 months after symptoms occurred. The investigations were repeated after 6 and 12 months. The directions of flow in the A1 segment and the posterior communicating artery (PCoA), both on the side of the symptomatic ICA occlusion, were assessed with the use of magnetic resonance angiography. The pattern of collateral flow via the circle of Willis was categorized as via the A1 segment only, via the PCoA only, via the A1 segment plus the PCoA, or no collateral flow via the circle of Willis. The direction of flow in the OphA was investigated with transcranial Doppler sonography. CO(2) reactivity was determined with transcranial Doppler sonography to investigate whether changes in flow patterns were accompanied by changes in cerebrovascular reactivity. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant changes over time in the direction of blood flow in the A1 segment and the PCoA or in the pattern of collateral flow via the circle of Willis. On average, 72% of patients with a unilateral ICA occlusion (n=41) had willisian collateral flow compared with 37% of patients with a bilateral ICA occlusion (n=21; P<0.05). Patients with a unilateral ICA occlusion tended to a lower prevalence of reversed flow via the OphA over time. CO(2) reactivity did not change significantly in any patient group. In patients with a unilateral ICA occlusion, decreased CO(2) reactivity was associated with a higher prevalence of absent willisian collateral flow and a lower prevalence of collateral flow via the A1 segment plus the PCoA. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of recurrent cerebral ischemic symptoms in patients with a symptomatic ICA occlusion is not associated with an improvement in collateral flow via the circle of Willis or the OphA during 1.5-year follow-up.     

颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环与神经功能的单因素分析

目的 探讨颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环的代偿作用与临床神经功能缺损程度的关系. 方法对52例连续颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞所致的脑梗死患者入院时行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评分,利用数字减影脑血管造影技术(DSA)评估颅内动脉的侧支循环代偿情况.应用统计学方法探讨两者之间的关系.结果 DSA发现52例患者18例出现颈内动脉闭塞,单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄28例,6例双侧重度狭窄.52例患者中出现前交通动脉代偿18例,后交通动脉代偿8例,前后交通动脉同时代偿12例,14例患者未出现Willis环血管的代偿.无Willis环代偿组与Willis环代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为35.75和23.09,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).前交通代偿组与后交通代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为12.42和15.94,两组差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).结论颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞时可通过多种方式进行有效的代偿.NIHSS评分与血管代偿及阻塞位置显著有关.DSA对侧支循环的判定在治疗干预中显得尤为重要.