超小剂量地西他滨治疗骨髓增生异常综合征和急性髓系白血病11例疗效观察

目的 分析超小剂量地西他滨治疗骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)和急性髓系白血病(AML)的近期临床疗效和不良反应.方法 观察11例接受超小剂量地西他滨治疗的患者临床疗效和不良反应发生率.其中,6例中危-Ⅰ组MDS患者接受地西他滨5~7 mg· m-2· d-1,连用5~6 d的超小剂量方案;2例中危-Ⅱ组和1例高危组MDS患者接受地西他滨联合半程CAG治疗方案;1例高危组MDS患者接受地西他滨联合HA治疗方案;1例AML患者接受地西他滨联合DA治疗方案.结果 11例接受地西他滨治疗的患者中,3例完全缓解,4例部分缓解,1例血液学改善,2例疾病无进展,1例死亡.总有效率为72.7%,完全缓解率为27.3%.3例患者出现肺部感染,1例出现消化道出血.3例出现Ⅱ级血液学不良反应,3例出现Ⅲ级血液学不良反应,均治疗后好转.结论 超小剂量地西他滨治疗方案在中高危组MDS患者中安全有效,耐受性好,且感染及血液学不良反应发生率较低,可在临床进一步推广.     

地西他滨联合预激方案治疗老年骨髓增生异常综合征临床研究

目的探讨地西他滨联合预激方案治疗老年骨髓增生异常综合征的临床价值。方法选取我院2011年3月—2013年7月收治的老年骨髓增生异常综合征患者100例,采用随机数字表法将其分为2组,每组各50例。对照组采用预激方案进行治疗,试验组采用地西他滨联合预激方案进行治疗。对比2组患者的治疗效果以及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平。结果试验组采用地西他滨联合预激方案的治疗效果、VEGF水平均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用地西他滨联合预激方案对老年骨髓增生异常综合征患者进行治疗,效果较好,值得临床上大力推广。     

超小剂量地西他滨治疗骨髓增生异常综合征的近期疗效和不良反应观察

目的 分析超小剂量地西他滨方案在治疗骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者中的近期临床疗效和不良反应。方法 接受地西他滨治疗的中危-1组MDS患者19例,其中9例接受地西他滨15 mg·m-2 ,每周1次,共3周为一疗程的治疗方案;10例接受地西他滨7 mg·m-2 ,每周1次,共3周为一疗程的治疗方案(简称15 mg和7 mg组)。比较两组之间的总反应率和不良反应发生率。结果 19例中危-1组MDS患者经过地西他滨治疗后,1例获完全缓解(CR),7例获血液学改善(HI),11例病情稳定(SD),总反应率42%。其中,地西他滨15 mg组、7 mg组患者的总反应率分别为44%、40%,两组疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。本研究中地西他滨治疗的主要不良反应为骨髓抑制所致的感染和出血,两组患者感染发生率分别为11%和0%,Ⅲ′～Ⅳ′级血液学不良反应发生率分别为44%、10%,同时15 mg组治疗期间分别平均输注红细胞2.2 U和血小板1.3 U;7 mg组治疗期间分别平均输注红细胞0.2 U和血小板0.2 U,比较两组患者血液学不良反应、平均血小板输注量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者在应用地西他滨治疗后三系均有所提高,其中血红蛋白改善明显(P<0.05)。结论 超小剂量地西他滨治疗方案在中危-1组MDS患者中安全有效,而且其感染及血液学不良反应发生率低,耐受性好,提示可在临床进一步推广。     

