补益类中成药中重金属及有害元素的风险评估

目的 对3种含朱砂原粉的补益类中成药(天王补心丸、朱砂安神丸、补肾益脑胶囊)中5种可溶性重金属及有害元素进行含量测定及风险评估。方法 采用仿生提取-ICP-MS法测定3种补益类中成药中铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)和铜(Cu)的含量,并结合《中药中外源性有害残留物安全风险评估技术指导原则》,分别采用危害指数法(HI)和暴露限值法(MOE)对其进行风险评估。结果 天王补心丸和补肾益脑胶囊中各重金属及有害元素的HI值均小于1,MOE值均大于1,说明两种中成药的健康风险较低,但10批朱砂安神丸中,有7批样品汞的HI值大于1,有1批样品Pb元素的MOE值小于1,提示存在健康风险。结论 补益类中成药中由朱砂原粉引入的安全风险需要进行长期科学评估,对含朱砂药品的说明书须进行规范化要求。     

黄连、川白芷中5种重金属的含量测定

目的:建立黄连及其炮制品、川白芷中5种重金属的最大限量标准。方法:采用微波消解法消解样品后,用原子荧光分光光度法测定药材中汞(Hg)、砷(As)的含量,用原子吸收分光光度法测定药材中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)的含量。结果:黄连中除As以外,其余重金属含量均超标;川白芷中除Cu超标外,其余重金属含量均未超标。结论:建议将黄连、川白芷中重金属含量限度规定为:Pb≤5.0μg·g-1、Hg≤0.2μg·g-1、As≤2.0μg·g-1、Cu≤20.0μg·g-1、Cd≤0.3μg·g-1。     

茉莉花重金属及有害元素的道地性研究及风险评估

目的:研究茉莉花重金属元素与道地性的相关性,并进行风险评估。方法:采用ICP-MS测定不同产区43批茉莉花重金属及有害元素含量的差异,进行聚类分析,研究茉莉花中各元素含量与道地性的相关性及水煎后各元素的溶出率,筛选可能影响重金属及有害元素含量的标志性元素,并进行风险评估。结果:不同产区43批茉莉花共聚为2类,不同产区茉莉花粉末和干膏中各重金属及有害元素含量大小均为Cu、Cd、Pb、As、Hg,粉末和干膏中Cu元素含量均大于其他元素;煎煮后各重金属及有害元素的溶出率大小为As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cd与As是可能影响茉莉花重金属及有害元素含量的标志性元素;风险评估显示广西横州市横州镇(批号20200810)与福建省泉州市(批号20230705)MOE_Pb<1,存在一定暴露风险,其余产区危害指数和暴露限值均符合限值标准。结论:本文为种植区选择、人工育种、制定重金属及有害限量标准等方面提供科学依据。     

维药刺叶锦鸡儿重金属及有害元素形态分布和健康风险评价

目的测定刺叶锦鸡儿中重金属及有害元素铜、镉、铅、砷和汞(Cu、Cd、Pb、As和Hg)的含量,了解其形态分布特征。方法采用欧洲共同体参考物机构(European Community Bureau of Reference,BCR)对不同形态的重金属及有害元素进行提取,使用原子吸收分光光度法测定重金属及有害元素的含量。依据联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)提出的健康人群金属的最大日允许摄入量(MTDI)及周耐受摄入量(PTWI)进行健康风险评估。结果刺叶锦鸡儿中Cu、Cd、Pb、As和Hg的含量分别为28.511 6,0.031 0,1.310 7,0.164 6和0.187 9mg·kg-1。其中,Cu、Pb和As以残渣态为主;Cd以可还原态所占比例最高;Hg以酸溶态的含量最高。健康风险初步评价结果表明,成人每日摄入刺叶锦鸡儿15~50g,从刺叶锦鸡儿中摄入的Cu、Cd、Pb、As和Hg含量分别为427.67~1 425.58,0.47~1.55,19.66~65.53,2.47~8.23和2.82~9.39μg,分别占每日允许摄入量(ADI)的21.39%~71.29%,0.82%~2.19%,9.17%~30.58%,1.96%~6.53%和6.62%~22.04%,均低于FAO/WHO所推荐的每人每日允许摄入量。结论日摄入刺叶锦鸡儿15~50g,对人体健康风险影响较小。     

广东地区巴戟天的重金属污染情况及健康风险评估

目的 了解广东省道地中药材巴戟天中重金属元素的污染情况,评价其对人体健康的风险。方法 采用ICP-MS对19批巴戟天中Pb、Cd、As、Hg和Cu的含量进行检测。采用单因子污染指数法和Nemerow综合污染指数法评价巴戟天中药材的重金属污染状况,利用Monte Carlo模拟技术,分别考虑巴戟天2种不同入药方式,根据靶标危害系数法(THQ)、综合危害指数法(HI)评估Cu、As、Pb、Cd、Hg对人体非致癌健康风险,根据致癌风险(CR)、总致癌风险(TCR)评估As、Pb、Cd对人体致癌健康风险。结果 巴戟天样品中5种重金属均有检出,其中Pb元素超标率为63.16%。单因子污染指数显示Cu、As、Cd、Hg的Pi均低于1.0,63.16%样品Pb的Pi大于1.0;P_综为0.28～3.12,5.26%重污染等级,47.37%轻污染等级,21.05%警戒线等级。非致癌健康风险评估结果显示巴戟天在原粉入药情形下THQ_Pb和THQ_As的最大值均>1,总危害指数HI的P₉₅分位值、极大值均>1。而...     

