HPLC法同时测定代代花中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、 新橙皮苷和辛弗林的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定代代花中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和辛弗林的含量。方法：采用Poroshell 120 EC-C18柱（4.6×150 mm,4.0 μm）;流动相A为乙腈,流动相B为20%乙腈水溶液（含0.08%十二烷基硫酸钠的2.4%冰醋酸）,梯度洗脱;流量为1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷为283 nm、辛弗林为275 nm;柱温为30 ℃。结果：柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和辛弗林的线性范围分别为5.035～1007 μg·mL-1、0.525～104.9 μg·mL-1、14.7～2940 μg·mL-1和0.502～100.3 μg·mL-1（r≥0.999 8）。4种成分的平均回收率在93.9%~98.7%。结论：该方法简便、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可用于测定代代花4种成分的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定代代花中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、 新橙皮苷和辛弗林的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定代代花中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和辛弗林的含量。方法：采用Poroshell 120 EC-C18柱（4.6×150 mm,4.0 μm）;流动相A为乙腈,流动相B为20%乙腈水溶液（含0.08%十二烷基硫酸钠的2.4%冰醋酸）,梯度洗脱;流量为1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷为283 nm、辛弗林为275 nm;柱温为30 ℃。结果：柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和辛弗林的线性范围分别为5.035～1007 μg·mL-1、0.525～104.9 μg·mL-1、14.7～2940 μg·mL-1和0.502～100.3 μg·mL-1（r≥0.999 8）。4种成分的平均回收率在93.9%~98.7%。结论：该方法简便、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可用于测定代代花4种成分的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定通宣理肺丸中柚皮苷、橙皮苷及黄芩苷的含量

目的建立一种高效液相色谱法同时测定通宣理肺丸中柚皮苷、橙皮苷及黄芩苷的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱法,以BDSC18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱;流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(20∶80);流速1.0mL.min-1;检测波长:280nm。结果柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷分别在10.04~100.4μg·mL-1(r=0.9998)、12.9~129μg·mL-1(r=0.9998)、17.44~174.4μg·mL-1(r=0.9997)范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为98.56%(RSD=1.30%)、99.53%(RSD=0.92%)、99.16%(RSD=1.32%)。结论该方法简便、准确,可作为该制剂的含量测定方法。     

高效液相色谱-电雾式检测器法同时测定小儿解感片中7种黄酮类成分的含量

目的：建立同时测定小儿解感片中芦丁、槲皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、山奈酚及黄芩素7种黄酮类成分含量的方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱-电雾式检测器（HPLC-CAD）法,色谱柱为Waters XBridge C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,甲醇（A）-20 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵（乙酸调pH至4.5）（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.8 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,进样量20 μL,CAD雾化器温度为35℃,过滤常数5.0。结果：芦丁、槲皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、山奈酚及黄芩素检测质量浓度线性范围为0.28~5.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）,0.23~4.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）,0.17~3.40 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）,1.88~37.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）,0.51~10.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 5）,0.15~3.00 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）,0.16~3.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）;检测限分别为0.06,0.06,0.06,0.07,0.07,0.05,0.05 μg·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.17,0.16,0.16,0.18,0.19,0.13,0.13 μg·mL^-1;平均加样回收率分别为99.44%,98.83%,98.44%,98.60%,98.05%,99.02%及98.53%,RSD分别为1.70%,1.47%,0.89%,1.20%,1.13%,1.80%及1.32%（n=6）。结论：本法准确性好,灵敏度高,简便易行,可用于小儿解感片中多指标成分的质量控制研究。     

HPLC法同时测定麻仁丸中芍药苷、柚皮苷及橙皮苷的含量

目的：增加麻仁丸的含量测定方法,建立同时检测芍药苷,柚皮苷及橙皮苷的测定方法。方法：采用C18色谱柱;水-乙腈为流动相,进行梯度洗脱;流速1.0mL·min-1;检测波长230nm。结果：线性范围：芍药苷0.03075～0.2050g·L-1（r2=0.9997）,柚皮苷0.1148～0.7650g·L-1,r2=0.9997,橙皮苷0.01275～0.08500g·L-1（r2=0.9996）;平均回收率：芍药苷99.4%,RSD=0.9%（n=6）,柚皮苷99.7%,RSD=1.2%（n=6）,橙皮苷98.6%,RSD=2.0%（n=6）。结论：该方法操作简便、准确,重复性好,可用于麻仁丸的质量控制。     