超小剂量地西他滨治疗骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的近期疗效和不良反应观察

目的 分析超小剂量地西他滨方案在治疗骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者中的近期临床疗效和不良反应。方法 本文共分析了19例接受地西他滨治疗的中危-1组MDS患者临床资料,其中9例接受地西他滨15mg/m2 ,每周1次,共3周为一疗程的治疗方案;10例接受地西他滨7mg/m2 ,每周1次,共3周为一疗程的治疗方案(简称15mg和7mg组)。然后通过临床观察分别比较两组之间的总反应率和不良反应发生率。结果 19例中危-1组MDS患者经过地西他滨治疗后,1例获完全缓解(CR),7例获血液学改善(HI),11例病情稳定(SD),总反应率42%。其中,地西他滨15mg组、7mg组患者的总反应率分别为44%、40%,两组比较疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。本研究中地西他滨治疗的主要不良反应为骨髓抑制所致的感染和出血,两组患者感染发生率分别为11%和0%,III"-IV"级血液学不良反应发生率分别为44%、10%,同时15mg组,治疗期间分别平均输注红细胞2.2u和血小板1.3u;7mg组,治疗期间分别平均输注红细胞0.2u和血小板0.2u,比较两组患者血液学不良反应、平均血小板输注量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者在应用地西他滨治疗后三系均有所提高,其中血红蛋白改善明显(P<0.05)。结论 本研究发现,超小剂量地西他滨治疗方案在中危-1组MDS患者中安全有效,而且其感染及血液学不良反应发生率低,耐受性好,提示可在临床进一步推广。     

地西他滨治疗骨髓增生异常综合征和急性髓系白血病的临床观察

目的探讨针对骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)和急性髓系白血病(AML)患者地西他滨治疗的临床价值。方法选取2014年3月至2016年3月本院收治的64例MDS/AML患者进行本次研究观察,根据患者的治疗方式分为地西他滨组(n=35例)和马法兰+强的松组(n=29例),对比两组患者的临床效果。结果治疗后,地西他滨组患者的血细胞参数均比马法兰+强的松组显著更优,P<0.05;骨髓原始细胞比例显著高于马法兰+强的松组,P<0.05。地西他滨组患者的平均粒缺时间、血小板输注量、红细胞输注量与马法兰+强的松组相比均显著更低,P<0.05。结论针对MDS和AML患者应用地西他滨治疗能够获得比较理想的疗效,患者的血细胞参数、骨髓原始细胞均显著更优,具有显著的临床应用价值。     

地西他滨联合CAG方案治疗复发难治性急性髓系白血病的护理观察

目的探讨地西他滨联合CAG方案治疗复发难治性急性髓系白血病的护理。方法选取本院于2010年5月1日-2013年4月25日收治的复发难治性急性髓系白血病患者12例,对其进行地西他滨联合CAG方案治疗,同时配合对症护理,观察其护理效果。结果12例患者中,达到完全缓解7例,部分缓解4例,无效1例,缓解率为91．67％。结论地西他滨联合CAG方案对复发难治性急性髓系白血病患者的治疗有良好的疗效,针对患者不良反应给予有效护理,为治疗效果提供有效保障。     

地西他滨治疗老年骨髓增生异常综合征一例

骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)是一类恶性克隆造血系统疾病,尚没有特效的治疗手段,地西他滨是目前治疗MDS的优先用药,在国内已开始应用。我院对1例老年MDS患者应用地西他滨治疗,取得良好效果。     

地西他滨治疗老年骨髓增生异常综合征一例

骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)是一类恶性克隆造血系统疾病,尚没有特效的治疗手段,地西他滨是目前治疗MDS的优先用药,在国内已开始应用.我院对1例老年MDS患者应用地西他滨治疗,取得良好效果.     

地西他滨联合化疗治疗骨髓增生异常综合征转化白血病的临床研究

目的 探讨地西他滨联合化疗治疗骨髓增生异常综合征转化白血病的疗效.方法 将本院2013年1月至2014年1月间骨髓增生异常综合征转化白血病患者68例,随机将其分成研究组与对照组,每组34例.对照组采取常规化疗治疗,研究组采取地西他滨联合化疗,分析比较两组患者的疗效及对患者生存时间的影响.结果 研究组治疗总控制率、不良反应率、治疗后的6个月、1年、2年生存及满意度等指标均明显优于对照组患者,两组各项指标之间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在骨髓增生异常综合征转化白血病治疗中地西他滨联合化疗方案临床疗效较好,且毒副反应小,患者耐受性好,可提高生存率,建议临床推广应用.     

地西他滨联合预激方案治疗老年急性髓系白血病的临床研究

目的分析地西他滨联合预激方案治疗老年急性髓系白血病的临床效果。方法选取2013年1月至2012年13月我院收治的48例老年急性髓系白血病患者为研究对象,将其随机分为观察组与对照组各24例,观察组给予地西他滨联合CAG预激方案治疗,对照组仅给予常规CAG方案治疗,比较两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果观察组总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);且观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论地西他滨联合CAG预激方案治疗老年急性髓系白血病的临床效果显著,值得在临床上推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.