面部糖皮质激素依赖性皮炎患者经皮水分丢失和皮肤含水量分析

目的 分析面部糖皮质激素依赖性皮炎患者的皮肤屏障功能。方法 将面部分为额部、鼻尖、下颌、双面颊、双侧口角的皮损区及左耳后无皮损区共8个点，分别测量95例面部糖皮质激素依赖性皮炎患者及25例健康对照者的经皮水分丢失（TEWL）和皮肤含水量。结果 与健康组相比，面部糖皮质激素依赖性皮炎组下颌、双侧口角、双面颊TEWL值均显著升高（t值分别为4.90，2.60，2.57，2.54，3.77，P < 0.01）；双侧口角、右面颊及额部的皮肤含水量均显著降低（t值分别为3.27，3.81，2.02，2.78，P < 0.05）。在8个测量点中，面部糖皮质激素依赖性皮炎组与健康组TEWL值均为下颌及双侧口角 > 双面颊及额部 > 耳后无皮损区；皮肤含水量降低均为下颌及双侧口角 > 双面颊及额部 > 耳后无皮损区。结论 面部糖皮质激素依赖性皮炎患者下颌、双侧口角、双面颊区域皮肤屏障功能受损，口周区域TEWL值较高，而面颊皮肤水分含量较少。     

Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content.

This study investigates the effect of cutaneous aging on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration (capacitance), skin surface pH, and causal sebum content. Because the physiologic condition of skin varies considerably with anatomic region and skin aging might demonstrate regional variability, all factors were studied on 11 anatomic locations in 14 young adult (seven female and seven male subjects; 26.7 +/- 2.8 years [mean +/- SD]) and 15 aged human volunteers (seven female and seven male subjects; 70.5 +/- 13.8 years). Significant anatomic variability was noted for all factors in both age groups. However, no significant differences between the two groups were noted for sebum, capacitance, and pH on most anatomic regions. Transepidermal water loss, however, was significantly lower in the aged population on all anatomic regions tested, except for the postauricular region and the palm. Comparing male and female volunteers, none of the four factors showed significant differences. Of all measured factors, only transepidermal water loss showed significant age-related differences on most anatomic regions studied. The additionally observed differences between the age groups on the ankle for pH and sebum might be related to the stasis frequently observed on the lower limbs in aged individuals.     

健康儿童皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量的相关性研究

目的探讨角质层含水量与透皮失水率的相关性。方法 2021年10月至2022年6月在普宁市公共健康医疗中心、2所幼儿园及2所小学招募≤ 17岁健康儿童。用皮肤生理功能测量仪测量健康儿童左前臂屈侧和右胫前部位的透皮失水率和角质层含水量, 采用Pearson相关分析法分析不同年龄、性别儿童的透皮失水率与角质层含水量的相关性。结果共招募1 396例健康儿童, 年龄1个月至17岁, 男783例、女613例。在1 ～ < 12个月组, 除男童前臂部位的皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量无显著相关性外, 男童胫前和女童前臂及胫前部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量均呈正相关(r值为0.283、0.404、0.420, 均P < 0.05);在1 ～ 2岁组, 男童前臂和女童胫前部位的皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量无显著相关性, 而男童胫前和女童前臂部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量均呈正相关(r值为0.370、0.419, 均P < 0.01);在3 ～ 5岁组和6 ～ 11岁组, 除6 ～ 11岁组男童胫前的透皮失水率与角质层含水量无显著相关性外, 两组男女性其他部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量均呈...     

Assessment of skin barrier function in podoconiosis: measurement of stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss

Background Podoconiosis is a common cause of lymphoedema in barefoot workers in Ethiopia and other countries. It has severe consequences for patients’ physical function, quality of life and economic status. Aims To investigate stratum corneum (SC) hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in patients with podoconiosis compared with controls. Methods In total, 55 patients and 20 controls were recruited. For each study subject, SC and TEWL measurements were taken, along with foot and lower leg circumferences. Measurements were compared between the patient and control groups. Results Foot circumferences tended to be higher in patients with podoconiosis, with the mean foot:leg circumference ratio being 1·19 (95% confidence interval 1·11–1·28) times that for controls (P = 0·001). There was no detectable difference between patients and controls in TEWL values (P > 0·05); however, SC hydration was significantly lower in patients vs. controls for the foot (P = 0·004) and lower leg (P = 0·046) sites. Conclusions Patients with podoconiosis have significantly lower SC hydration in the skin of their lower legs and feet than controls, which may lead to cracking and splitting, and increased risk of lymphoedema and infection.     