常山胡柚不同生长期果实中3种成分含量的动态变化

目的 建立HPLC同时测定常山胡柚不同生长期果实中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷含量的方法,并研究常山胡柚不同生长期果实中3种成分含量的动态变化,从而确定常山胡柚作为药用资源的最佳采收时间。方法 采用HPLC测定常山胡柚不同生长期果实中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷3种成分的含量,色谱柱为安捷伦ZORBAX SB-C₁₈(4.6 mm× 250 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸(15∶85);检测波长：284 nm;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温：40 ℃;峰面积外标法定量。结果 柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的线性范围分别为28.45~284.50 ng(r=0.999 8)、18.09 ~180.93 ng(r=0.999 8)、85.86~858.55 ng(r=0.999 6),平均回收率分别为98.83%(RSD=2.12%),99.05%(RSD=2.30%),98.83%(RSD=1.85%)。常山胡柚不同生长期果实中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的含量分别为12.65~109.66,0.45~17.50,8.06~218.90 mg·g^-1,柚皮苷在6月时最高,橙皮苷和新橙皮苷在5月时最高,其中5~7月间采收的果实柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量均符合中国药典枳壳项下含量的要求。结论 本方法操作简便、快速,结果准确、可靠,重复性好,适合作为含量测定的方法,并为常山胡柚作为药用资源的采收提供了参考依据。     

HPLC测定新疆药桑叶中绿原酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷和槲皮素

目的建立新疆药桑叶中绿原酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷和槲皮素的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法采用BDS C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）,柱温：25℃,流动相：乙腈（A）-0.01 mol.L-1醋酸铵溶液（100 mL中含0.2 mL三乙胺,用冰醋酸调pH至4.8）（B）,梯度洗脱[0 min,A-B（8∶92）;30 min,A-B（30∶70）],流速：1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长350 nm。结果绿原酸在1.052 0μg～5.067 9μg（r=0.999 3）、芦丁在1.029 4μg～5.031 7μg（r=0.999 8）、异槲皮苷在1.076 8～5.065 5μg（r=0.999 0）、槲皮素在1.075 0μg～5.055 0μg（r=0.999 1）内线性关系良好。绿原酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷和槲皮素的平均回收率分别为102.2%（RSD=1.3%）、104.6%（RSD=0.9%）、104.0%（RSD=1.9%）、104.7%（RSD=1.2%）。检出限（S/N=3）分别为0.160,0.081,0.033,0.640μg.mL-1。结论此法操作简便、快速、灵敏、准确,样品处理简便易行,适于同时测定新疆药桑叶中绿原酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷和槲皮素。     

HPLC-DAD法同时测定清肺宁嗽丸中4种成分的含量

目的建立用HPLC-DAD同时测定清肺宁嗽丸中甘草苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷4种成分含量的方法。方法采用安捷伦TC-C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)为色谱柱,以乙腈为流动相A,0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱(0~8min,19%A;8~30min,19%A→50%A),流速1.0m L/min;检测波长为280nm。结果甘草苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷线性范围分别0.03208~0.3208μg(r=0.9992),0.03206~0.3206μg(r=0.9992),0.01720~0.1720μg(r=0.9994),0.2991~2.991μg(r=0.9999);平均加样回收率(n=6)均在97.2%~101.3%范围内;RSD均小于2.0%。结论本研究建立的方法符合方法学验证要求,适用于同时测定清肺宁嗽丸中甘草苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定舒胆胶囊中4种黄酮类成分的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定舒胆胶囊中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和黄芩苷4种黄酮类成分的含量。方法：采用Diamonsil C18柱（5μm，200mm×4．6mm）柱分离，以甲醇～0．2％磷酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱，洗脱程序为：0—35min，甲醇34％；35～44min，甲醇38％；44～60min，甲醇48％。在283nm下进行测定。结果：柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和黄芩苷的线性范围分别为9．0～180．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999，n=5），0．8～16．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9998，n=5），15．4～308．0μg·mL^-1。（r=0．9998，n=5），20．0～400．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）；平均回收率分别为100．0％，99．2％，100．5％，101．2％（n=9）。结论：本方法简便、快捷，结果准确、可靠，重复性好，可作为舒胆胶囊的质量控制方法之一。     

反相HPLC法同时测定大柴胡汤中3种黄酮苷的含量

目的：建立反相HPLC法同时测定大柴胡汤中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷的含量。方法：采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB—C18反相色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），以乙腈-1．5％醋酸溶液（20：80）为流动相，流速0．8mL·min^-1，检测波长280nm，柱温为室温。结果：在18min内柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷达到良好分离，并在4．0～254．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999），2．3—141．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9989），1．3～172．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）浓度范围内呈良好线性关系；加样回收率（n=6）分别为99．2％，99．2％，99．7％。结论：本方法简便、快速，适合于大柴胡汤的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.