冬虫夏草繁育品中重金属及有害元素分布特征研究及风险评估

目的：对冬虫夏草繁育品干品和鲜品中重金属及有害元素分布特征进行研究，以期为无公害冬虫夏草的繁育提供技术支持。方法：采用微波消解法对干品和鲜品样品进行有机破坏处理，以ICP-MS法为检测方法，对干品和鲜品共30批次的样品中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)5种重金属及有害元素进行测定，结合化学计量学对测定结果的含量特征进行分析；结合课题组前期建立的风险评估方法(HI或MOE法)从食用及药用两方面对分析结果进行风险评估。结果：分析过程中各元素在线性范围内线性关系良好，进样精密度RSD在0.34%～0.79%之间，各元素的回收率在93.0%～103.0%之间。30批次样品中，Cu、Cd全部检出，含量范围分别是2.1～8.98 mg·kg^-1和0.02～0.25 mg·kg^-1;As有26批检出，含量范围是0.10～0.48 mg·kg^-1;Pb有16批检出，含量范围是0.10～0.50 mg·kg^-1;Hg仅有4批检出，含量范围是0.02～0.05 mg·kg^-1     

硫黄中5个重金属元素的检测及限量标准的建立

摘要：目的:建立控制硫黄药材中的重金属检验检测技术和方法,完善硫黄的质量标准。方法:通过微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,测定47批不同产地、不同来源的硫黄中的重金属As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg元素的含量。结果:As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg元素在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好,r分别为0.997 0,0.998 5,0.999 5,0.999 5,0.998 5;回收率分别为119.73%,82.25%,75.42%,98.62%,100.57%（RSD分别为7.28%,7.10%,4.39%,1.82%,3.59%,n=6）。硫黄中As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg平均重金属含量分别为655.77,2.96,8.40,0.25,13.21μg·g-1。结论:该方法准确可靠,重复性好,可用于硫黄中5个重金属元素的检测。硫黄中重金属元素的平均含量过高,提示应严格控制硫黄中的重金属限量,为硫黄的质量控制及安全性评价提供参考。     

西洋参破壁饮片中重金属及有害元素的测定及其风险评估

目的通过分析西洋参破壁饮片中重金属及有害元素的残留量,并通过风险评估,为建立破壁饮片的残留限量标准提供依据。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对西洋参破壁饮片中的Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cu的残留量进行测定,并进行随行质量控制。同时,对西洋参破壁饮片中Pb、Cd、As、Hg的健康风险进行评估。结果参照《中华人民共和国药典》2015年版对于西洋参等植物药重金属及有害元素的限量标准,西洋参破壁饮片的合格率均为100%。风险评估的结果显示,每日服用西洋参破壁饮片的风险较低。结论若能够严格控制从中药材到破壁饮片的生产环节,中药破壁饮片中重金属及有害元素的风险基本可控。本文作者进一步完善了中药中重金属及有害元素的风险评估方法,建议以风险评估的结果为依据,完善中药破壁饮片的残留限量标准。     

中成药中重金属及有害元素残留分析、风险评估和限量制定建议

中药重金属及有害元素残留严重影响公众健康,因此中药材的重金属风险评估日益受到重视,但中成药中重金属及有害元素健康风险评价鲜见报道。为了解中成药中重金属及有害元素整体残留情况及风险,拟定合理限量,基于2010～2018年国家药品抽验大数据,从分布情况、元素和剂型差异、相关性等角度分析了295个品种15 054批次中成药中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬的残留特征。按照危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险描述的程序,明确了中成药中重金属及有害元素风险评估的基本步骤、计算公式和具体参数,对14 787批次样品和276个品种进行了健康风险评估,提出了最大限量的建议制定方法和计算公式。结果显示所有样品各元素残留值和靶标危害系数均呈趋近于0的偏态分布,部分样品Pb、As、Cu、Hg、Cd或Cr残留值超过100 mg·kg-1,个别样品Pb、As或Cu残留值超过1 000 mg·kg-1, 586批次样品靶标危害系数>1, 4个品种靶标危害系数>1。中成药丸剂、胶囊剂、片剂、散剂,尤其是原粉制剂中Hg、Pb、As的残留及健康风险应引起关注。     

ICP-MS法测定中药白术重金属有害元素及风险评估

目的:采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定中药白术铜、铅、砷、镉、汞5种重金属的含量,并根据测定结果进行健康风险评估。方法:样品经微波消解后,以锗、铟、铋为内标,进行ICP-MS测定铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)5种元素,根据测定结果采用靶标危害系数法(THQ)进行健康风险评估。结果:Cu、Pb、As、Cd和Hg 5种待测元素的线性关系良好(r≥0.999 2),回收率为88.8%～108.4%;RSD的范围为2.2%～5.4%。风险评估结果显示白术中的重金属及有害元素所致安全性风险较低。结论:该方法为中药白术中的重金属及有害元素测定和风险评估提供了科学依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.