Measurement of transepidermal water loss in localized scleroderma

Localized scleroderma (LS) is a disease characterized by fibrotic changes in the dermis. Connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor β2 are the main mediators of fibrogenesis; this, along with excessive connective tissue production, affects epidermal keratinocytes, and thereby contributes to the changed quality of skin barrier. The objective of this article was to study the objective measurement of the skin barrier quality in LS with transepidermal water loss (TEWL) meter. The measurements of TEWL were performed on LS plaques in all three stages of various body locations. Control measurements were made on the contralateral side of healthy skin. The difference between TEWL in LS area and the contralateral side of the healthy skin was evaluated. A higher average TEWL 7.86 g/m²/h (SD 5.29) was observed on LS plaques compared with the control measurements on healthy skin 6.39 g/m²/h (SD 2.77). TEWL average values decreased from the inflammatory stage, through the sclerotic and to the atrophic stage. The mean difference 1.301 g/m²/h (SD 5.16) was found between TEWL on LS plaques and on the contralateral healthy skin in 82 measurements, i.e., a higher TEWL was observed in LS. The difference was statistically significant with p = 0.0250. Although fibrogenesis in scleroderma is localized in dermis, the skin barrier changes can be detected.     

International guidelines for the in vivo assessment of skin properties in non‐clinical settings: Part 2. transepidermal water loss and skin hydration

Background

There is an emerging perspective that it is not sufficient to just assess skin exposure to physical and chemical stressors in workplaces, but that it is also important to assess the condition, i.e. skin barrier function of the exposed skin at the time of exposure. The workplace environment, representing a non‐clinical environment, can be highly variable and difficult to control, thereby presenting unique measurement challenges not typically encountered in clinical settings.

Methods

An expert working group convened a workshop as part of the 5th International Conference on Occupational and Environmental Exposure of Skin to Chemicals (OEESC) to develop basic guidelines and best practices (based on existing clinical guidelines, published data, and own experiences) for the in vivo measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration in non‐clinical settings with specific reference to the workplace as a worst‐case scenario.

Results

Key elements of these guidelines are: (i) to minimize or recognize, to the extent feasible, the influences of relevant endogenous‐, exogenous‐, environmental‐ and measurement/instrumentation‐related factors; (ii) to measure TEWL with a closed‐chamber type instrument; (iii) report results as a difference or percent change (rather than absolute values); and (iv) accurately report any notable deviations from this guidelines.

Conclusion

It is anticipated that these guidelines will promote consistent data reporting, which will facilitate inter‐comparison of study results.     

Time course of occlusive effects on skin evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) Including patch tests with sodium lauryl sulphate and water

The time course for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) for a period of 3 h after removal of occlusive patch tests with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), water and empty chambers was studied in healthy volunteers. Patches were applied to the upper arm for 24 h, TEWL was measured immediately after removal of the patches, and every 30 min up to 3 h. For SLS and water patches, TEWL remained significantly increased for 3 h. as compared to normal adjacent skin, while for empty chamber patches. TEWL was only significantly increased for 30 min. A significant decrease from 0 to 30 min and from 30 to 60 min was observed for all patches, and for water patches, a significant decrease in TEWL was found from 60 to 180 min, while SLS patches remained constant. The prolonged increase in TEWL observed after SLS exposure is a well-known occurrence. The prolonged increase in TEWL after exposure to water is interpreted as transient damage to the water harrier of the skin.     

Frictional properties of human skin: relation to age, sex and anatomical region, stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss

Differences in the dynamic skin friction coefficients (mu) were investigated with respect to age, sex, and anatomical region. A total of 29 volunteers consisting of seven young females, seven old females, seven young males, and eight old males participated in the study. Measurements were obtained from II anatomical regions, namely, the forehead, upper arm, volar and dorsal forearm, postauricular, palm, abdomen, upper and lower back, thigh, and ankle. The friction data were compared with stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The dynamic friction coefficient did not vary significantly between age and sex groups but varied considerably among the anatomical regions of the body. The forehead and postauricular had the highest mu (0.34 +/- 0.02) while the abdomen had the lowest (0.12 +/- 0.01); the remaining regions had an average mu value of 0.21 +/- 0.01. Similarly, no sex differences were observed for TEWL and stratum corneum hydration. Capacitance was only significantly lower on the palms of the elderly. Regional differences showed a higher state of hydration on the forehead and postauricular as well as the upper arm, upper and lower back when compared with the volar forearm. TEWL was generally lower in the elderly on all anatomical regions except the postauricular and palm. A significant correlation was established between mu and capacitance for most regions. Between mu and TEWL significant correlation was observed only on the palm and thigh. These findings suggest that frictional properties of skin are dependent on more than water content or non-apparent sweating and the role of sebum secretion is suggested as one possible factor.     

EIectrical impedance and transepidermal water loss of healthy human skin under different conditions

Background/aims: The skin barrier function is a multidimensional quality, which can be defined by a combination of noninvasive measurements, including EIectrical impedance (EI) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Methods: TEWL and EI were determined on in five different areas of the body in 25 healthy volunteers. The effects of hydration (a 15 min water bath, a 1 h occlusion and application of an oil-in-water emulsion combined with occlusion) were measured on the volar forearm. Results: EI was highest in the axillary region, followed by the cheek, spinal region, presternal area and upper arm. TEWL was highest in the axillary region, followed by the cheek. Lowest levels were detected in the spinal region, the presternal region and the upper arm. The water bath increased EI but not TEWL. After 1 h occlusion TEWL was not increased and EI decreased, which corresponds to stratum corneum hydration. After a single application of an oil-in-water emulsion, we observed a reduction of EI and an increase of TEWL. The simultaneous use of occlusion and application of an emulsion led to the most significant reduction of EI. TEWL was increased during the following 30 min. Conclusions: EI and TEWL show a topological variability. Acute hydration increased EI but occlusion and/or moisturizing decreased EI. Acute hydration and occlusion alone did not significantly affect TEWL, but moisturizing in combination caused a longer lasting TEWL increase. To examine the stratum corneum function, the use of different noninvasive techniques seem to provide more complex information.     

麻风患者愈后表皮某些生理功能障碍研究

目的：了解麻风愈后者其原受累及部位是否存在角质层生理功能障碍。方法：利用多功能皮肤生理仪对麻风患者痊愈后前臂原皮损处角质层含水量、酸碱度、透过皮肤水分丢失率及屏障功能的恢复速度进行测量。结果：与正常对照组相比,麻风愈后者原皮损处角质层含水量明显降低（P〈0．002）,以瘤型麻风患者降低幅度最大;皮肤表面的pH明显增高（P〈0．0001）,界线类偏结核型患者pH改变不甚明显;麻风愈后者原皮损处的基础表皮通透屏障功能好于正常人,以界线类偏瘤型患者水分丢失量降低最明显：麻风愈后者原皮损处表皮通透屏障功能的恢复速度无明显改变。结论：麻风患者痊愈后仍然有角质层生理功能障碍。     

Stratum corneum lipid morphology and transepidermal water loss in normal skin and surfactant-induced scaly skin

Stratum corneum lipid morphology was evaluated using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) in normal skin and surfactant-induced scaly skin to evaluate skin barrier function. To evaluate the degree of order of the intercellular lipid alkyl chain conformation, we measured the wavenumbers (frequency shifts) of the symmetrical and asymmetrical C-H stretching vibrations observed at approximately 2850 cm^–1 and 2920 cm^–1, respectively. There was a correlation between the wave-number and transepidermal water loss in normal skin. However, no difference was observed in surfactant-induced scaly skin from the baseline value in the wavenumbers of the C-H vibrations. These results suggest that in normal skin, lipid morphology plays an important role in the barrier function of the stratum corneum. However, the decline in barrier function in scaly skin is not due to conformational disorder of the lipid alkyl chain.     

Skin barrier response to occlusion of healthy and irritated skin: Differences in trans‐epidermal water loss,erythema and stratum corneum lipids

Background. Occlusion of the skin is a risk factor for development of irritant contact dermatitis. Occlusion may, however, have a positive effect on skin healing. No consensus on the effect of occlusion has been reached. Objectives. To investigate skin barrier response to occlusion on intact and damaged skin. Methods. In study A, the response to occlusion (nitrile glove material) for either 8 hr daily for 7 days or for 72 consecutive hours, respectively, was determined and compared with that of non‐occluded skin. In study B, the response to occlusion of for 72 consecutive hours of skin that had been damaged by either sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or tape stripping, respectively, was determined and compared with that of to non‐occluded pre‐damaged skin. Skin barrier function was assessed by measurements of trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema. In study A, stratum corneum lipids were analysed. Results. Occlusion of healthy skin did not significantly influence skin barrier function, ceramide profile or the ceramide/cholesterol ratio. Occlusion of the skin after SLS irritation resulted in higher TEWL than in the control (P = 0.049). Occlusion of the skin after tape stripping resulted in lower TEWL than in control skin (P = 0.007). Conclusions. A week of occlusion did not significantly affect healthy skin, but was found to decrease healing of SLS‐damaged skin, and to improve healing of tape‐stripped skin.     

The effects of protective occlusive gloves on stratum corneum barrier properties *

Data suggests that protection From gloves is paradoxically reduced became of effects of occlusion on the skin. The aim of this study was to characterize these effects on physical and functional properties of stratum corneum. Volunteer trials were conducted using patches of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) glove material on the skin. Impairment of barrier function -was assessed by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Hydration and water sorption-desorption was assessed using skin conductance. The major finding was a short-term impairment of barrier function, measured as an increase in TEWL of 1.7 gn ^?2 h ^?1 (95% C.I. 0.4 to 2.6 gn ^?2, h ^?1, p < 0.01) Temporary increases in hydration and water sorption were also observed. On this basis, the effects of wearing PVC gloves over 2 days on stratum corneum barrier properties on the dorsum of the hand were studied. TEWL measurements remained elevated by 1.5 gn ^?2 h ^?1 the day after occlude glove removal (95% C.I 0.2 to 2.8 gn ^?2 h ^?1, p < 0.01), indicating a possible cumulative effect. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate a potential hazard resulting from the repeated use of protective gloves.